© target gmbh i introduction - solarge.org · 3. planlægning – generelle aspekter dette kapitel...
TRANSCRIPT
Undervisningsmaterialet består af en række slides på engelsk, som er inddelt i nogle kapitler. Nedenstående giver et dansk abstrakt af de enkelte kapitler. 1. Introduktion Kapitlet giver en oversigt over, hvad solvarmen kan bruges til, samt hvilke bygninger, hvor solvarme er en mulighed. Der er givet nogle oversigter over energistrømme i Danmark, samt en oversigt over jordens vedvarende energi ressourcer. Der er også vist et scenario, hvor der vist en mulig udvikling i energiforsyning frem til 2100, hvor solenergi står for en større og større andel. Der er angivet en kategorisering af solvarmeanlæg: • Små anlæg: 2-30 m² • Mellemstore anlæg: 30-100 m² • Store (kollektive) anlæg: 100- flere 1000 m²
Der afsluttes med nogle eksempler på danske solvarmeanlæg. • Lillerød Boligforening • Hotel Frederiksdal • Ærøskøbing Fjernvarme • Rise Fjernvarme • Marstal Fjernvarme
2. Basis Kapitlet giver en kort introduktion til opbygningen af de enkelte typer solvarmeanlæg. Anlæg til opvarmning af varmt brugsvand, anlæg til kombineret brugsvands- og rumopvarmning og store anlæg. High flow og low flow principperne illustreres. De konventionelle solfangertyper (panelsolfanger og vakuum solfanger) illustreres, og der vises effektivitetskurver. Der gives en introduktion til solstråling, og der vises solstrålingskurver for Danmark. 3. Planlægning – generelle aspekter Dette kapitel giver in introduktion til elementerne i planlægning af etablering af solvarmeanlæg. Der beskrives hvilke aktører der kan være involveret i planlægningen samt vigtigheden af nogle indledende økonomiske beregninger, hvor alternativerne også belyses. Det belyses ligeledes, at der kan være fordel i at tænke solvarme ind i en integreret energiløsning. Begreber som udnyttelsesgrad, dækningsgrader og temperaturlagdeling introduceres, samtidig med at der gives eksempler på varmtvandsforbrug til hjælp til dimensionering. 4. Typer Solvarmeløsninger Kapitlet viser en række skematiske udformninger af forskellige solvarmeløsninger.
5. Design og dimensionering I dette kapitel gennemgås hvorledes komponenter såsom solfanger, beholder, rør i solfangerkreds, varmeveksler, pumpe ekspansionsbeholder dimensioneres. 6. Solfangerfelt Kapitlet giver en introduktion til de overvejelser man skal igennem vedrørende placering, sammenkobling af solvarmepanelerne m.m. Der gives også en introduktion til problemerne vedrørende stagnation i solfangerne og hvordan man kan reducere risikoen. 7. Andre komponenter i solvarmeanlæg I dette kapitel gennemgås andre elementer af solvarmeanlægget, såsom udluftning, påfyldning og udskylning. Der gennemgås ligeledes isolering af komponenter og armatur samt forskellige koncepter for styringer. Endelig beskrives typiske fejl og problemer i solvarmeanlæg, samtidig med at forhold vedrørende funktionskontrol beskrives. 8. Montering af solvarmepaneler på tag Omhandler sikkerhed, logistik og monteringsmuligheder i forbindelse med etablering på tage. 9. Normer og standarder Oversigt over normer og standarder der gælder indenfor solvarmeområdet. 10. Udvikling af projekt Dette kapitel beskæftiger sig med udvikling af projekter, bl.a. med identifikation af kundegrupper og motivation for investorer, samt en gennemgang af tekniske og organisatoriske aspekter ved projekter. 11. Beregningsprogrammer Dette kapitel gennemgår diverse beregningsprogrammer til at vurdere ydelsen fra solvarmeanlæg.
