wiener.edu.pewiener.edu.pe/manuales/cicloiv/ingles-tecnico-basi… · web viewit erases or takes...

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNOLÓGICONORBERT WIENER

Manual del Alumno

ASIGNATURA: Ingles Técnico Básico

PROGRAMA: S3C

Lima-Perú

2 Manual del Alumno

Índice GeneralPag N°

1. Vocabulario Tecnico PC - Parts of the Computer............................................................ 1

2. Vocabulario Tecnico - Historia de la PC............................................................................ 2

3. Vocabulario Tecnico - The Processor - Components........................................................4

4. Enfoque Gramatical - Contextual Reference..................................................................... 5

5. Práctica Calificada............................................................................................................

6. Vocabulario Tecnico - Power Builder I........................................................................... 6

7. Enfoque Gramatical - Passive Voice.................................................................................7

8. .Vocabulario Tecnico - Sistemas Operativos............... ....................................................8

9. Enfoque Gramatical - Phrasal Verbs................................................................................10

10. Examen Parcial...................................................................................................................

11. Vocabulario Tecnico - Networks.......................................................................................11

12. Vocabulario Tecnico - Network Configurations.............................................................. 13

13. Vocabulario Tecnico - Structured Query Language....................................................... .14

14. Vocabulario Tecnico - SQL - Translation.........................................................................16

15. Practica Calificada..........................................................................................................

16. Vocabulario Tecnico - Diseño Gráfico...............................................................................17

17. Vocabulario Tecnico - Business Area Analysis.................................................................20

18. Vocabulario Tecnico - Information Strategy Planning........................................................21

19. Examen Final ....................................................................................................................

20. Examen Sustitutorio............................................................................................................

.

_____________________________________________________________________________Curso: Ingles Tecnico BásicoCiclo: IV

3 Manual del Alumno

1

1. Vocabulario Tócnico - PC - Parts of the Computer - Match the following

1. Keyboard a) used to pass instructions to the computer.2. Memory capacity b) stands for Central Processing Unit, which

is the brain of the computer.3. Printer c) a list of options displayed on the screen

for the user to select the function he requires.

4. Software d) shows the user where he is on the screen.5. Back up copy e) a computer program or list of instructions

for the computer to carry on.6. Bug f) measured in kilobytes or K.7. CPU g) amount of memory available for programs

to run.8. Cursor h) made in order to protect information9. RAM i) a mistake in a computer program.10. Menu j) an optional but useful device connected to

a computer.

Match with the appropriate explanation on the right,

New 1. It closes the file you are working with. Save 2. This instruction allows you to remove the

effects of a mistake and get the previous text back.

Save as 3. After finishing work on the computer it closes the program and allows you to turn it off.

Print 4. It opens a new file. Delete 5. It erases or takes out a word or words from

the text. Open 6. Through this instruction you order the

Computer to store information you want To keep safe.

Close 7. This instruction allows you to give the file you are working on a name.

Undo 8. It brings to the screen the file you want to work on.

Quit 9. You choose this option when you want to have a print out of your work.

4 Manual del Alumno

2

2. Vocabulario Técnico - Historia de la PC

In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get out of the business of making mainframe computers. They believed that there was only a market for four mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM. The following year they reversed their decision.

In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250,000 PCs, so they set up a special team to develop the first IBM PC. It went on sale in 1981 and set a world-wide standard for IBM-compatibility which, over the next ten years, was only seriously challenged by one other company, Apple Computers. Since then, over seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufacturers have been sold. Over this period, PCs have become commodity items. Since IBM made the design non-proprietary, anyone can make them.

The history of the multi-billion dollar PC industry has been one of the mistakes. Xerox Corporation funded the initial research on personal computers in their Palo Alto laboratory in California. However, the company failed to capitalize on this work, and the ideas that they put together went into the operating system developed for Apple's computers. This was a graphical interface: using a mouse, the user clicks on icons which represent the function to be performed.

The first IBM PC was developed using existing available electrical components. With IBM's badge on the box it became the standard machine for large corporations to purchase. When IBM were looking for an operating system, they went initially to Digital Research, who were market leaders in command-based operating systems (these are operating systems in which the users type in commands to perform a function). When the collaboration between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates, then 25 years old, to write their operating system.

Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS/DOS, the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research have continued to develop their operating system, DR/DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better product than Microsoft's. However, without an endorsement from IBM, it has become a minor player in the market. Novell, the leaders in PC networking, now own Digital Research, so things may change.

The original IBM PC had a minimum of 16K of memory, but this could be upgraded to 512K if necessary, and run with a processor speed of 4.77 MHz. Ten years later, in 1991, IBM were making PCs with 16Mb of memory, expandable to 64Mb running with a processor speed of 33MHz. The cost of buying the hardware has come down considerably as the machines have become commodity items. Large companies are considering running major applications on PCs, something which, ten years ago, no one would have believed possible of a PC. In contrast, many computers in people's homes are just used to play computer games.

