the concept of intelligence controversies and group comparisons the development of intelligence ...

INTELLIGENCE

The Concept of Intelligence

Controversies and Group Comparisons

The Development of Intelligence

The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity

What Is Intelligence?

Similar to thinking and memory skills. Cannot be directly measured. Ability to solve problems; adapt to and learn from

everyday experiences. Individual differences are stable, consistent.


Intelligence Tests The Binet Test:

Mental age (MA)-○ Individual’s level of mental development relative to others.

Chronological age (CA)- ○ Age from birth.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)- ○ Individual’s MA divided CA, multiplied by 100.


The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores


The Wechsler Scales

WAIS-IV — For adults. WISC-IV — For children.

Provides overall IQ Measures verbal IQ

○ Six verbal subscales Measures performance IQ

○ Five performance subscales


The Use and Misuse of Intelligence Tests

Intelligence tests: Tools dependant upon user skill and knowledge. Substantially correlated with school performance. Moderately correlated with work performance; correlation

decreases as experience increases. IQ tests can easily lead to false expectations and

generalizations; self-fulfilling prophecies. Measures only current performance.


Theories of Multiple Intelligences

Controversy over breaking intelligence down into multiple abilities: Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory:

○ Factor analysis correlates test scores into clusters or factors.

Thurstone’s Multiple-Factor Theory:

○ Seven abilities. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences:

○ Certain cognitive abilities can survive brain damage.


Theories of Multiple Intelligences


Two-factortheory

Individuals have both general intelligence and specific intelligences.

Multiple-factortheory

Intelligence is seven primary mental abilities: 1) Verbal comprehension 2) Word fluency 3) Number ability 4) Spatial visualization5) Associative memory 6) Reasoning7) Perceptual speed.

Gardner’s Theory

Eight types of intelligence: 1)Verbal 2)Math 3)Spatial 4)Interpersonal 5)Bodily-kinesthetic 6)Musical 7)Intrapersonal 8)Naturalist skills

Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom

Allow students to discover and explore domains in which they have natural curiosity and talent.

Attention given to understanding oneself and others.


Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Three main types of intelligence: Analytic Creative Practical

Concerns about Traditional Classroom:

Analytic ability favored in conventional schools.

Creative students may be reprimanded or marked down for nonconformist answers.

Practical students may do better outside school.


Emotional Intelligence

Perceive and express emotions accurately and adaptively.

Four aspects:

Perceiving and expressing emotions.

Understanding emotions.

Facilitating thought and affect of moods.

Managing emotions.


Comparing the Intelligences


The Influence of Heredity and Environment

Controversies and Group Comparisons:

Genetic Influences

Adoption studies- ○ Educational levels of biological parents better predictor of IQ.

Heritability

○ Influence increases in aging.

Environmental Influences: Modifications in environment can change IQ scores considerably; very complex-

○ Socioeconomic status○ Parent communication○ Schooling

Flynn Effect:○ Intelligence test scores increase each year around the world; effects of technology?


Group Comparisons and Issues

Cross-cultural comparisons problematic: Different cultures define intelligence differently Practical and academic intelligence can develop independently Predictive validity affected by ethnicity

Cultural bias in testing: Culture-fair tests:

○ Intelligence tests intended not to be culturally biased

The Bell Curve: African American students average lower intelligence test scores than

White students. Individual scores vary considerably


Ethnic and Gender Comparisons

Stereotype threat: Fear of confirming negative stereotypes raises anxiety in testing-

○ Some studies confirm existence○ Others believe stereotype threat is exaggerated to explain gap

Gender differences in intellectual abilities: Males more likely to have extremely high or low scores;

controversy over gender differences.

Tests of Infant Intelligence

Gesell: Distinguishes normal from abnormal infants Four categories of behavior-

○ Motor○ Language○ Adaptive○ Personal-social

Combined overall score is developmental quotient (DQ)



Bayley Scales of Infant Development:

Three components-○ Mental scale○ Motor scale○ Infant behavior profile

Diagnoses developmental delays

Overall scores do not correlate highly with IQ scores obtained later in childhood



Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence: Increasingly being used Focuses on infant’s ability to process information Obtains similar results cross-culturally Correlated with measures of intelligence in older children


Stability and Change in Intelligence through Adolescence

Group scores remain stable:

Strong relation between IQ scores obtained at ages 6, 8, and 9 and IQ scores obtained at 10.

Correlation between IQ in preadolescent years and 18 still statistically significant.

Individual scores vary more:

Children are adaptive

IQ scores fluctuate dramatically in childhood


Intelligence in Adulthood

Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence:

Crystallized intelligence-○ Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase

with age.

Fluid intelligence-○ Ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from

middle adulthood on.


Fluid and Crystallized Intellectual Development Across the Life Span


Longitudinal Changes in Six Intellectual Abilities


Cognitive Functioning

Cognitive Mechanics: Hardware of the mind Speed and accuracy of processes involved in sensory input, attention, memory,

organizing, and discrimination Strong influence of biology and heredity Declines with age

Cognitive Pragmatics: Culture-based software of the mind Skills include:

Reading and writing skills Language comprehension Educational qualifications Professional skills Knowledge about self and life skills

Can improve with aging


Mental Retardation

Condition of limited mental ability: Low IQ on traditional test of intelligence Difficulty adapting to everyday life Onset of characteristics by age 18 Range of impairments vary


Giftedness

Above-average intelligence; IQ averaged 150 on Stanford-Binet- Precocity March to their own drummer Passion to master

Intelligence and creativity not same thing; most creative people are quite intelligent but reverse not necessarily true


Creative Thinking


Divergentthinking

Convergent thinking

Creativity

Produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic

of creativity

Gives one correct answer; is characteristic of thinking tested

by standardized intelligence tests

Ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique

solutions to problems

Creative Thinkers

Characteristics:

Flexibility and playful thinking

Brainstorming

Inner motivation

Willingness to risk

Objective evaluation of work

Changes in Adulthood: Individuals’ most creative products were generated in their thirties

80% of most important creative contributions completed by age 50

Researchers found creativity often peaks in forties before declining

Age of decline varies by domain


Living a More Creative Life

Try to be surprised by something every day Try to surprise at least one person every day Write down the surprises of each day Follow sparked interests Wake up in the morning with a specific goal Take charge of your schedule Spend time in stimulating settings


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