1
1I Introduction© target GmbH
Overview of Solar Thermal Systems
Source: M. Schnauss
Hot water
Hot water & heating
Swimming pool
Air heating / air conditioning
TradeIndustry
Cooling
Photo
s: B
lozo
en/
Est
if, F
raunhofe
rIS
E /
ESTI
F (2
), M
. Sch
nau
ss(4
)
2I Introduction© target GmbH
Buildings for possible installation of collective solar thermal systems
Source: M. Schnauss
• Multifamily residences
• Residential accommodations
• Housing estates
• Canteens, Cafeterias
• Hospitals
• Schools and nurseries
• Sports facilities
• (Indoor) Swimming pools
• Pensions and hotels
• Youth hostels
• Campsites
• Public utilities, penal institutions, military barracks
• Commercial utilities with a high heat and hot water demand
• Laundries
• Car washes (for passenger cars and trucks)
• Industrial facilities
2
3I Introduction© target GmbH
Structure of final energy consumers in Denmark
Source: Energistyrelsen
29,4 %
Target group forsolar heat
Households30%
Transport32%
Industry25%
Trade, commerce, services
13%
4I Introduction© target GmbH
Primary, final and utility energy flow in Denmark
Source: Energistyrelsen
Primary energy100 %
1.883 PJ
Utility energy35 %
653 PJ
32 %
30 %
25 %13 %
Share ofutility energy use
Final energy43 %
817 PJ
Primaryenergy loss
48 PJ
Finalenergy loss
164 PJ
Non-energetic use: 12 PJConsumption in the transformation sector: 10 PJExport and bunkering: 995 PJ
total: 1.017 PJ Transport217 PJ
Households189 PJ
Industry 162 PJ
Trade etc.86 PJ
3
5I Introduction© target GmbH
Final energy consumption in private households
Source: BMWi
Light1,4 %
Mechanicalenergy
7,2 %
Otherprocess heat
4,1 %
Hot water11,2 %
Target group forsolar heat
Space heat76 %
6I Introduction© target GmbH
Overview of renewable energy technologies
Source: M. Schnauss
Geothermal energy Photovoltaics
Solar heat
Biomass
Wind power
Hydropower Photo
s: A
. G
rebe,
T . M
ahle
r, N
aturE
ner
gie
AG
, M
. Sch
nau
ss(3
)
Heat Electricity
4
7I Introduction© target GmbH
The earth‘s energy resources
Source: DLR, Dr. Nitsch
Energy offerAll natural energy sources taken together offer 3078 times the energy we currently need at a global scale.
Directsun power2850 times
Wind200 times
Sea energy2 times
Hydropower1 time
Earth heat5 times
Biomass20 times
8I Introduction© target GmbH
Changes of the global energy mix until 2100
Source: UVS, BMU
Other renewables
Solar heat
Solar electricity (Photovoltaicsand solar thermal plants)
Wind
Biomass
Hydropower
Nuclear power
Gas
Carbon
Oil
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2100
Annual use of primary energy[EJ/a]
1.600
1.400
600
400
200
0
1.000
800
1.200
5
9I Introduction© target GmbH
Categorisation of solar thermal systems
Source: M. Schnauss
Small systems (2 m2 – 30 m2)
• Mostly one and two-family houses Standard solutions• Heating support
for one and two-family houses
Medium size systems (30 m2 – 100 m2)
• Multifamily residences Individual planning• Hotels• Old people‘s homes Standard components• etc.
Collective systems (100 m2 – several 1.000 m2)
• Multifamily residences Individual planning• Trade• Industry No standard solutions• Housing estates• Local heat networks
10I Introduction© target GmbH
State-of-the-art of the technology
Source: M. Schnauss
Collectors:
• Well-developed products• Large collectors (up to 10 m2)• „Solar Roof“ – ready-made large modules• Roof integration• Ready-made mounting systems
System technology:
• Well-developed storage technology• Ready-made modules (charging stations, fresh water modules)• Intelligent control technique• Data collection and system monitoring
Infrastructure:
• Service and support• Know-how• Standards and guidelines• Planning tools• Technical literature, training courses
6
11I Introduction© target GmbH
Market development solar heat in Denmark
Source: Dansk Solvarme Forening
.