5 Manual del Alumno

The widespread availability of computers has in all probability changed the world for ever. The microchip technology which made the PC possible has put chips not only into computers, but also into washing-machines and cars. Some books may never be published in paper form, but may only be made available as part of public databases. Networks of computers are already being used to make information available on a world-wide scale.

Answer the questions about the text.

1. How many mainframes did IBM think it was possible to sell in 1952?2. How many PCs have now been sold?3. Who paid for the initial research into PCs?4. Which company later used the results of this research to develop their operating

system?5. What are command-based operating systems?6. DR/DOS is an acronym. What does it stand for?7. Since the invention of the IBM PC, many of its features have been improved. Which

of the following features does the text not mention in this respect?a. memoryb. speedc. sized. cost

8. Give three examples from the text of how the availability of computers has in all Probability changed the world for ever.

Using the line references given, look back in the text and find words that have a similar meaning to:

1. international (lines 10-15)2. contested (lines 15-20)+3. errors (lines 25-30)4. paid for (lines 25-30)5. buy (lines 45-50)6. first (lines 60-65)7. recommendation (lines 65-70)8. improved (lines 75-80)

_____________________________________

6 Manual del Alumno

Course: Inglés Técnico BásicoCiclo: IV

4

3. Vocabulario Técnico - The Processor - Components - Match the following:

1. microprocessor chip a. used to send address details between the memory and the address register

2. registers b. consists of an arithmetic-logic unit, one or more working registers to store data being processed, and accumulators for storing the results of calculations

3. accumulators c. a group of signal lines used to transmit data in parallel from one element of a computer to another

4. control bus d. groups of bistable devices used to store information in a computer system for high-speed access

5. address bus e. An electronic circuit, usually a quartz crystal, that generates electronic pulses at fixed time intervals to control the timing of all operations in the processor

6. data bus f. Used for storing part of the operating system and application software known as 'firmware': can only be read; cannot be written to or altered in any way.

7. clock g. Used to store numeric data during processing.8. RAM h. A group of signal lines dedicated to the passing of

control signals9. ROM i. used for the temporary storage of application

programs and data: can be written to and read from

Structure of the Processor -Fill in the gaps using the words below.

The processor consists of a ______________________, which is a circuit board on which are mounted ________________________chips, memory chips, and other components linked together by ___________________lines or channels in the form of control, address, and data _________________. In addition, a processor has _______________________, which are electronic circuits providing specialized functions such as graphics, or which connect a system board to ___________________. The system board also consists of electronic devices, such as an electronic _____________________for controlling the speed of operation: ____________________, which store numeric data during the course of processing; and various _____________________, including sequence control register, address register, and function register.

Adaptor boards registers microprocessorClock conductive busesSystem board accumulators input or output devices

Reading Passage

7 Manual del Alumno

A processor consists of many different electronic circuits and devices for performing control functions, arithmetic and logic operations, and data transfers. Data may be transferred from backing storage to the internal memory or from the internal memory to the arithmetic unit by means of conductive channels known as buses. The part of the processor which controls data transfers between the various input and output devices is called the control unit.

4. Enfoque Gramatical - Contextual Reference

Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is easier to read. When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who, whose, that, such, one, and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these and those are used as transitional markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph. Their function is to take your thoughts back to something that has already been mentioned. Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former, the latter, the first, second, etc. the last.

Sample paragraph:A computer, like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and more efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster than any human. The speed at which a computer works means it can replace weeks or even months of pencil-and-paper work. Therefore, computers are used when the time saved offsets their cost, which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in business, industry, and research.

Exercise 1: Using the sample paragraph as a model, draw a rectangle around the word. Or words. That the circled words refer to. Then join the and the with arrows.

Modern accounting firms use spreadsheet software to do complicated calculations. They can provide their clients with an up-to-date report whenever it is needed. This software has many functions and can be integrated with other software. The spreadsheet's basic component is a cell. This may contain a formula with performs a mathematical operation. It could also contain a label or data. The former describes the information on the worksheet. The latter is the information itself.

The worksheet is the basic work area of a spreadsheet program. It is made up of cells arranged in rows and columns. The number of these varies depending on the software you are using. You can change the width and format of cells. Such parameters are usually quite easy to change with just a few keystrokes.

____________________________________Course: Inglés Técnico BásicoCurso: IV

8 Manual del Alumno

6

5. Pràctica Calificada6. Vocabulario Técnico Básico - Power Builder I

Translate the following passage:

Object-Oriented Concepts and Technologies asImplemented in Power Builder

Many people will argue that Power Builder is not a true object-oriented (OO) language. They are correct. Power Builder is an object-oriented development tool. It allows developers to use object-oriented techniques to develop reusable objects and code. But what is object-oriented technology and how does this benefit us, the developers? More importantly, how does it benefit the user?

First, let's dispense with one myth. Object-oriented technology does not make a developer's job easier. It makes developers more productive and successful, if used correctly. The key to it all is in the words object-oriented.

