war between the states war for southern independence war of northern aggression
TRANSCRIPT
Civil War?
“The common scholarly definition [of “civil war”]has two main criteria. The first says that the warring groups must be from the same country and fighting for control of the political center, control over a separatist state or to force a major change in policy.” --New York Times
Results?
620,000 men dead. National debt
› 1860: $67 million› 1865: $2.7 billion (1 billion = 1,000 million)
Results?
South lost its capital (no money to invest)
Sharecropping developed Cotton production increased Price of cotton dropped
Results?
Industrialization increased in the north Federal government becomes a “ward”
of banks and big business
Executive Power Grab
Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down the “insurrection.”
Lincoln authorizes spending for the war. Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas
corpus.
“indispensable to public safety” ---Lincoln
Habeas Corpus- "you have the body"
Writ of habeas corpus -a judicial mandate requiring that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them.
Cannot be imprisoned without going before a court to determine the charges and, in a reasonable amount of time, a trial to determine guilt.
Secession
Deep South seceded before Sumter – 7 states: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas,
GeorgiaUpper South seceded after Sumter – 4
states: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
Border States
Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky Union sentiment Shrewd federal policies
› Martial law› Arrest of legislature (Maryland)
Stre
ng
ths &
Weakn
esses
North
South
Offense 23 million population Navy Powerful economy: industry & banking 85% of the factories 70% of the railroads Logistics Established government Ideology
› Save the union
Defensive War Experienced military leaders Population: 5-1/2 million free whites Overseas demand for cotton Establish a new government Ideology:
› Independence› opposed to strong central gov., but needed it to win a
war…
Union Strategy
Anaconda: blockade southern ports Divide Confederacy in two Raise an army of 500,000 to take
Richmond
Major Battles
First Bull Run/Manassas – South wins Peninsula Campaign – Robert E. Lee
stops McClellan’s advance Second Bull Run/Manassas – Lee
defeats Pope Antietam/Sharpsburg – Lee takes the
war to the north. 22,000 men KIA or wounded in 1 day. Lee retreats.
Major Battles
Fredericksburg – Burnside defeated by Lee. Monitor v. Merrimac/Virginia – Battle of the
Ironclads. Ended in a draw. Grant in the West – Grant captures Forts
Henry and Fort Donelson (Tennessee). Shiloh – Albert Sidney Johnston surprises
Grant, but force southern retreat. 23,000 killed and wounded
New Orleans – Navy under Farragut captures New Orleans April 1862.
Major Battles
Chancellorsville, May 2-4 1863, Confederates win, but Stonewall Jackson is killed.
Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Vicksburg falls, July 4, 1863, severed
the Confederacy
King Cotton Diplomacy
British – market for southern cotton British – would like to see break up of
American democracy South – needed Britain’s help to win
the war Trent Affair – Union boarded a British
ship, the Trent, and seized two Confederate diplomats
“Successful revolutions, including the American Revolution of 1776, have generally succeeded because of foreign intervention.” – American Pageant
The south did not get foreign help and lost.
Why didn’t Britain help the South?
1857-1860 had been very productive years for cotton.
Britain had surpluses of cotton in warehouses. Workers laid off from British factories Emancipation Proclamation North sent food to feed laid off workers. Yankees captured southern cotton and sent it
to Britain. Other sources: Egypt and India War industry relieved unemployment.
Britain found other sources of cotton (Egypt & India).
Lee’s setback at Antietam/Sharpsburg did not encourage British recognition of the Confederacy.
The Emancipation Proclamation caused British sympathies to turn toward the north (British working class).
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln had not abolished slavery when war broke out (1861).
He wanted to keep the border states happy.
The constitution protected slavery. Many northerners didn’t want to fight a
war over slavery. He was afraid he’d be voted out in the
next election.
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all slaves in the states still in “rebellion.”
Did not apply to the slave-holding border states.
It only applied to slaves OUTSIDE Union control.
It did not free a single slave.
Freeing Slaves
The Emancipation Proclamation DID make slavery an issue in the war, rather than just secession and rebellion.
As the Union Army advanced into the south, slaves were freed and were often brought into the Union Army camps to serve the soldiers (for free).
Liberation
It took a constitutional amendment to actually free the slaves.
