- web viewamerican protests - april 1970, kent state - chants of ‘lbj ... how successful...

PPQ Trigger Words Revision – December, 2016

These are not answers. They are outlines that can help you write full answers. You will likely have to add your own examples to fully answer the questions. Make sure to include introductory sentences, examples with explanation of importance and conclusions.

TOPIC #1 - The Peace Treaties of 1919 - 19231. Who were the Big Three at Versailles and how did they get along? (4)

Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Wilson Different views and goals Disagreements Dissatisfied

2. What were Germany’s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? (4) Alsace and Lorraine, and Saar - France Upper Silesia and Posen - Poland Memel - Lithuania Danzig - ‘free city’ Rhineland Overseas colonies - Togoland, Cameroon and German SW Africa Eupen-Malmeady - Belgium North Schleswig - Denmark

3. Describe what Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George each wanted to achieve in the peace settlement. (4) Each wanted Germany punished Clemenceau - weakened - no more war - territory - reparations - demilitarized DL George - avoid revenge in the future - lose overseas - trade - buffer from communism Wilson - 14 points - just peace - self-determination - League

4. Why did Germany dislike the Treaty of Versailles? (6)NOT FAIR: German people 231 Reparations Diktat - not negotiated Felt tricked Army - pride Defend country NO self-determination

5. Which terms of the peace settlement directly affected France? (4) Alsace and Lorraine Saar Rhineland Disarmament Reparations League

6. Why did the Treaty of Versailles cause problems for Germany in the years up to 1923? (6)

Germany's economy 1922 and 1913 - French and Belgians in the Ruhr region 100,000 German protesters No goods to trade and no money to buy things Hyper-inflation Wages Army - 100, 000 Germans in new countries Political instability – the Weimar government formed 9 different coalitions between 1919 - 1923 Harsh reparations

7. What restrictions were placed on Germany’s armaments?(4) Army - 100,000 Conscription No armoured vehicles or Air Force Navy - six - no submarines - 15,000 Rhineland

8. Was the Treaty of Versailles fair? (10) Intro – Agree and Disagree Sally Marks and John Maynard Keynes

FAIR: Brest-Litovsk Military leaders Economy - 1925 Best Treaty possible - pressure German hypocrites Germany’s economic problems - self-inflicted

NOT FAIR: German people 231 Reparations Diktat - not negotiated Felt tricked Army - pride Defend country NO self-determination Weakened German economy was bad for all Big 3 - dissatisfied Revenge

9. How far did the peace settlement satisfy the victors? Explain your answer. (10) To some extent the victors achieved goals, but overall none of them were satisfied

Satisfied: Wilson’s self-determination in E. Europe - League Britain - Germany’s and colonies (give examples) France - demilitarised (give example) - reparations - 231

Dissatisfied: Different objectives - none satisfied Clemenceau - not harsh enough - 1920 voted out France - angry Germany weakened outside of Europe (to Britain’s benefit) and kept military leaders Wilson - too harsh - revenge Wilson - Britain and France never sincere (14) U.S. Senate DL George and Britain - ‘a great pity’ - another war

9a. PPQ-ish Ques: Describe each of the ‘other’ four treaties. (4) Officers and diplomats Treaty of St. Germain, 1919 – Austria lost to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland and Italy Treaty of Neuilly, 1919 – Bulgaria lost to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia; Mediterranean Sea. Treaty of Trianon, 1920 – Hungary lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Treaty of Sevres, 1920 – Turkey lost to Greece, and Syria put under League mandate Each - reparations, disarmament and loss of territory

TOPIC #2 - The League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s.10. What were the aims of the League of Nations? (4)

To discourage aggression from any nation To encourage countries to co-operate, especially in business, trade and security

To encourage nations to disarm To improve the living and working conditions of people in all parts of the world. To promote collective security To uphold the Treaty of Versailles

11a. Why did the USA not join the League of Nations? (6) League linked to TOV - many Americans hated the TOV (immigrants and reparations). Appalled - death and destruction - Isolationism. Worries - economic cost Some - anti-British or anti-French. Senate rejected TOV

11b. Why did some countries view the setting up of the League with suspicion? (6) 42 joined - January, 1920 European powers - France and Britain - white, wealthy, imperialistic and capitalistic organization. Non-Europeans - ignored USA, Germany and Russia Weakened by WWI - leadership or resources Self-interests - empire, trade and Germany Very different ideas of the League Double-standards

12. What prevented the League of Nations from being strong in the 1920s? (6) Membership, structure and inaction Too idealistic Dependence on Britain and France The USA, Germany and USSR ‘Good Will’ Euro-Centric Punishments No army Assembly PCIJ ‘Teeth’ Self interests.