How object-oriented languages and tools are used is determined by whether certain aspects of object-oriented technology are supported and how they are managed. SmallTalk and SmallTalk-based tools, for example, enforce object-oriented techniques. C++ and other tools and languages allow object-oriented techniques to be used, but do not require it. In the purists' eyes, if your development efforts are not object-oriented from start to finish, you aren't developing OO systems. I agree, although I add that the language or tool is not what determines the level of object orientation. It is the developer. And, it is the developer who must learn that OO systems do not just happen. They are created. From the depths of the design chamber to the frantic final keystroke, OO systems must be carefully designed and planned before development teams bring the objects to life.

As Power Builder developers, we have learned that object-oriented development means that we develop systems using objects that contain methods and attributes. Well, this part is at least easy. Why? Because everything developed in Power Builder is an object. Thus, by definition, we are all object-oriented developers. How much we orient ourselves to object development is the key to success.

9 Manual del Alumno

__________________________________Course: Inglés Técnico BásicoCiclo: IV

7

7. Enfoque Gramatical - Passive Voice

Passives are very common in technical writing where we are more interested in facts, processes. And events than in people. We form the passive by using the appropriate tenses of the verb to be followed by the past participle of the verb we are using.

Examples: Active : 1. We sell computers. (simple present)2. Babbage invented They Analytical Engine. (Simple past).

Passive: 1. Computers are sold. (simple present)2. The Analytical Engine was invented in 1830. (simple past)

Facts and ProcessesWhen we write or talk about facts or processes that occur regularly, we use the present passive.Examples: 1. Data is transferred from the internal memory to the arithmetic-logical unit Along channels known as buses.

2. The other users are automatically denied access to that record.3. Distributed systems are built using networked computers.

Exercise 1 - Read the text below, which describes the insurance company's procedure for dealing with PC-users' problems. Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

All calls ___________________(register) by the Help Desk staff. Each call _______________(evaluate) and then ______________________(allocate) to the relevant support group. If a visit _______________________(require), the user ________________(contact) by telephone, and an appointment___________________(arrange). Most calls ___________________(deal with) within one working day. In the event of a major problem requiring the removal of a user's PC, a replacement can usually _________________(supply).

Events -When we write or talk about past events, we use the past passive.1. COBOL was first introduced in 1959.2. Microsoft was founded on the basis

of the development of MS DOS.3. The organization was created to

promote the use of computers in education.

10 Manual del Alumno

Exercise 2 - Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.

1. Microsoft ________________________(found) by Bill Gates.2. C language _______________________(develop) in the 1970s.3. During that period, enormous advances _____________________(make) in computer

technology.4. The following year, twice as many PCs__________________(sell).5. In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs_______________________(set up) in laboratories

and offices around the world.6. The first digital computer ___________________(build) by the University of

Pennsylvania in 1946.7. Last year, more software companies _________________(launch) than ever before.8. IBM's decision not to continue manufacturing mainframes _______________(reverse)

the year after it ________________ (take).

9. Vocabulario Técnico - Sistema Operativo

1. addresses - in a computer's memory, a piece of information is stored at a particular place. Each place has a numerical "address".

2. bit-mapping - storing graphical information in such a way that one or more binary digits (bits) represent each pixel on the screen.

3. I/O - short for Input/output - normally refers to peripherals like monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.

4. Input - the information which is presented to the computer.5. Multi-user - can be used by more than one person simultaneously.6. Operating system - the fundamental system which enables a computer to interact

with the user.7. Output - the result of data processing activity.8. Palette - a choice of colours.9. Parameters - elements of a command which can be varied to obtain different

results.10. Peripheral devices - devices such as printer, monitor, etc. which are used in input

and output, but not in data processing.11. PIP - a command in the CP/M operating system, used for copying.12. Single-user - can be used by only one person at a time, like a normal PC.13. Terminal - unit made up of at least one input and one output device. Mini

computers and mainframes typically work with a lot of terminals all connected to the central unit. The terminal is a keyboard and a monitor connected to the central unit.

14. To erase - same as delete or destroy.15. To clear - an instruction which sets a counter or register to zero.16. To format - to impose a predetermined structure either on data or on a storage

medium, such as a blank disk.17. To interact with - to both receive input and give output.18. To rename - to give something a new name, destroying the old one.19. UNIX - an operating system for multi-user computer systems.20. VMS - another operating system.


Read the text belowOperating Systems - The operating system of a computer is what sets the computer hardware up for the user(s) to interact with it, and without such a system, it would be very difficult to do anything with a modern computer. The operating system is made up of a set of programs or routines which translate commands introduced by the user into binary numbers (the language which the computer understands); and without such a system, the only way to communicate with the computer would be by typing in machine code. This fact is often passed over by people who spend all their time using a wordprocessor or programming in Basic; both word-processors and high-level languages like Basic are designed to make you forget that the operating system is present, but to carry out their functions they are constantly relying on the various facilities the operating system provides.