Accumulated heat capacity and collector surface installed in Denmark
12I Introduction© target GmbH
Multi-family house, Alleroed
Source: A. Rummel, Corona Solar
Constructor: Lilleroed Boligforening afd. 13
System use: Domestic hot water heating
Installation type: On-roof installation
Inclination, orientation: 45°,South-West (23º)
Collector surface: 53 m2
Storage volume:v 2,000 l (buffer), 2,000 l (DHW)
Production: 35 kWtherm
Start of operation: 1995
7
13I Introduction© target GmbH
Hotel, Lyngby
Constructor: Hotel Frederiksdal
System use: Domestic hot water heating
Installation type: Flat roof mounting system
Inclination, orientation: 25°, South (0°)
Collector surface: 105 m²
Storage volume:v 4,850 l (buffer), 2,000 l (DHW)
Production: 267 kWh/(m2 · a)
Start of operation: 1994
14I Introduction© target GmbH
District heating plant, Aeroeskoebing
Constructor: Aeroeskoebing District Heating
System use: District heating
Installation type: Ground mounting system
Inclination, orientation: 40°, South (0°)
Collector surface: 4,898 m²
Storage volume:v 1,400 m³ (3 storages)
Production: 436 kWh/(m2 · a)
Start of operation: 1998
8
15I Introduction© target GmbH
District Heating Plant, Rise
Constructor: Rise District Heating
System use: District Heating
Installation type: Ground mounted system
Inclination, orientation: 40°, South (0°)
Collector surface: 3650 m²
Storage volume 4,000 m³ (1 storage tank)
Production 450 kWh/(m2 · a)
Start of operation: 2001
16I Introduction© target GmbH
District Heating Plant, Marstal
Constructor: Marstal District Heating
System use: District heating
Installation type: Ground mounted system
Inclination, orientation: 30-40°, South (0º)
Collector surface: 19,000 m²
Storage volume: 14,000 m³ (3 storages)
Production: 464 kWh/(m2 · a)
Start of operation: 1996
1
1II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Standard solar system for drinking water heating
Source: Blozoen, Fraunhofer ISE / ESTIF, M. Schnauss
Collector circuit pump
Solar station
Cold drinking water
Hot drinking waterTemperature sensor
Control unit
Collector
Storageof hotdrinking water
Heating boiler
Standard engineering in Denmarkfor a household of 4 people:
4 … 6 m² of collector surface
2II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Diagram of a solar station
1 Membrane expansion tank
2 Safety valve
3 Pressure gauge
4 Thermometer
5 Check valve
6 Collector circuit pump
7 Volume meter
8 Ball valves
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
4
8
1
Collector field feed flow
Collector fieldreturn flow
2
3II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Solar system for drinking water and heating support –System: tank-in-tank storage
Control unit
Solar station
Collectorcircuitpump
Temperature sensor
Collector
Mixer
Heating feed flow
Hot water
Cold water
S1S1, S2:Temperaturemeasuringpoints
Heating return flow
Return alerter
Tank-in-tankstorage
Tank of hot drinking
water
Boiler
S2
4II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Solar system for drinking water and heating support –System: flow heater
Control unit
Solar station
Heating feed flow
S1S1, S2:Temperaturemeasuring points
Heating return flow
Return alerterHeating boiler
S2
Collectorcircuitpump
Collector
Temperaturesensor
Admixture
Hot water
Cold water
Bufferstorage
3
5II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Configuration of a large collector system
Heat exchanger Heat exchanger
Exchange StationSolar transfer station Cold water
Hot water
Temperature sensor
Control unit
Collector
Storageof hot drinking water
Bufferstorage
Heating boiler
6II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Solar systems with different volume flows
Collector
Storage of hot drinking water
T = 25° C
T T
40° C
30° C
T = 10 K
40 – 50 l/(m2·h)
Collector
80° C
10° C
T T
45° C
15° C
T = 30 K
15 l/(m2·h)
High flow Low flow
4
7II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Collector types
CPC vacuum tube collector
Vacuum tube collector
Flat plate collector
8II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Design of a flat plate collector
Source: Wagner & Co (wagner-solar.com)
supertransparentsafety glass
corrosion resistant anodized aluminium frame
solderlesscutting ring screw connection
integrated mounting rail
absorber with selective coatingthermal insulation
heat resistant ultrasonic welded joint
5
9II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Roof integration of flat plate collectors
CollectorSide plate
Upper cover plate
Lead skirting
Rubber profile
10II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Vacuum tube collectors – direct flow through tubes
Glass tube
Outher glass tube
Inner glass tube
Heat transfer
Heat transfer
Vacuum
Vacuum
Absorber
Absorber(inner glass tube)
Tube
With cylindrical absorber
With band absorber
6
11II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Vacuum tube collectors – heat pipe
Glass tube
Heat pipe
Heat exchange pipe
Condenser
Absorber
Filling
Dry connection:Condenser is inserted into the fittingof the heat exchange pipe
Wet connection:Condenser is surrounded by the heat transfer medium in the heat exchange pipe
12II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Definition of the collector surface
Aperture surface
Absorber surface
Gross surface
Transparentcovering (glass)
Frame withheat insulationAbsorber Absorber tubes
Gross surface: complete collector surface (outer dimensions of frame)
Aperture surface: translucent surface (reference surface for efficiency)
Absorber surface: energy converting surface
7
13II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Performance curve of a flat plate collector
100
80
60
40
20
00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Eff
icie
ncy
[%
]
Temperature difference TAbsorb – TEnviron [K]
Area of effective thermal energy
1.000 W/m2
thermal losses
600300100
optical losses
14II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Solar coverage and efficiency of the solar system
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 3 6
Collector surface [m²]
9 12
1 C
ollect
or
2 C
ollect
ors
3 C
oll.
