# the human anatomy
DESCRIPTION
anatomyTRANSCRIPT
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KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMYKNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY NECESSARY FOR:NECESSARY FOR:
Accurate patient assessmentAccurate patient assessment
Locating body organs systemLocating body organs system
Quality patient careQuality patient care
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ANATOMICAL POSITIONANATOMICAL POSITION Person standing, facing Person standing, facing forwardforward
Palms facing forwardPalms facing forward
This position is the basisThis position is the basis for description of anatomy.for description of anatomy.
4-1.jpg
Cranium
FaceM andibleNeck
Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Thigh
Knee
Leg
AnkleFoot
Thorax
Abdom en
PelvisWristHand
Lower extrem
ityTorso
Head
Upp
er e
xtre
mity
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ANATOMIC PLANESANATOMIC PLANES
Divide the body into Divide the body into specific areasspecific areas
Used as anatomic Used as anatomic reference pointsreference points
Mid-axillary line
Posterior(dorsal)
Anterior(ventral)
Superior
Inferior
Directional Terms (Lateral)Directional Terms (Lateral)
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Directional Terms (Frontal)Directional Terms (Frontal)
Midline Mid-clavicular
MedialLateral
Prox
imal
Dist
al
LeftRight
ANATOMIC PLANESANATOMIC PLANES
Divide the body into Divide the body into specific areasspecific areas
Used as anatomic Used as anatomic reference pointsreference points
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SupineSupine
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ProneProne
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Recovery (Lateral Recumbent) PositionRecovery (Lateral Recumbent) Position
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Fowler’s positionFowler’s position
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Trendelenburg PositionTrendelenburg Position
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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems
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Gives the bodyGives the body shapeshape
Protects internal Protects internal organsorgans
Provides for body Provides for body movementmovement
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMMUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
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SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM
Your body contains 206 bones of various shapes and sizes.
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SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM
Your body contains 206 bones of various shapes and sizes.
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Irregular bones
Long bone
Flat bones
Short bones
4 TYPES OF BONES4 TYPES OF BONES
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DETAIL OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIESDETAIL OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
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JOINTSJOINTS
Bone
Bone
Ligam ent
Tendon
M uscle
Replacement
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JOINTSJOINTS
Ball-and-Socket JointBall-and-Socket Joint Hinge JointHinge Joint
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SKULL AND FACIAL BONESSKULL AND FACIAL BONES
CRANIUM
FACE
Zygoma(cheek)
Maxilla
Mandible(jaw)
OrbitNasal Bones
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Cervical
Thoracic
Lum bar
Sacrum
Coccyx
SPINAL COLUMNSPINAL COLUMN
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MUSCLESMUSCLES 3 TYPES of MUSCLES3 TYPES of MUSCLES SkeletalSkeletal
CardiacCardiac
SmoothSmooth
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MUSCLESMUSCLES Voluntary (Skeletal) MuscleVoluntary (Skeletal) MuscleAttaches to the bonesAttaches to the bonesForms the major muscle mass of the bodyForms the major muscle mass of the bodyResponsible for movementResponsible for movementUnder conscious controlUnder conscious control
Involuntary (Smooth) MuscleInvoluntary (Smooth) MuscleFound in gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, Found in gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, blood vesselsblood vesselsControls the flow of materials through these Controls the flow of materials through these structuresstructures
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MUSCLESMUSCLES
Found only in the heartFound only in the heart Involuntary muscleInvoluntary muscle Has its own blood supplyHas its own blood supply (Coronary arteries)(Coronary arteries)
Can only tolerate interruption ofCan only tolerate interruption of blood supply for a short timeblood supply for a short time Contracts on its own Contracts on its own (automaticity)(automaticity)
CARDIAC MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLE
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ABDOMINAL QUADRANTSABDOMINAL QUADRANTS
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Moves oxygen into Moves oxygen into bloodstream through bloodstream through inhalationinhalation
Picks up carbon dioxidePicks up carbon dioxide to be excreted through to be excreted through exhalation exhalation
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Diaphragm and intercostal Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contractmuscles contract
Diaphragm moves Diaphragm moves downwarddownward
Ribs move upward andRibs move upward and outwardoutward
Size of chest cavity Size of chest cavity increasesincreases
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Inhalation)RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Inhalation)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exhalation)RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exhalation) Diaphragm and intercostalDiaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxmuscles relax
Diaphragm moves upwardDiaphragm moves upward
Ribs move down and Ribs move down and inwardinward
Size of chest cavity Size of chest cavity decreasesdecreases
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
a. Normal Ratesa. Normal Rates
Adults 12-20/min.
Children 15-30/min.