12b. What was the role of the Assembly? (4) Met only once a year; Unanimous Recommend action - Council. Admitted new members or temporary members. Budget Discussed ideas - Council. Elected judges to PCIJ.

12c. What was the role of the Council? (4) Council - smaller - met 5 or 6 times a year, and in emergencies. 4 permanent members Temporary members - three year terms - between 3 and 9 VetoEntrusted with solving disputes - never easy.

Powers: Moral Condemnation, Sanctions and Military Force.

12d. What was the role of the Commissions? (4) Mandates Commission Refugees Committee Slavery Health Committee

13. What successes did the League of Nations have in the 1920s? (4) Prevented war Atmosphere Conference of Ambassadors Agreements - Washington Treaty of 1922, Locarno Pact of 1925, Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 Germany - 1926 Disputes - Upper Silesia in 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Greece and Bulgaria, 1925 Special commissions - : Refugees - Working conditions - Health - Transport - Social problems

14. What weaknesses did the League of Nations have in the 1920s? (4) Membership, structure and inaction Too idealistic Dependence on Britain and France The USA, Germany and USSR ‘Good Will’ Euro-Centric Punishments No army Assembly PCIJ ‘Teeth’ Self interests Border disputes - self-interests (Vilna in 1920, Corfu in 1923 and Bulgaria 1925) Failed - Lithuania from taking Memel in 1923, the Russo-Polish war from 1920 – 1921 Failed - disarmament

15. Overall, was the League of Nations successful in the 1920s? (10) Use the examples from numbers 12, 13 and 14.

16. How did the League of Nations deal with Japan over the Manchurian crisis? (6) 1931 - September Delay Lytton Commission - December 1932 - September - report Condemned Japan 42 to 1 - Assembly Discussed sanctions - USA Britain

Banning arms sales - no agreement Escalate Britain and France - so far USA and USSR - resources League failed

17. How did the League of Nation deal with Italy over the Abyssinian crisis? (6) 1935 - October British - France - seriousness Ally - Stresa Pact 1936 - September - plan for Abyssinia Ideally placed League sanctions - banned (arms sales, loans, imports, rubber, tin and metals) Oil sales - Americans Sanctions hurt members’ interests (British coal) Suez Canal The Hoare-Laval plan Abyssinian crisis was a disaster

18. Was Disarmament a success for the League of Nations? (10) 1921 - Washington Conference 1926 - draft resolution Promise of a more peaceful world (Locarno and Kellogg–Briand Pact) 1930s - militarism and Manchurian crisis February 1932 - July 1932 - resolutions Enforce??? Principle of equality Hitler - rearming 1934 Reasons: not serious - Britain and France - TOV - 1935

19. What factors demonstrate that the League was a failure in the 1930s? (4) Membership Structure Punishments

OTHER EXAMPLES: Disarmament Manchuria Abyssinia Self-interests - British and German naval agreement of 1935 Stresa Pact, 1935 Franco-Soviet Pact, 1935 Hoare-Laval Rhineland Appeasement

20. How far can the failure of the League be blamed on the Depression? Explain your answer. (10) Yes: Depression (Wall Street) caused economic problems. Damaged trade and industry Affected relations between countries - adopted aggressive foreign policies. Political changes - Germany, Italy and Japan Optimism and momentum lost

Other reasons the League failed: Self-interests

Membership Structure - Punishments - Lack of Troops - Decisions were slow - Treaties

TOPIC #3 - The Collapse of International Peace 21. What were Hitler’s main foreign policy goals? (4)

Mein Kampf Abolish the Treaty of Versailles Expand German Territory - Lebensraum Defeat Communism

22. Describe the importance of the Saar plebiscite. (4) Border with France Mandate - 15 Plebiscite - 90% Overwhelming victory

23. Describe the steps Hitler took during the 1930s up to invasion of Poland in September 1939. (6) 1933 - Chancellor Stalled Disarmament Conference - ‘principle of equality’ Pulled out - LON 1935 - rearmament rally Naval agreement with Britain - 35% Conscription Rhineland Spanish Civil war - 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan (1936) and Italy (1937) - Axis Alliance Anschluss Munich Agreement - Sudetenland Invaded Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet Pact - August 24, 1939 Invaded Poland - September 1, 1939

24. Were Britain and France surprised when Italy and Germany signed the Rome-Berlin Axis? Explain. (10)SURPRISED:

SHOCKED! Signed in 1937 Ally against Hitler Appeased Mussolini for years Austria, 1934 Stresa Pact, 1935 Appeased Mussolini over Abyssinia (Hoare-Laval agreement)

NOT SURPRISED: Mussolini always acted out of aggressive self-interests

Britain and France had appeased Italy and let him take Abyssinia and Corfu. 'Watchdog' Made war more likely Lack of respect for Britain and France Showed them how 'powerful' and 'persuasive' Hitler could be.