Thirteenth Amendment, December 1865› Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Some blacks joined the Union Army. Some just wandered. Some eventually returned to their
masters because they had nowhere else to go.
Turning Points
Vicksburg Siege lasted 7 weeks. When it fell, the Union controlled the entire Mississippi River and had cut the Confederacy in two.
Gettysburg – Lee led an offensive through Maryland into southern Pennsylvania. 50,000 casualties in 3 days. Lee retreats to Virginia.
The South never goes on the offensive again.
Grant
Grant given command of the Union Army.
Ruthless Goal: to outlast Lee, war
of attrition Engage in total warfare
to defeat the entire South, not just the army.
Grant suffered heavy, heavy casualties, but his only concern was on defeating Lee.
“The Butcher”
Sherman’s March to the Sea
From Chattanooga, TN through Georgia to South Carolina, Sherman’s army burned and destroyed everything in their path: cotton fields, farms, barns, homes, animals
Southerners got sick of it.
Purpose of Sherman's March
1. Destroy Confederate supplies 2. Weaken southern morale. “Make
Georgia howl.”
Engaged in total warfare “Orgy of pillaging” Carried the march from Georgia into
South Carolina and North Carolina
Election of 1864
Lincoln 212 Electoral Votes McClellan 21 Electoral Votes Democrats – 45% of popular vote
The End of the War
South tried to negotiate. Lincoln wanted unconditional surrender
and restoration of the Union. Davis wanted southern independence.
Fun Fact!
In June 1861, Wilmer McLean and his family lived on their farm in Manassas, VA. They decided to move after the Battle of First Manassas happened on their farm.
The family moved south and built a house at Appomattox Court House. The surrender was signed in Wilmer McLean’s house.
The End of the War
Lincoln’s assassination infuriated the north and made them even less sympathetic to the south.
Effects of War on Politics
Republicans in firm control. Republicans divided:
› Radical – immediate abolition› Moderate – free soilers, economic opportunities
Democrats – peace Democrats & Copperheads – wanted a negotiated peace. Opposed the war.› Congressman Clement Vallandighan, OH, was
banished from the U.S. because he made pro-Confederacy speeches against the war.
Effects of War on Politics – Civil Liberties
Civil rights suffer in wartime› Suspension of Habeas Corpus, 13,000 people
arrested› Supreme Court ruled in 1866 (Ex Parte Milligan)
that it was okay to suspend Habeas Corpus ONLY IF a civilian court was not available.
The Draft› Men ages 20-45 could be called to service.› Could pay $300 to be excused› Protests› Riots – July 1863 New York City
Effects of War on Politics – Northern Dominance
The Federal Union was redefined.› States’ rights as an issue is largely diminished.› Nullification and secession are no longer
mentioned.› Supremacy of federal gov. over the states is
accepted as fact.› Abolition of slavery expands democracy.Some people call the Civil War the Second
American Revolution because it fundamentally changed the nature of the nation.
Effects of the War on Economics
Financing the War – borrow money => DEBT
Sale of government bonds Raised tariffs (Morrill Tariff of 1861) New excise taxes First income tax Printed paper money – Greenbacks 80% inflation! National Banking System 1863
Effects of the War on Economics
Workers’ wages didn’t keep up with inflation.
Speeded up the development of mass production and consolidation of businesses.
Shoddy goods were sold for a lot of $$$. Some got rich quick. Capital was concentrated in the hands of a
new class of millionaires. This capital financed industrialization in the
north for decades to come.
Effects of the War on Economics
Republican Economic Program Morrill Tariff Act – raised tariffs to protect
northern manufacturers. Homestead Act – 160 acres of public land to
whoever would farm it for five years. (Great Plains)
Morrill Land Grant – states could sell federal land grants to raise money for ag and technical colleges.
Pacific Railway Act – build a transcontinental railroad over a northern route
Social Changes Produced by the War – Women
Men fighting Women to work in the factories and
and on the farms Military nurses and volunteers Most women went back home after the
war. Some struggled financially because
their men never returned.
Social Changes Produced by the War – Women
Two Main Permanent Changes on Women:› 1. Nursing was now open to women.
› 2. Women’s roles during the war gave support to their movement to obtain equal voting rights.