4 C
oll.
solar coverage [%]
efficiency of the solar system [%]
8
15II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Average daily solar radiation in Denmark
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Jan Feb Nmar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
[kW
h/(m
²·day)]
Horizontal 45º, south Vertical, south
16II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Irradiation intensity depending on the weather
Share of direct radiation
Share of diffused radiation
Global radiation
9
17II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Global radiation in the course of a day at an inclination of 45°and an orientation to the South on clear days
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
irra
dia
tio
n in
ten
sity
[W
/(m
²)]
time [MEZ]
daily sum ofirradiation[kWh/(m2·d)]
5.15
3.33.
spring/ autumn
winter
7.6 summer
18II Basics of solar thermal systems© target GmbH
Annual solar radiation according to inclination of the absorbing surface
100 % = 1,100 kWh/(m²*a)·
75°
60°
45°
30°
15° 0° -15°
-30°
-45°
-60°
-75°
-90°90°
South
EastWest90° 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0°
Angle of inclination
Azimuth angle
15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°
80%70%60%90%95%100%
1
1III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Players in the planning process of a solar system
Source: M. Schnauss
Subsidy donor
Consultation, supervision
Offer,installation,
maintenance
Information,orders
User
Installer
Architect
Consultation,planning,supervision
PlannerClient
2III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Project development
Source: HOAI
Tasks of the plannerIDEA
9 Supervision of the object
Concept, feasibility studyCompilation of dataCost framework
1 Basic evaluation
System alternativesEstimation of costsExamination of support measures
2 Preliminary planning
Detailed planningDetailed estimation of costs3 Blueprint planning
Authorisation, if necessaryStatic certificate4 Approval planning
Practicable planningDetailed graphCalculation of costs
5 Implementation planning
Preparation of technical specificationsParticipation in placingEvaluation of offers
6/7 Tender, placing
Coordination of worksTime and cost scheduleTechnical control
8 Construction supervision
DocumentationTrouble shooting
2
3III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Identification of the basic conditions
Source: ITW
• Estimation/compilation of consumption data
• Are the consumption data confirmed by measurements?
• Have the losses been taken into consideration?
• Are the consumption profiles (year, week, day profile) known?
• Have vacation times been taken into consideration?
• Energy savings at the object (insulation, renovation, economic armatures,…)?
• Is it possible to minimise boiler and circulation losses?
• Is an exchange of the boiler or a refitting planned?
• Are changes in the user structure imminent (modification, enlargement,…)?
• What is the life cycle of the designated roofages?
• Are static expertises necessary?
• Is there enough space for the placement of storages and system technology?
• Is the insertion of storages through existing openings possible?
• Determine ceiling height, tilting degree
• Are shadowless spaces available?
• First clarification of the cable rooting
4III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Energetic overall concept
Source: M. Schnauss
• Registration of the wholeenergy need in the building
• Energetic examination of thebuilding stock
• Examination of all energysupply devices
• Saving potentials of building equipment and systems
• User
• Consumption profile
• …
Ventilation
Hot water
Heat
Fossilfuels
Renewableenergies
Climate
Losses
3
5III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Available technologies and possibilities of supply
Source: M. Schnauss
Gas(Reference)
++ very good + good o satisfying - bad -- very bad
Criterion
Ecology
Investment
Operational costs
Maintenance
Evaluation
… %
… %
… %
… %
Gas andSolar
PelletsandSolar
Gas andCHP
Pellets,Solar,CHP
Heatingoil
Heatpump
Gas Heating oilCHPPelletsSolar thermics Heat pump
Photo
s:Kie
nas
t, L
auer
er ,
Para
dig
ma,
tar
get
Gm
bH
(2),
Wib
bin
g
6III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Synergetic effects at renovation and boiler exchange
Source: M. Schnauss
Are renovation works for the building pending?
