human anatomy & physiology€¦ · human anatomy & physiology •gross anatomy, or...

Human Anatomy & Physiology

Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr.Faculty, Department of Natural Sciences

College of Education, Arts and Sciences

Ramon Magsaysay Technological University

Human Anatomy & Physiology •Anatomy - study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between body parts.

•The careful observation of the human body.

•Physiology - study of function, and physiological mechanisms can be explained only in terms of the underlying anatomy.


•All specific physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures.


•Microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy) considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

Human Anatomy & Physiology •Microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy) considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification.•Cytology analyzes the internal structure of cells, the smallest units of life. •Histology takes a broader perspective and examines tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.


•Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers relatively large structures and features visible to the unaided eye. There are many ways to approach gross anatomy:•Surface anatomy refers to the study of general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings.


•Gross anatomy•Regional anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

•Systemic anatomy considers the structure of major organ systems, such as the skeletal or muscular systems.

Other Perspectives on Anatomy

•Developmental anatomy examines the changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity. •Embryology is the study of the early developmental processes


•Comparative anatomy considers the anatomical organization of different types of animals.

•Observed similarities may reflect evolutionary relationships.


•Clinical anatomy focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness.


•Surgical anatomy studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures.


•Radiographic anatomy involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body.


•Cross-sectional anatomy has emerged as a new subspecialty of gross anatomy as new advances in radiographic anatomy, such as CT (computerized tomography) and spiral scans, have emerged.

Levels of Biological Organization

Chemical/ Molecular Level

Cellular Level

Tissue Level

Organ Level

Organ System Level

Organism Level

Characteristics of Life

1. Order: Each structure or activity lies in a specific relationship to all other structures and activities.


2. Metabolism: Organized chemical steps break down (catabolism) and build up molecules (anabolism), making energy available or building needed parts.


3. Motility: Using their own power, organisms move themselves or their body parts; self-propelled movement.


4. Responsiveness: Organisms perceive the environment and react to it.


5. Reproduction: Organisms give rise to others of the same type.


6. Development: Ordered sequences of progressive changes result in an individual acquiring increased complexity.


7. Heredity: Organisms have units of inheritance called genes that are passed from parent to offspring and control physical, chemical and behavioral traits.


8. Evolution: Populations of organisms change over time, acquiring new ways to survive, to obtain and use energy, and to reproduce.


9. Adaptation: Specific structures, behaviors and abilities suit life-forms to their environment.

human anatomy & physiology€¦ · human anatomy & physiology •gross anatomy, or...

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