Most people think that the operating system is simply a series of commands which carry out "housekeeping" functions. These include dealing with files (copying, renaming, looking through the directory, etc.), altering the parameters of the peripheral devices such as screen and keyboard (clearing the screen, redefining the effect of certain keys, etc.) rubbing out (erasing) unwanted files and so on.

However, although such commands are an important part of the system, they in turn depend on a set of fundamental "routines" which are stashed away permanently in the computer's memory. To make this possible, the system sorts out the computer(s memory. To make this possible, the system sorts out, the computer's memory into "blocks" and "pages" and draws up an index to enable any program to look for the different parts (for example to make it possible to print a letter on screen, there has to be a "table" containing bit-mapped "pictures" of the letters, another to indicate the addresses of the different lines of the screen, and another containing the full "screen map").

What facilities the system offers to the user depends on the particular system and type of computer: but on a typical micro using a system like the popular MS-DOS (DOS stands for "Disc Operating System"), the user can address the system directly with commands such as COPY or RENAME, and thus deal with a variety of housekeeping tasks. Such an operating system is designed for a single user, and is served by a great variety of software packages, as well as enabling the user to write and execute his own programs.

There are, in addition, "multi-user" operating systems, which allow a number of different users at different terminals to work simultaneously on the same central machine. Such systems are designed to make the most efficient use of the CPU, memory, and input/output devices, and they can cope with different users working on different tasks/programs at the same time. Systems of this kind include UNIX and VMS.


________________________________Curso: Inglés Técnico BásicoCiclo: IV

10

9.Enfoque Gramatical - Phrasal Verbs

1) to carry out 11) to rely on2) to come 12) to redefine3) to cope with 13) To rub out4) to deal with 14) to set off5) to depend on 15) to set up6) to draw u 16) to stash away7) to enable 17) to sort out8) to look through 18) to terms with9) to pass over 19) to tidy up10) to put off

Look the meaning of all these words in the dictionary.

Exercise 1 - translate the following sentences.

1. The operating system of a computer is what sets the computer hardware up.2. The system sorts out the computer's memory into blocks.3. These functions include dealing with files.4. He’s palnning to set up his own business.5. I need someone to look after the children while I’m out.

Exercise 2 – Put the right verb in the right sentence.Separable: back up (give support) carry out (perform)

Draw up (prepare) put off (postpone)Set up (prepare for action) sort out (organize)Rub out (erase)

Inseparble: deal with (tackle a problem) look like (resemble)Pass over (ignore) rely on (depend on)

1. Fred couldn’t __________________all his plans _______________-2. This supercomputer __________________a giant.3. The secretary must ___________________all these papers___________.4. Please could you ________________ this dirty blackboard!


5. I’ve____________the machine _________- all you have to do is sit down and type!

6. None of our guests could come, so we __________our prty__________ to the 1st of May.

7. We _________________a plan of action for the following six months.8. Nobody ________________John’s point of view _____________in the

discussion.9. The accounts department will _________________your queries.10. We are _______________you to be here at eight o’clock.11. The judge cannot ___________________this incident without further comment.

1110 Examen Parcia (Mid-Term Exam)11. Vocabulario Técnico - Networks

1. ASCII – stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.2. ARPANET – a satellite-based network or WAN.3. Bit – a binary digit: either 0 or 1.4. BITNET – a US-based WAN, now common in Europe.5. Circuit switching – a closed path providing a continuous passage of fluids or

electricity to allow the tansfer of information.6. ETHERNET – another US-based WAN.7. Frequency – the number of complete cycles of a periodically variable quantity,

such as a pulse or wave, that occurs in unit time. It is measured in hertz.8. Gateway – a device that inteconnects two networks and whose presence is

usually visible to network users.9. Header – some coded information that precedes a more general collection of

data and gives details about its length.10. Internetting – connecting several computer networks together to form a single

higher-level network..11. Multiplexing – the process of combining multiple messages simultaneously on

the same physical or logical transmission medium.12. Node – a point of a communication network.13. Packet-switching – a technique by which communicatin resources are allocated

dynamically to multiple communicating entities.14. Path – a route between two vertices, the existence of paths between vertices

indicates physical connections between them or perhaps logical connections or dependencies.

15. Spigots – connections or interfaces necessary to link a computer to the network.16. Distributed system – the organization of processing whereby each process is

free to process local data. The processes exchange information with each other over a network.

Exercise 1 – Match these words and phrases with their definitions.

1. protocol a. analyse the syntax of a string of input symbols2. bulleting board b. a teleconferencing system allowing users to read


messages left by other users.3. user interface c. agreement governing the procedures used to

exchante information between co-operating computers

4. make a query d. means of communication between a human user and a computer system

5. parse e. taking place at exactly the same time as something else

6. synchronous f. request a search


12

Exercise 2 – Read the text and fill in the gaps using the list of words below.

Computer networks link computers locally or by external communication lines and software ____________________, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably. The __________________between local are nd wide area networks is, however, becoming unclear. Networks are being used to perform increasngly diverse tasks, such as carrying e-mail, providing access to public databases, and for __________________. Networks also allow users in on locality to share resources.