25. Describe the events that led to the Anschluss? (6) TOV - separated Germany and Austria ‘Mein Kampf’ realised 1934 - stopped by Mussolini Rhineland - ‘confidence’ 1937 - Rome - Berlin Axis Hitler pressures Schuschnigg Britain and France reject Schuschnigg - unwilling to accept war Plebiscite called and Hitler ‘manipulated’ outcome 99.75% Hitler - regained land, natural resources and troops (without using force)

26. Why did Britain and France permit the Anschluss? (6) Anschluss = political union, 1938 Not willing to go to war over Austria, or defend TOV Britain’s Lord Halifax suggested Anschluss France was not prepared to act alone Policy of Appeasement and other priorities

27. What was the Munich Agreement? (4) Britain, France, Germany and Italy - September 29, 1938 - Sudetenland Claims of mistreatment - Hitler vowed to protect Chamberlain suggested a plebiscite Czech government nor USSR Chamberlain - ‘peace in our time’ Invaded Stalin watched carefully

28. Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important? (6) August 24, 1939 Poland Stalin’s worries - Germany, Britain and France Hitler - fight on one front Made an attack on France and Britain more likely Stalin - gains time Made war more likely - defend Poland September 1, 3, 17, 1939.

29. The Policy of appeasement was justified. How far do you agree with this statement? (10)JUSTIFIED

Britain and France worried more about Communism - Hitler was a buffer Britain’s empire Leaders did not want responsibility - horrors British and French needed time to remilitarize Still recovering from depression - other priorities TOV was flawed USA

NOT JUSTIFIED Encouraged Hitler - aggressive and confident Germany grew too strong Scared USSR - Nazi-Soviet Pact Trusted Hitler Obvious - Mein Kampf

30. Hitler was gambler rather than a planner in foreign affairs. Do you agree? Explain. (10) Hitler was both.

GAMBLER March 1936 - Rhineland Broke TOV Rearmament Austria - 1934 - failed but was willing to see how other would react. Random steps - Spanish Civil War Forced the Anschluss He gambled over the Sudetenland

PLANNER Real intentions - Mein Kampf He would ask for more Hitler was careful with TOV - focused on German aspects and not British and French interests. Depression and political climate in Germany Clever - Rome-Berlin Axis – 1937 Took small risks at the beginning

31. How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? (10) There were many events that could be blamed for the outbreak of war. Rearmament Hitler actions. He took Germany out of the League of Nations. Began rearming Germany. The Policy Of appeasement The policies caused by the peace treaties. The Nazi Soviet Pact. The Failures of the League of Nations. The Depression and Political Consequences The flawed Treaty of Versailles

TOPIC #4 – Blame for the Cold War • The state of mutual mistrust that existed between the USA and the USSR from 1945 to 1991. • It first developed when the WWII alliance deteriorated. • It was acted out in the form of propaganda, subversion, espionage, threats and an arms race.• Both countries were competing for global influence of their ideals – by economic, social and

political means.• Nearly every international conflict during that time was linked in some way to the USA or the

USSR.

TRIGGER WORDS:• Yalta - Potsdam - Sphere - West suspicious - Methods - Coalition - Cominform - Truman - Domino -

Marshall - Blockade - NATO 32. What was agreed at Yalta? (4)

Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin Japan Four zones (F,B,A,S) War criminals Eastern Europe - FREE elections UNITED NATIONS ‘Sphere’

Agreed at Potsdam (4): Stalin, Truman and Atlee Nazis - zones Nuremberg Poland Against full reparations - zones Japan Self-Determination - Germans in Hungary and Czechoslovakia

33. What was meant by a Soviet ‘Sphere of Influence’ in Eastern Europe? (4) Influence Eastern Europe - guarantee their security. Shaping - political, social and economic ways Friendly and PRO-Soviet 3 times 20 million killed Alliance during WWII, but no Allied soldiers in USSR

