the four major parts of the brain (in order of highest to lowest functioning) the cerebrum higher...
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The four major parts of the brain (in order of highest to lowest functioning) the cerebrum
higher thought processes the diencephalon
integrative functions the cerebellum
receives sensory and motor input the brain stem
Oldest part of brain (in terms of evolution) Reflex arcs: heartbeat, breathing, blood
pressure
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skull
meninges
Diencephalon
pons
spinal cord
Cerebellum
fourth ventricle
pineal gland
hypothalamus
thalamus(surrounds thethird ventricle)
third ventricle
lateral ventricleCerebrum
corpuscallosum
pituitary gland
Brain stem
midbrain
medullaoblongata
a. Parts of brain
The brain is divided into 2 cerebral hemispheresLeft hemisphereRight hemisphere
Hemispheres communicate with each other though a bridge of white matter called corpus callosum
Right sidecontrols muscles on the left side
Left sidecontrols muscles on the right side of the
body. damage to one side of the brain will
affect the opposite side of the body.
Brain divided into 4 lobesFrontal Lobe
reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.
Parietal Lobe Sensory information
Temporal Lobe Hearing, formation of memories
Occipital lobe Vision, interpreting vision
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Occipital lobe
hand
face
tongue
central sulcusParietal lobe
primary somatosensory area
somatosensoryassociation area
primary taste area
general interpretation area
primaryvisual area
visualassociationarea
sensory speech (Wernicke’s) area
primary auditory area
auditory association area
Temporal lobe
lateral sulcus
prefrontalarea
motor speech(Broca’s) area
premotor area
primary motor area
Frontal lobe
leg
trunk
arm
The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain.
It is the last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses.
The cerebrum carries out the higher thought processes required for learning and memory and for language and speech.
Cerebral CortexThink layer of gray matterSulci – grooves
Central Sulcus Separates frontal and parietal lobe
Gyrus – folds
Primary Motor AreaLocated in the frontal lobeControls skeletal muscles Each body part is controlled by a certain
section Primary Somatosensory area
Located in the parietal lobe Sensory information from skin and muscles
arrives
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Toes
Ankle
Knee
Hip
Tru
nk
Sh
ou
lder
Arm
Ring finger
Index finger
ThumbNeck
Eyelid and eyeballLips and jaw
Face
Tongue
Genitals
Hip
Tru
nk
Nec
kS
ho
uld
er
Litt
le fi
nger
Rin
g fin
ger
Mid
dle
finge
r
Inde
x fin
ger
Face
Lips, teeth,
gums, and jaw
Tongue
Pharynx
a. Prima ry motor area b . Primary somatosensory area
Intra-abdominal
NoseEyeThum
p
Leg
Foot
Toes
Elb
ow
Arm
Fo
rear
mw
rist
Han
d
Pharynx
Middle finger
Little finger
Hand
Wrist
Fo
reman
Elb
ow
Association AreasAssociation areas are places where integration occursPre-motor area
Organizes motor functions for skilled motor activities Walking and talking
Cerebral PalsyMay be caused by O2 deprivation during birth which damages motor and association areas (may cause paralysis, spasms, lack of motor control)
Processing CentersProcessing centers of the cortex receive
information from the other association areas and perform higher-level analytical functions. Wernicke’s Area: understand written and
spoken language Broca’s Area: speech muscle control
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motor speech(Broca’s area)
primary motorarea
sensory speech(Wernicke’s area)
primaryvisual area
primary auditoryarea
The hypothalamus and the thalamus are in the diencephalon.
The hypothalamus is the integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance.
The thalamus integrates sensory input from the visual, auditory, taste, and somatosensory systems.
The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon. It secretes the hormone melatonin which is responsible for normal body rhythms.
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hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
corpuscallosum
amygdala
The cerebellum receives sensory input from the joints, muscles, and other sensory pathways about the present position of body parts.
It also receives motor output from the cerebral cortex about where these parts should be located.
The cerebellum maintains balance and posture.
The brain stem contains:
Midbrain: relay station
Pons: bundles of axons traveling b/t cerebellum and rest of brain
medulla oblongata: contains a number of reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
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