Distributed systems use networked computers. PCs or ___________________provide the user _________________. Mainframes process _________________and return the results to the users. A user at his PC might make a query against a central database. The PC passes the query,written in a special language, to the mainframe, which then ____________the query, returning to the user only the data requested. This allows both the network and the individual PC to operate efficiently.In the 1980s, at least 100,000___________________were set up world-wide. As _________________orbit satellites have lowered the price of long-distance telephone calls, data can be transmitted more cheaply. In addition, ____________________cable has been installed on a large scale, enabling vast amounts of data to be transmitted at a very high speed using light signals. This will considerably reduce the price of network access, making global networks more and more part of our professional and personal lives. Networks should also improve our work _______________________and technical abilities.

Distinction fibre-optic protocolsDistributed systems LANs queriesSynchronous workstations environmentsParses screen handling

Exercise 3 - Translate the following sentences.


1 LANs are equally useful to large and small companies.2 Companies can install their own LANs, provided they are not too big.3 Whether or not a company6 builds a ‘do-it-yourself’ LAN depends on the

amount of space available for the installation.4 It is sometimes still possible to install part of a LAN if you don’t have the

computer knowledge or time to do the whole job yourself.5 You need at least three years’ computer maintenance experience before you

should attempt to install a LAN.6 In order to install you own LAN, you need to be used to opening up computers,

adding and removing expansion boards, and consulting computer documentation.

7 When installing your own LAN you should expect to have to repeat the same process several times.

8 The installation process often causes computers to break down.

12 Vocabulario Técnico – Network Configurations

1. bit-map – storing graphical information in such a way that one or more binary digits (bits) represent each pixel on the screen.

2. but – a mistke in a program or fault in hardware design.3. e-mail – electronic mail – computer users send messages to each other via

“modem” (telephone connections).4. fax – abbreviation of “facsimile”. A method of sending digitalised graphic

images from one place to another.5. modem – a modulator/demodulator connection between a computer and

telephone line which converts signals to the correct form. Modems allow information to pass from one computer to another at a distance, using telephone lines.

6. fax modem – a combined method of sending digitalised graphic images from one place to another by modem.

7. to reformat – to impose again a predetermined structure either on data or on storage medium, such as a blank disk.

8. to code – to transform a message from one symbolic form into another.9. to retrieve – to et back or recover: search for and access.10. backup – a resource that is, or can be used as, a substitute when a primary

resource fails or when a file has been corrupted.11. interactive – a word used to describe a system or a mode of working in which

thyere is a response to operator instructions as they are input.12. linear – a collection of items ordered by a ingle property.13. multimedia – a combination of text, audio and video information controlled by

a computer.14. on-line – connected to the system and usable. Off-line – not connected.15. to scrutinise – to observe or investigate closely.16. token – a unique sequence of bits granting permission to a user to send on a

network.


Read and translate the following text

1 StarIn the star configuration, the central compute performs ll processing and control functions. All access devices are linked directly to the central computer. The star configuration has two major limittions. First of all, the remote devices are unable to communicate directly. Instead, they must communicate via the central computer only. Secondly, the star network is very susceptible to failure, either in the central computer or the transmission links.

2 SwitchedThe central switch, which could be a telephone exchange, is used to connect different devices on the network directly. Once the link is established, the two devices communicate as though they were directly linked without interference from any other device. At the end of the

session, the connection is closed, freeing capacity for other users and allowing access to other devices. Multiple switches can be used to create alternative transmission routes.

3 Ring

Each device is attached to a network shaped as a continuous loop. Data proceeds in only one direction and at a constant speed round the loop. Devices may send information only when they are in control of the ‘token’. The token is a package of data which indicates which device has control. The receiving device picks up the token, then clears it for another’s use once it has received the message. Only one device may send data at any given moment, and each device must be working for the network to function.

4 Bus/EthernetA bus network consists of one piece of cable terminated at each end to which all devices are connected. In a bus-based network, each device is able to broadcast a message when it has detected silence for a fixed period of time. All devices receive the broadcast and determine from the content of the message whether it was intended for them. The only problem odcurs when two devices try to send at the same time. When a sending device detects another’s transmission, it borts its own.



1513 Vocabulario Técnico – Structured Query Language

1. Alias – used to quantify a column name if there is ambiguity regarding the source of the column name, e.g. when there is two or more columns throughout the databasewith more than one name.}

2. AND – a logical operator in which all of two or more possibilities must all be true to satisfy the problem, e.g. expression = possibility 1 AND possibility 2 expression will be true only if possibilities 1 and 2 are both met.

3. AS – used to declare an alias or a new column in a result table.4. AVG – returns the average of the values in a specified column.5. Column – known as a field or an attribute of a table in a database.6. COUNT – an SQL aggregate function that returns the number of values in a

specified column.7. COUNT – an SQL aggregate function that returns the number of values in a

specified column.8. DESC – using this command with an ORDER BY will order the output of a

query in descending form, either alphabetical or numerical.9. EXISTS – keywords designed only to be used with subqueries that returns

true if there exists at least one row in the result table returned by the subquery.