34. What was different about the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences of 1945? (4) Cooperation and agreements. Tension - suspicion - disagreements. Resolve European issues Soviet army

‘Free’ elections??? Harry Truman - suspicious - Poland. Expanded territory - 480 km Attlee Atomic bomb - Soviets felt threatened Reparations Yalta - Ukraine, Feb 1945 : Potsdam - Berlin, July 1945

35. Why were Western Governments suspicious of the USSR in the period from 1945 to February 1948? (6) Many reasons: Unlikely alliance - democratic-capitalism vs communism ‘Sphere of influence’ vs domination ‘Free’ elections Both democratic and friendly to Stalin Only see - spread of Communism. Stalin’s METHODS: imprisoned opposition - attacked Church leaders - abolished monarchy in

Romania (1947) - executed Non-Communists leaders in Bulgaria - Red Army - secret police. Cominform, 1947 Economies of Eastern Europe Coalitions Pro-Stalin Communists IRON Curtain Speech - March, 1946 Italy and France - vulnerable

36. What was the Truman Doctrine? (4) Truman - suspicious of communist spread Poverty and lack of opportunity NSC and the CIA - 1947 Goals: CONTAINMENT - resist Communist subjugation - U.S. economy (trade and markets)

37. What was the Domino Theory? (4) Idea that the spread of Communism was more likely when one country in a region became

Communist. Late 1940s - U.S. worried - China, 1949 - North Korea Used to justify American intervention

38. What were the main reasons for the Marshall Plan? (4) Sec of State, George C. Marshall - to Europe, 1948 Vulnerable to communism Coalition government - Czechoslovakia, 1948 U.S. Congress Invested $17 billion from 1948 – 1952 Raise standards and reduce appeal of Communism EXAMPLE Weaken Soviet influence Help U.S. economy - increase exports and investments in Europe Conditions: Apply - Supervision - Privately owned - Reduce import taxes - U.S. investments and

American goods Marshall Aid - fuel, raw materials, goods, loans and food, machinery and advisers. Jump-started economic growth and stopped the spread of Communism. George Marshall - received Nobel Peace Prize, 1953

39. How did the Soviets react to the Truman Doctrine? (4) Suspicious and angry Czechoslovakia - Jan Masaryk Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM) - Sept, 1947 Propaganda - USA enslaving Europe with $$$ Diplomacy Strikes and demonstrations - organised by Communists in Western Europe (France and Italy) COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) - Jan, 1949 Stalin banned acceptance of Marshall Aid June, 1948 - blockade of West Berlin

40. Why did the Soviets blockade Berlin in June 1948? (4) Stalin blocked all supply lines (road, rail and canal access) to Berlin 2 million people Force Allies out Cripple Germany - a recovered Germany could threaten Soviet security Zones, 1947 Currency - deutschmark, 1948 Stalin worried by the idea of a successful, Non-Communist government in West Germany

41. What action did the Allies take when Berlin was blockaded and why? (6) Careful about provoking Stalin Air-lifted supplies Truman - serious about containment Berlin - symbol of freedom 10 months and 27,000 flights Soviets may have tried to take all of West Germany May, 1949 - blockade lifted

42. What were the results of the Berlin Crisis? (6) Germany divided into two nations May, 1949 - Allied zones - West Germany October, 1949 - Communist East Germany 41 years Berlin - symbol of Cold War tension Iron Curtain reality - watchtowers, barbed wire fences, and land mines 1949 - NATO Propaganda Berlin Blockade established a tense balance between the superpowers

43. The Soviet Union was to blame for the start of the Cold war. How far do you agree with statement? (10) Extent USA too Inevitable. State of mutual mistrust - 1945 to 1991

Inevitable and Both to Blame: Suspicious since 1918 Two superpowers - USA and USSR - with different beliefs and ideas. Democratic-capitalism vs communism Unlikely alliance - uncompromising with their vision Disagreed over punishment of Germany Tension was inevitable

The USA was also to blame for the start of the Cold War: Truman’s 'get tough' attitude No US troops sent to help the USSR Stalin WAS granted a 'sphere of influence' Containment encouraged hatred Domino Theory ‘Dollar Diplomacy’ - seen as a bribe Truman Doctrine (Containment) and Marshall Plan – both threatened USSR NATO - escalated Soviet concerns USA never fully understood or appreciated legitimate Soviet security concerns Hydrogen bomb (1952) - arms race