• Renovation of the roofage
• Exchange / renovation of the boiler plant
• Renewal of the heat / hot water distribution network
• Change-over of the heating system to another energy source
In these cases synergy effects can be used:
• Economisation of the roofing
• Installation of fixing elements without harming the roof panel later on
• Use of the scaffolds and the elevators
• Entitlement to adequate support programmes
• Reduction of energy need and losses
• Application of shared control and measurement technique
4
7III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Possible saving effects
Source: Ambiente Italia
optimised combination of costs and saved energy
e.g. roof insulation, windows, solar thermal systems, CHP, PV,…
Electricity (Primary energy)
Losses
Hot water
Heating
-x %
Nee
d o
f fo
ssil
fuel
s[k
Wh/q
min
hab
ited
surf
ace
]
current situation
integratedenergy concept
8III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Factors of success
Source: M. Schnauss
Which factors are necessary for the evaluation of a solar system‘s success?
• always hot water
• high water temperature
• visibly installed collector surface
• minor losses
• fuel economy
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
• _______________________
5
9III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Definition of the terms
Source: M. Schnauss
Degree of effectiveness
Degree of utilisation
Share of coverage
Fuel economy
Production number
Capacity utilisation
considerconnection!
10III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Degree of utilisation
Source: M. Schnauss
system limit
Qcoll. Qsolar
Qboiler Qcirc.
Qlosses
Qconsumption
Degree of utilisation ofcollector circuit Degree of system utilisation
ηcoll. = Qcoll. / Qsun ηsys. = Qsolar / Qsun
Qsun
6
11III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Share of coverage
Source: M. Schnauss
Share of coverage (solar) Share of coverage (extraction)
Dsolar = Qsolar / (Qsolar + Qboiler ) Dextraction= Qsolar / (Qsolar + Qconsumption )
Dsolar = Qsolar / (Qconsumption+ Qcirc. + Qlosses )
system limit
Qsolar
Qsun
Qcoll.
Qlosses
Qboiler Qcirc.
Qconsumption
12III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Fuel consumption with solar system
Source: Ambiente Italia
Heating boiler
K = 0,85
66,7 MWh/a
44,2 MWh/a
52 MWh/a
L= 15m
QV,RL
Hot water storage
QV,Sp.
1.100 kWh/(m2·a)
required heat output:Q = 150 · 30 l/d · 365 d/a · 1,16 kWh/(l·K) · 35 K = 66,7 MWh/a
Sys = 0,42
QSys = 22,5 MW/a
Hot water production in a multiple family dwelling
(60 accommodation units Ab = 50 m2, Vst. = 2.500 l)
7
13III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Production number
Source: M. Schnauss
The system production number describes
the ratio of the utility heat provided by the
solar system to the electrical energy needed
for pumps, control and actuator.
Solar system output 20 … 50 for large systemsζ =
Sum of auxiliary electrical energy 20 for small systems
Foto
: Sta
dtw
erke
Kar
lsru
he
14III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Capacity utilisation
Source: M. Schnauss
The capacity utilisation of a solar hot water system describes the ratio of the daily need of hot water to the collector surface:
capacity utilisation = need of hot water / collector surface [l/(d·m²)]
• only useful for systems for pure drinking water heating• it is important to indicate the temperature level (normally 60 °C)
Typical values for capacity utilisation
large systems
medium systems
small systems
big dimensioning small dimensioning
capacity utilisation in l/m² collector surface
8
15III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Hot water consumption of different institutions
Source: BINE / Solarpraxis
Hospitals
Homes for the aged
Halls of residence
Vacation homes
Large residential buildings
1 or 2-family houses
Schools
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Hot water consumption (60 °C)per person and day [l/(p·d)]
Summer Other timesDots mark the mean value
can approach 0 during vacation periods
in vacation periods around 0
16III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Normalisation of consumption for the low load period
Source: BINE / Solarpraxis
Norm
alis
ed c
onsu
mption for
the
mea
n s
um
mer
low
load
0,0
0,2
Beginning days of the week
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,6
1,4
Measuring period
Example
Measuring period : 9. April – 21. Mai (6 weeks)
Measured: 9 m3/d
Correction value for measurement: 1,38
Consumption for dimensioning: 6,5 m3/d
01.0
1.