10. Field – known as an attribute or a column name, each field represents a real-world characteristic of the object being modeled.

11. FROM – specifies the table or tables to be used in the query, and is used for making aliases.

12. GROUP BY – clause which forms groups of rows with the same column value.

13. HAVING – filters groups of rows subject to some condition.14. Join – SQL operation that combines columns from several tables into a

result table.15. LIKE – a pattern patch condition which searches for a particular text string

or numerical value.


16. LIKE – a pattern patch condition which searches for a particular text string or numerical value.

17. MAX – returns the largest value in a specified column18. MIN – returns the smallest value in a specified column19. NOT – a logical operator in which the result is anything but the condition in

the NOT statement, e.g. expression = NOT possibility 1, expression is anything but possibility 1.

20. NULL – in a record the state of having no value for a particular field is NULL.

21. OR – a logical operator in which at least one of two or more possibilities must be true to satisfy the problem, e.g. expression = possibility 1 OR possibility 2 expression will be true only if either possibility 1 or 2 is met, or both.}

22. ORDER BY – clause which specifies the order of the output in a result table.

23. Query – an SQL constructed statement that searches a database and makes a result table based on the conditions set out in the satatement.

24. Result – in SQL context, the table that is made as the result of a query.25. SELECT – part of an SQL statement that specifies which columns are to

appear in the output. Each column must be separated with a comma, and column names with spaces in them must be enclosed in{} square brackets.

26. Sorting – ordering a result query in some fashion.27. SQL – Structured Query Language28. Sub Query – SQL statements can have a complete SELECT statement

embedded within }them, and this is a subquery.29. SUM – returns the sum of the values in a specified column.30. Table – a database structure organized with one or more attributes and

records that represents a real world object.31. WHERE – filters rows subject to some condition.

Query Language

At its simples, a query can be just a word or a phrase. But with the tips on this page, you can expand the focus of your query to give you more complete results. These tips will get you started with basic query language and acquaint you with the full power of the search engine. Look for words with the same prefix. For example, in your query form type key, to

find key, keying, keyhole, keyboard, and so on. Search for all forms of a word. For example, in the form type sink to fin sink, sinking,

sank, and sunk. Search with the keyword NEAR, RATHER THAN and, for words close to each other.

For example, both of these queries, system and manager and system near manager, look for the words system and manager on the same page. But with NEAR, the returned pages are ranked in order of proximity the closer together the words are the higher the rank of that page.

Refine your queries with the AND NOT keywords to exclude certain text from your search. For example, if you want to find all instances of surfing but not surfing the Net, write the following query: surfing AND NOT the Net.


Add the OR keyword to find all instances of either one word or another, for example: Abbot OR Costello.This query finds all pages that mention Abbott or Costello or both.

Put quotation marks around keywords if you want the search engine to take them literally. For instance, if you type the following query: system near manager:”.

The search engine will literally look for the complete phrase system near manager. But if you type the same query without the quotation marks: system near manager.The search engine searches all documents for the words system and manager.


1614. Vocabulario Técnico – Structured Query Language

Exercise 1 – Translate the following text

Objectives of SQLThe purpose of SQL is to allow the user to perform basic data management tasks such as the modification or selction of data, and it should allow the user to perform simple and complex queries to transform raw data into useable information.

Importance of SQLThe importance of SQL stems worldwide. There is a major investment by both the vendor and the user in the SQL language. SQL is the first and the only standard database language to gain such international acceptance to this date.

Introduction to SQL commandAn SQL statement consists of reserved words and user defined words. Reserved words are a fixed part of the SQL language and have a fixed meaning. They must be spelt exactly as required, and cannot be split across lines. User defined words are made up by the user, according to certain syntax rules, and represent the names of various database objects such as relations, column, views, indexes and so on. The words in a statement are also built according to a set of syntax rules.Most components of an SQL statement are case insensitive, which means that letters can be typed in either upper or lower case. The one important exception to this rule is that literal character data must be typed exactly as it appears in the database.

How to write an SQL statementUpper case letters are used to represent reserved words and must be spelt exactly as whown. Lower case letters are used to represent user-defined word. A vertical bar indicates a choice among alternative. Curly braces indicate a required element.


Square brackets indicate an optional element. An ellipsis is used to indicate optional repetition of an item zero or more times.}SQL does not have control statements. Consequently, SQL is commonly used with other languages that do have control statements. SQL is used with a programming language (Ada, C, COBOL, Fortran, MUMPS, Pascal, and PL/I) in two ways: by means of modules or by means of embedding.

Module Language A module language defined within SQL is used to create modules containing SQL statements. A module contains a set of procedure definitions where each procedure consists of parameter declarations and a single SQL statement. A procedure may be invoked by the procedure call statement of the programming language. The module, which is usually processed into some intermediate form, is generally associated with the calling program either when the program is linked or when the program begins execution.