The Soviets were to blame: 'Sphere of influence' - obvious attempt to spread Communism (‘Sphere of domination’) spoiled

good will extended by Roosevelt Stalin Methods:

Red Army Imprisoned opposition leaders and attacked Church leaders (Hungary) Monarchy in Romania, 1947 Non-Communists leaders executed in Bulgaria In Poland (1947) and Czechoslovakia (1948) Coalitions removed Economies of Eastern Europe - satellite states Secret police

COMINFORM, September 1947 Stalin’s actions led to Churchill’s 'Iron Curtain' speech in 1946 Communist expansion - 1948, Italy and France vulnerable Berlin blockade August, 1949 - Soviet atomic bomb

TOPIC #5 – The US Policy of Containment Tested (Cuba and Vietnam)

44 Describe the relations between Cuba and the USA between 1959 and 1961. (4) Frosty and tense American businesses and Guantanamo Revolution Castro - without interference Nationalized American businesses Trade embargo Soviets

Broke off diplomatic relations Bay of Pigs

45 Why was the Bay of Pigs invasion a failure for the USA? (6) Utter disaster - militarily and politically Turn to USSR 1,400 Cuban exiles vs 20,000 JFK vs military leaders. CIA expectations Castro - popular Humiliating for JFK Encouraged Khrushchev and the Soviets

46. Why did the Cuban Missile Crisis cause so much alarm? (6)49. Why was the USA concerned about Soviet Missiles in Cuba? (6)

Threat to America - 80 Missile sites - built / under construction. New - Soviet aggression - sphere Conventional vs nuclear May 1962 - supplying arms July 1962 - best in Latin America September 11 JFK warning

47. How did Khrushchev feel about Kennedy? Explain. (6) Khrushchev - general, veteran, tough Kennedy - young and inexperienced (43) ‘No guts’ - Bay of Pigs and Berlin Wall Intimidate and test Kennedy - ‘limits’

48. Why did the Soviets place missiles in Cuba? (6) Bargain - American concessions - Turkey Test the USA and JFK Trap the USA - draw USA into nuclear war Upper hand - arms race - first strike Defend Cuba

50 The Soviets claimed victory in the Cuban Missile Crisis. How far do you agree? Explain. (10)Arguments can be made for the Soviets ‘winning’ the crisis:

Cuba protected Remained communist and highly armed Missiles removed from Turkey Khrushchev - ‘Peacemaker’ Test Ban Treaty of 1963, and direct phone line

Arguments can be made for the Americans ‘winning’ the crisis: Missiles withdrawn - UN JFK stood up Soviet-Cuban relations strained Sphere protected

Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Overall: Both emerged with something Helped thaw Cold War Brinkmanship Hotline set up Test Ban Treaty of 1963, and direct phone line Victory for UN

Vietnam

51. What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail? (4) Supply route for Vietcong Named after Communist leader Series - hidden paths, roads - bikes, trucks, tanks Move guerrilla fighters Network - underground passages - living areas, hospitals Attack Weapons - USSR and China Through Laos and Cambodia

52. Why did the USA find it impossible to defeat the Vietcong? (6) American tactics - ineffective Foreign country - jungle, tropical climate and booby traps Easy targets Relied on technology and bombing Lost support - bombing, search + destroy and killing innocent civilians (100,000 and 300,000) Experienced guerrilla fighters - ambushes, sabotage, cells Vietcong - no base camps or uniforms - blended Vietcong and NVA - American morale - nervous Battlefield - jungle camouflage Vietcong and NVA refused to give in Enemy - supplied by Chinese and Soviets

53 How far was US public opinion the most important reason for America’s withdrawal from Vietnam? (10)55 Why did the Vietnam War become increasingly unpopular with the people of America? [6]

Many reasons 1964-65 poll - 80% - "good guys” Americans shifted feelings - dragged on and realities

Opinion of Most Americans were affected by a number of factors: Bombarded with Media Images - torture, massacre, chemicals Conduct of Soldiers – S&D, My Lai, drugs Draft – 1968, 36,000 dead - refused support and draft - Muhammad Ali

Tet Offensive – realised American Protests - April 1970, Kent State - chants of ‘LBJ… ‘ Cost in $$$ and Deaths - 13% and $28 billion a year, 2 million Vietnamese, 58,148 and 300,000 Election of 1968

Other Reasons for the American Withdrawal: Lost support from villagers Could not defeat Vietcong - Guerrilla warfare vs Conventional - regular rotations South Vietnam’s Government - reforms promised by Communists Vietnamisation