15.0
1.
29.0
1.
12.0
2.
26.0
2
12.0
3.
26.0
3.
09.0
4.
23.0
4.
07.0
5.
21.0
5.
04.0
6.
18.0
6.
02.0
7.
16.0
7.
30.0
7.
13.0
8.
27.0
8.
10.0
9.
24.0
9.
08.1
0.
22.1
0.
05.1
1.
19.1
1.
03.1
2.
17.1
2.
Mean during 6 weekssummer low load =1(or 100%)
r
9
17III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Development of the hot water need in a building
Source: M. Schnauss
EconomisationTrend
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time [years]
Consu
mption
[m
³]
Implementation of an economy measure
18III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Connections: coverage, capacity utilisation, degree of utilisation
Source: M. Schnauss
Specific investment costs
• Coverage• Heat price• Surplus• Collector
surface• Feed & return
flow tempera-ture
• Degree ofutilisation
•
• Consumption• Capacity
utilisation
•ProductionWorking number
10
19III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Influence of capacity utilisation on important characteristic values
Source: BINE / Solarpraxis
CS:
Cost
s so
lar
hea
t [€
/kW
h]
Collector surface [m²]
CS: Costs of solar utility heat(pitched roof)
DU: Degree of utilisationsolar system
SC: Share of coverage of extraction of consumedhot water
Capacity utilisation [l/(d·m²)]
Consumption and connection to consumer fixed; system size variable; optimised system with very good flat plate collectors; place with medium irradiation
20III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Influence of over dimensioning, surplus
Source: M. Schnauss
Surplus
Growth of solar utility energy
Need of hot water and irradiation offer for different collector surfaces
Irra
dia
tion o
ffer
[kW
h]
Hot water need
MarJan Feb Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
In case of enlargement of the collector surfacethe surplus is growing faster than the utility energy
11
21III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Influence of extraction temperature and return flow temperature
Source: M. Schnauss
• For a bath a maximum temperature of about 36 °C is needed, for a shower about 40 °C. As the storage temperature is normally higher, the consumer adds hot waterat the extraction point.
• A large part of the extraction volume uses the cold water pipe.
• The increase of the temperature in the standby storage reduces the storage output, as more cold water is added because of the higher outlet temperature.
• The storage output is decisive for the heat emission of the solar system.
• Low return flow temperatures increase the efficiency of the collector. Production and coverage increase, the heat price sinks.
22III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Result of deviation of the presumed consumption
Source: BINE / Solarpraxis, M. Schnauss
effective operating point at 30% less consumption
planned dimensioning with 60 l/(d·m²)
effective operating point at30% higher consumption
Collector surface [m²]
CS:
Cost
s so
lar
hea
t [€
/kW
h]
Capacity utilisation [l/(d·m²)]
CS: Costs of solar utility heat(pitched roof)
DU: Degree of utilisationsolar system
SC: Share of coverage of extraction consumption of hot water
12
23III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Advantages of a layered storage
Source: M. Schnauss
high degree of effectiveness
avoidance ofunnecessary supplementaryheating
early attainmentof the extractiontemperature
highfeed flow temperature
cold return flow
24III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Frequent errors concerning system dimensioning
Source: ZfS
• wrong estimation of consumption
• no or insufficient consumption measurement
• no or insufficient consideration of (summer) low load periods
• insufficient consideration of temperature level of the effective storage output
• missing overall concept
•
RESULT:
• over dimensioning
• minor output
• high heat price
• bad amortisation
insufficient consideration of possible savings (in the conventional system)
13
25III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Output and performance control (I)
Source: R. Tepe
Reasons for an output and performance controland for guaranteed solar output
• breakdown of collector system is detected very late, as the supplementary heatingis assuring the supply
• badly working system
• create safety and trust in the technique in the eyes of the investor
• promotional measure
• market stimulation
• demand of the subsidy donor
Procedure
• use of control devices
• acceptance control with mobile data acquisition
• contractual arrangement
26III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Output and performance control (II)
Source: R. Tepe
Devices for the output and performance control
• Heat meter
• Registration of the pump run time by time meter
• Input-Output-Controller
• Control unit with integrated output and performance control
• Mobile acceptance data acquisition
14
27III General aspects of the planning© target GmbH
Guaranteed solar output
Source: R. Tepe
Approach towards guaranteed solar output
• contractual arrangement in sales contract
• stipulation of guaranteed output on the basis of simulation calculations
• calculated minimum output:
- installer/planner can retouch
- installer/planner refunds output deficit
1
1IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Large solar thermal systems – typical components
Source: Ambiente Italia
Boiler
Hotdrinking waterstorage
Cold water
Bufferstorage
Collector
2IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Storage types : differences and fields of application
Source: M. Schnauss
Combinationstorage
Buffer storageStorage for hot drinking water
Small systems
• easy installation• limited water hygiene
Medium systems
• easy installation• good water hygiene• low pressure• corrosion protection
in outer storage
Large systems
• more complex installation• good water hygiene• low pressure• corrosion protection
2
3IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Basics: interior and exterior heat exchangers
Source: M. Schnauss
• unlimited surface• good layer
• more complex installation• two pumps necessary• careful dimensioning necessary
Exterior (large systems)
• easy installation• few losses
• limited surface• no layer
Interior (small systems)
4IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Drinking water connection: storage loading and fresh water system
Source: M. Schnauss
• The drinking water is heated accordingto the flow through principle before entering the hot drinking water storage
• A heat transfer is only taking place, whenwater is extracted.