17

Embedded SQLSQL statements may also be embedded within programming language text. SQL statements and associated variable declarations in the host language text are enclosed within EXEC SQL and “ ;.” These embedded SQL statements and associated declarations are preprocessed into suitable programming language syntax often consisting of procedure calls. The preprocessed source text then becomes input to the program.

15 – Práctica Calificada16 – Vocabulario Técnico – Diseño Gráfico

1. CAD – Computer Aided Design2. Co-ordinates – points on a map or drawingwhich are precisely identified as

numbers on a series of axes.3. Resolution – the amount of graphical information that can be shown on a visual

display.4. Histogram – a type of diagram which clarifies the evolution of something over

time.5. Icon – a pictorial diagram used in a menu to avoid dependence on natural

language.6. Laser printer – a modern type of electrophotographic printer.7. Lightpen – a device like a pen used with a cathode-ray tube display (e.g. a

normal monitor) to input information.8. Joystick – a device for generating signals used to more a cursor or sprite on a

computer screen.9. Pie-charts – a type of diagram in which proportions are made explicit.10. Pixel – one element of a composite image.11. PLOTTER – a device like a printer used for giving fast graphic output.12. Typeface – letters, numbers and other printable characters which have been

designed in a particular style.


13. Window- part of a screen image which encloses the area in which operations can be performed.

Exercise 1

Reading Text – read the text below:

CAD AND GRAPHICSIt is easy for the owner of a powerful modern microcomputer, with all its wonderful graphic capabilities, to forget that the first computers did not have monitors, and that no-one in the early days would have dreamt that a computer could be made to produce coloured pictures or animated displays. Now, of course, many people see graphic output as an important aspect of computing, and expressions like “bit-mapping” and “screen resolution” are often bandied about.

Why are graphic important? At the most popular level, of course, many people use their home computers mainly for playing games, and the popularity of most games software seems to bear a direct relation to the quality of the graphics (taking into account both the “pictures” themselves and the speed and smoothness of movement in the case of animated games.

But graphic output serves many other purposes. In a business context, many text documents need to be accompanied by graphs, histograms, pie-charts and so on, and modern computers are good at producing these. In industry and research, computers can be made to give a visual representation of an object, enabling the user to explore it from all angles and make alterations in design at the touch of a key. And in commerce, computers are being increasingly used, for example to show a person what their new haircut or glasses will look like on them before they “take the plunge”! One particularly important development is CAD (Computer aided design), a term which refers to special software packages which enable the user to control and manipulate lines, curves, symbols, shapes and “library” drawings, along with various types of shading and fills, in order to create sophisticated designs directly on the computer screen: the better packages can also cope with rotating three-dimensional images, such programs can also be used to design cars, clothes, furniture, houses – anything which would otherwise have required the use of a drawing-board, pencil and paper.

How does all this work and how is a graphics screen display fundamentally different from a text display? The answer is that on most computer systems, the computer uses a kind of shorthand to store text information: it translates letters into numbers according to a standard code, and the operating system decides how to represent each number as a letter on the screen by referring to a table. However, a freehand drawing cannot be simplified in the same way: each individual pixel must be saved as a bit in a binary number – this is called “bit-mapping”. From the user’s point of view, such an image can be created on the screen using either a lightpen, or a mouse, or an optical scanner.

Two important aspects to consider, especially when buying a computer, are the screen resolution and the colours. Gone are the days when computer users had to put up with


those peculiar –“jagged” or “stepped” letter shapes and graphics: modern computer screens have a high screen resolution, which means they can fit more and smaller pixels onto the sreen, resulting in finer detail and smoother curves. Likewise, it is reasonable to expect a good monitor to give a wide variety of colours with subtle tones and shades – some computers are equipped to take “colour cards” which increase the possibilities. It is also important to look at the printout quality – for best results a plotter should be used.

And what about the future? Computers are already able to project a whole animated world of scenery, complete with lifelike, moving animals and objects, around a person, and such experiements may lead to new forms of home entertainment. They will soon be able to reconstruct the features of a famous actor or actress, and make him/her take part in an artificial but perfectly convincint animated film. The possibilities are endless – but whether they will be able to turn any Tom, Dick or Harry into a Picasso or a Van Gogh remains to be seen.

19

Exercise 2 – Answer these questions about the text.

1. To what extent are graphics important for games?2. Does graphic output serve other purposes? What are they?3. What exactly is “bit-mapping”?4. How might computer graphics develop in the future?5. Can an actor take part in an animated film? How?6. What does “high resolution” mean?7. If you were a businessman and you had to buy a new computer for your work, what

questions would you ask the salesperson?8. How can you create an image on a computer screen?

Exercise 3 – Write the Spanish word for the following list of words.