54 What was the ‘Domino Theory’? [4] Idea - Communism - region - neighbouring - vulnerable 1940s by President Truman - China (1949), North Korea and later in Vietnam Continued by Eisenhower and Kennedy - justify American intervention Belief - South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand - Burma and India

56 Who were the Vietcong and what part did they play in the Vietnam War? [4] Experience fighters from North and South Vietnam Communists - waged a war of terror against the South Vietnamese government and civilians Guerrilla tactics and terrorism - ambushes, sabotage, cells Important part in Vietnam War With NVA - attacked in cells - booby traps - underground Refused to give in and wore down enemy Knew terrain - used jungle as camouflage Support from peasants Extension of Chinese and Soviets

57. What tactics did US forces use against the Viet Cong? [4] Relied on technology and bombing - Rolling Thunder 1965 - 1968 Disrupted VC and NVA supply routes Able to strike with bombing - forced negotiation by 1972 Strategic Hamlets Defoliant Sprays (Agent Orange) Napalm Bombs - flammable jelly which sticks to skin. Search and Destroy missions

58 What did the Geneva Agreements of 1954 decide about the future of Vietnam? [4] Declaration - independence from France Halt foreign involvement Divided Indo-China into 4 countries (Cambodia, Laos, North Vietnam and South Vietnam). 17th parallel Free elections - July, 1956

59 How successful was US policy towards Vietnam in the period 1963–1975? Explain your answer. [10] US policy changed from 1963 to 1975 - containment to withdrawal At first - working - providing advice and money Later - military might put to the test, yet way out ‘with honour’.

1963 - 65: Money and advisors - President Ngo Dinh Diem ended - corrupt military coup(Nov 63). Criticised by Buddhist monks Assassination of JFK - led to a shift in policy by LBJ Gulf of Tonkin incident, August 1964 - Congressional authorization

1965 - 68: Feb 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder. Strike Communist and damage North Vietnam Couldn't defeat Communists - only slow

Turning Point - 1968:

Tet Offensive - shocked Americans My Lai Massacre American tactics - collateral damage and lost support LBJ not running - USA called for negotiations with North

1969 - 73: Some political gains Relations China and USSR improved Nixon - Vietnamisation and bombing Nixon’s bombing of Laos and Cambodia

1973 - 75: Peace - January, 1973.

March, 1973 - last American troops left Nixon pledged military support for South but Congress refused

By 1975: In April 1975 Saigon fell to the Communists.

Success of American Policy: Americans not in Vietnam when South fell Rest of Asia was protected Communists realised - Americans willing to confront Domino Theory Proxy war - relations improved with Chin and USSR - victory for American policy

Unsuccessful American Policy: Lasting peace - not achieved Containment failed - Militarily / Politically - forced USA to improve relations - China / USSR

60 How successful was American foreign policy towards Cuba and Vietnam? Explain your answer. [10] Successful to some extent.

Cuba: No offensive weapons - missiles withdrawn - UN JFK tested - stood up - Khrushchev backed down U.S. Sphere protected. Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Vietnam: Americans not in Vietnam when South fell Rest of Asia was protected Communists realised - Americans willing to confront Domino Theory Proxy war - relations improved with Chin and USSR - victory for American policy USA not drawn into another full scale war to fight Communism

Unsuccessful to some extent.Cuba:

Despite American pressures (Pigs, embargo, diplomatic relations), Cuba remained Communist Cuba - safe from invasion Cuba remained armed in America’s sphere

Vietnam: Lasting peace not achieved Containment failed - Militarily / Politically - forced USA to improve relations - China / USSR

61 What were the consequences of the Vietnam War? (6) Environment and Chemical warfare - crops, food shortages, 5.4 million acres - poisoned Vietnamese Citizens – levels of dioxin (3x), unexploded mines and bombs, napalm U.S. soldiers - drug addiction, confusion, bitterness, not welcomed home, PTS, cancer Vietnamese Society - peasants into shanty towns, poverty, prostitution, drug abuse, Buddhist

priests, 5 million South Vietnamese displaced, over 20 years to start recovering, mal-formed children, landmines, booby traps, refugees, 2,000,000, ‘boat people’ (1 million / 50,000)

1990s - USA ended trade ban, containment failed, forced USA to improve relations - China / USSR

- web viewamerican protests - april 1970, kent state - chants of ‘lbj ... how successful...

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