the active site have a rigid shape. only substrates with the matching shape can fit. the substrate...
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![Page 1: The active site have a rigid shape. Only substrates with the matching shape can fit. The substrate is a key that fits the lock of the active site](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d375503460f94a10689/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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The active site have a rigid shape. Only substrates with the matching
shape can fit. The substrate is a key that fits the
lock of the active site.
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The active site is flexible, not rigid.
The shape of the enzyme active site and substrate adjust to maximum the fit, which improve catalysis.
There is a greater range of substrate specificity.
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Temperature. pH. Enzyme & Substrate
concentration. Time.
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Factors affecting enzyme actionTemperature
Rate
of
react
ion
Temperature (OC )
0 10 20 30 40 50
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Factors affecting enzyme actionTemperature
• Each enzyme works best at a particular temperature - _____________________.
• When temperature is lower than optimum temperature, activity of enzyme become ________. At low temperature, enzymes become _____________. They become _________________ when the temperature is raised.
lower inactiv
eactive again
optimum temperature
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Factors affecting enzyme actionTemperature
• Above the optimum temperature, heat changes the _______ of enzymes and their _____________, __________ their activities.
• When temperature is too high (above 60oC), most enzymes are ____________, and lose their catalytic property permanently.
shapeactive sites decreas
es
denatured
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Factors affecting enzyme actionpH
Rate
of
react
ion
pH
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Enzyme concentration: * Low enzyme concentration great
competition for the active sites low rate. * Enzyme concentration increases, more
active sites, faster rate. * Increasing the enzyme concentration beyond a
certain point has no effect.
Substrate concentration: * Low substrate concentration many active
sites not occupied. rate is low. * More substrate added more enzyme-
substrate complexes formed. rate of reaction increases.
* Increasing the substrate concentration yet further will have no effect. The active sites will be saturated so no more enzyme-substrate complexes can be formed.
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Factors affecting enzyme actionSubstrate concentration
Max. RateR
ate
of
react
ion
Substrate conc.
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Enzyme Inhibition
Inhibitors • cause a loss of catalytic activity• Change the protein structure of an enzyme• May be competitive or noncompetitive• Some effects are irreversible
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COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
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NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
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Regulation of the metabolism, feed-back inhibition by the final product.
Simple feed-back inhibition. The final product (E) inhibits the step from A to B.
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)usually rate-limiting(
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Terms used in enzymology
Substrate: The molecule acted upon by the enzyme to
form product
Product: The substance that is produced by the action of the enzyme
Apoenzyme: The protein portion of the enzyme which is catalytically inactive
Cofactor: usually a metal ion or small organic molecule that is needed to activate the apoenzyme
Prosthetic group: coenzyme or cofactor covalently linked or bound non-covalently very tightly to an enzyme
Coenzyme: organic or organo-metallic molecule that assists an enzyme
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Holoenzyme: The apoenzyme + cofactor or prosthetic group
Allosteric site: a region of enzyme molecules not at the active site where small molecules bind and effect a change in the activity of the active site by change in the conformation of the enzyme. This cause the active site to become either more active or less active by increasing or decreasing the affinity of enzyme for substrate
Proenzyme (Zymogen): inactive precursor form of some enzymes (e.g. many digestive enzymes) that will be activated by cleavage of a specific peptide in its structure
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