1. angles 13. pixels2. bit-mapping l4. plotter3. CAD l5. shading4. drawing-board l6. screen resolution5. fills 17. smoothness6. freehand l8. stepped7. icons 19. subtle8. histograms 20. “take the plunge”9. jagged 2l. three dimensional10. lifelike 22. to bandy about11. multicoloured 23. to bear12. pie-charts 24. to stand out



2017. Vocabulario Técnico - Business Area Analysis

EntitiesAn entity is something about which we store data. It may be a tangible object such as an employee, a part, a customer, a machine took, or an office. It may be nontangible, such as a job title, a profit center, an association, a financial allowance, a purchase, an estimate, or an insurance claim.

In analyzing information we study the entities of the enterprise in question. A typical corporation has several hundred entity types. Its set of entity types does not change much as time goes by unless the coporation moves into a fundamentally different type of business. The entity types are charted on an entity-relationship diagram.

An entity has various attributes which we wish to record, such as size, value, date, color, usage code, address, quality, performance code, and so on. Often in data processing we are concerned with a collection of similar entities, such as employees, and we wish to record information about the same attributes of each of them. A programmer commonly maintains a record about each entity, and a data item in each record relates to each attribute. Similar records are grouped into files. The result is a two-dimensional array.

Inside the box in Fig. 1 below is a set of data items. The value of each data item is shown. Each row of data items relates to a particular entity. Each column contains a particular type of data item, relating to a particular type of attribute. At the top of the diagram, outside the box the names of the attributes are written. The leftmost column in the box contains the data items that identify the entity. The entity in this example is a person, an employee. The attribute referred to as the entity identifier in this case is EMPLOYEE-NUMBER.


Sucy a two-dimensional array is sometimes referred to as a flat files. The use of flat files dates back to the earliest days of data processing when the file might have been on punched cards. Each card in a file or deck of cards might contain one record, relating to one entity. Certain card columns were allocated to each data-item type, or attribute, and were called a field. When magnetic tapes replaced decks of cards and disks replaced magnetic tapes, many programmers retained their view of data as being organized into flat files.Employee Name Sex Grade Date of Depart- Skill Title Salary No Birth ment Code ___________53730 JONES BILL W 1 03 100335 044 73 clerk 110028719 SMITH TOM P W 1 05 021242 172 43 plumber 1700Figure 1.

Entity RecordsIn examining the data that needs to be stored in a corporaion we will think of it initially as a collection of flat files. Each flat file contains information about one type of entity. A record in that file contains information about one occurence of that entity. For example, a CUSTOMER record contains information about one CUSTOMER. We will refer to this as an entity record.

The entity record is a logical view of the data. The data may be stored in a different form physically6 in a database. The entity record contains data about one and only one type of entity. It contains all of the attributes of that entity that are stored. When we use the term entity record, then, we are not referring to any old collection of data items but to a rather special grouping of data. We refer to this as normalized data and use the term fourth normal form.

18. Vocabulario Técnico – Information Strategy Planning.

Action diagram of the procedure for analysis of goals and problems:

Conduct Goal-and-Problem analysis- Obtain any existing documentation which relates to goals or objectives:

Business plansInformation system plansTechnology plansAnnual reportsExecutive reports and memosReports on Management-byObjectives interviews with executives.

CommentGoals should focus on resultsShould be as precise as possibleGoals should be measurableGoals should be decomposable into work which has to be done

- Create an initial inventory of goals


Use an action diagram editor to represent the goal hierarchically. - Determine which executives will be interviewed. - Establish the format of the interview. - For each executive Conduct goal-and-problem interview

Review the portion of the business model which relates to this executive.Note any changes that are needed.Establish the goals of the executive.Identify the problems he perceives in achieving those goals.Identify possible solutions to those problems.Identify how information systems could help.Rank the goals and problems.

Organize and record the interview informationClean up the interview information and enter it into the encyclopedia.Refine the inventory of goals.Rank the goals and problems.Associate goals with organizational unit.Associate problems with organizational unit.Associate goals with problems.Associate goals with information needs.Associate problems with information needs.Use the planning tool to analyze the goal and problem data.Record any especially urgent information-system actions that are needed.

Submit the record of the interview to the executive for validation.Record any changes that are requested.

Vocabulary

Objectives – Objectives are general statements about the directions in which a firm intends to go, without stating specific targets to be reached by particular times.

Goals – Goals are specific targets that are intended to be reached by a given time. A goal is thus an operational transform of one or more objectives.

Mission. The mission of an enterprise is the highest-level statement of objectives. It gives a broad description of the purpose and policy of the enterprise.

Strategy – A strategy in an enterprise is a pattern of goals, policies, and plans that specify how an organization should function over a given period. A strategy may define areas for product development, techniques for responding to competition, means of financing, size of the organization, image the enterprise will project, and so on.

Part of the strategy of an airline might be to improve the route structure over which it flies. An objective may be “Develop more profitable route structure.” A goal should have specific targets for a specific time period, such as “By year end, eliminate all routes with an average seat occupancy of less than 40 percent.”


19. Examen Final

20. Examen Sustitutorio

wiener.edu.pewiener.edu.pe/manuales/cicloiv/ingles-tecnico-basi… · web viewit erases or takes...

Documents