Infant 25-50/min
Adequate Breathing: Adequate Breathing:
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
b. Rhythmb. Rhythm Usually regularUsually regular May be slightly irregular and influenced by May be slightly irregular and influenced by talking talking
c. Qualityc. Quality Breath soundsBreath sounds Present, equal Present, equal Chest expansionChest expansion Adequate, equal Adequate, equal EffortEffort Minimal accessoryMinimal accessory
Adequate Breathing: Adequate Breathing:
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Inadequate Breathing:Inadequate Breathing:
Breath sounds …… Breath sounds …… Diminished or absent Diminished or absent
Chest expansion…..Chest expansion….. Unequal or inadequate Unequal or inadequate
Breathing effortBreathing effort ….. Increased use of accessory ….. Increased use of accessory muscles, especially inmuscles, especially in
infants and childreninfants and children
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SIGNS OF INADEQUATE BREATHINGSIGNS OF INADEQUATE BREATHINGNasal flaringNasal flaring
Excessive Excessive useuseof accessoryof accessorymusclesmuscles
Chest Chest TightnessTightness
CyanosisCyanosis
Numbness, Numbness, tingling intingling inhands & feethands & feet
Pursed lips on Pursed lips on exhalationexhalation
Coughing, Coughing, crowing, high-crowing, high-pitched barkpitched bark
Respiratory noiseRespiratory noise• wheezingwheezing• rattlingrattling
Impaired mentationImpaired mentation• unconsciousnessunconsciousness• dizzinessdizziness• restlessnessrestlessness• anxietyanxiety• confusionconfusion• combativenesscombativeness
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INADEQUATE BREATHING:INADEQUATE BREATHING:
Retractions
Nasal Flaring
See-Saw Breathing
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Infants and children
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MAJOR ARTERIES M AJO R VEINS
Carotid
Brachial Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cavaPulm onary vein
Fem oral
Posterior tibial
Dorsal pedis
Radial
Aorta
Pulm onary artery
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart pumps blood thatHeart pumps blood that is carried by blood vesselsis carried by blood vessels throughout the body.throughout the body.
Blood carries food and Blood carries food and oxygen to, and removes oxygen to, and removes wastes from, the body’s wastes from, the body’s cellscells
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The HeartThe Heart
AortaAorta
L. Pulmonary ArteryL. Pulmonary Artery
L. Pulmonary VeinsL. Pulmonary Veins
Left AtriumLeft Atrium
ValvesValves
Left VentricleLeft Ventricle
R. Pulmonary ArteryR. Pulmonary Artery
Superior Vena CavaSuperior Vena Cava
R. Pulmonary VeinsR. Pulmonary Veins
Right AtriumRight Atrium
ValvesValves
Right VentricleRight Ventricle
Inferior Vena CavaInferior Vena Cava
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VESSELS OF CIRCULATIONVESSELS OF CIRCULATION
Capillary bed
Vein Artery
ArteriolesVenules
Valve
Tiny vessels that Tiny vessels that connect arterioles connect arterioles to venules.to venules.
Allow for the exchange Allow for the exchange of waste and nutrientsof waste and nutrients at the cellular level.at the cellular level.
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ArteriesArteries(Carry blood away from heart)(Carry blood away from heart) VeinsVeins(Carry blood toward heart)(Carry blood toward heart) Arterioles Arterioles (Smallest arteries)(Smallest arteries) Venules Venules (Smallest veins)(Smallest veins)
VESSELS OF CIRCULATIONVESSELS OF CIRCULATION
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BLOOD COMPOSITIONBLOOD COMPOSITION
Red blood cellsRed blood cellsGive blood its colorGive blood its color Carry oxygen to organsCarry oxygen to organs Carry carbon dioxide away from organsCarry carbon dioxide away from organs
White blood cellsWhite blood cells Defense against infectionDefense against infection
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PlasmaPlasma Fluid that carries blood Fluid that carries blood cells and nutrients. cells and nutrients.
PlateletsPlatelets Essential for formation Essential for formation of clots.of clots.
BLOOD COMPOSITIONBLOOD COMPOSITION
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NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM
Peripheral nervous systemProvides a completenetwork of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
Centralnervous systemControls all basicbodily functions,and responds to external changes
Autonomicnervous systemParallels spinal cordbut is separately involved in control ofexocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera and externalgenitalia
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NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM
2 Components2 Components
Central nervous systemCentral nervous system
Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous system (Includes the autonomic nervous system)(Includes the autonomic nervous system)
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NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEMCentral Nervous System:Central Nervous System:
BrainBrain Spinal cordSpinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System:Peripheral Nervous System:
Sensory nerves Sensory nerves (Carry information (Carry information from from the bodthe body to the brain and spinal cord)y to the brain and spinal cord)
Motor nerves Motor nerves (Carry information (Carry information from from the brainthe brain and spinal cord to the body) and spinal cord to the body)
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SKINSKIN Protects the body from the environment Protects the body from the environment and organismand organism Helps regulate body temperatureHelps regulate body temperature Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, painSenses heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain
Layers of the SkinLayers of the Skin
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Secretes chemicals that regulate body activities, Secretes chemicals that regulate body activities, functions:functions: InsulinInsulin EpinephrineEpinephrine
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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REVIEW QUESTIONS