• The hot drinking water storage is heatedby the buffer through a heat exchanger.
Fresh water systemPreheating system
Hot drinking water storage
Bufferstorage
r-
Storage loading systemLoading storage system
Bufferstorage
Hot drinking water storage
3
5IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Additional heating alternatives
Source: M. Schnauss
Heatingboiler
1 3
2
1 Post heating into the buffer storage2 Post heating at the heat exchanger3 Post heating into the hot drinking water storage
Bufferstorage
Hot drinking water storage
6IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Integration of circulation
Source: Ambiente Italia
Cold water
• undertake measures to reduce the losses
• determine losses as precisely as possible
• integration into the solar system
Hot drinking water storage
4
7IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Temperature limitation
Source: Ambiente Italia
Bufferstorage Hot
drinking water storage
8IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
„Large small system“ with hot drinking water heating
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Cold water
Boiler
Hot drinking water storage
Not recommendable!
5
9IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Buffer storage and storage loading system with post heating into the buffer storage
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Boiler
Cold water
Bufferstorage HDW
storage
10IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Buffer storage and storage loading system with post heating in the discharge circuit
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Boiler
Cold water
Bufferstorage HDW
storage
6
11IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Buffer storage and storage loading system with post heating of the drinking water standby storage
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Cold water
Boiler
Bufferstorage HDW
storage
12IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Buffer storage and storage loading system with separate preheating storage and additional post heating of the drinking water standby storage
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Boiler
HDWstorage
Cold water
Bufferstorage
HDWstorage
7
13IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Buffer storage with fresh water system and post heating of the drinking water standby storage
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Cold waterHot waterreprocessingunit
Bufferstorage HDW
storage
14IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Buffer storage without drinking water storage and post heating of the buffer storage
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Boiler
Cold water
Bufferstorage
Hot waterreprocessingunit
8
15IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
System with heating support: buffer storage with post heating and decentralised hot water processing
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Cold water
Cold water
Bufferstorage
Boiler
16IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
System with heating support: buffer storage with post heating and drinking water loading storage
Source: Ambiente Italia
Collector
Puffer-speicher
Cold water
Bufferstorage
Boiler
HDWstorage
9
17IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
SolvisZentro/Solar-Energy-Central (I)
Source: SOLVIS
Solar system
Boiler or district heating
Consumer
Online plant manage-ment
Conventionalheat
Buffer andhot water storage
18IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
SolvisZentro/Solar-Energy-Central (II)
Source: SOLVIS
Collectorsurfaces40-200 m² Module solar station
Modulehot water processing
Moduleboiler connection /district heating
Module heating circuitModule solar heating
Module controlDDC-Control Riecon R36
Heating circuit
TS1 Collector sensor
HDW storage
Cold water connection
Buffer layer storage
10
19IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
SolvisZentro/Solar-Energy-Central (III)
Source: SOLVIS
Collector field 40 m²
Diagnosis
Data time:
Buffer operation? : NoBuffer load? : NoMV-KO PUFF.Way? : Yes
Collector operation? : No
Control HKS
Control HK1
Control
Control TWWControl SOL
Off
Off
On
On
Closed
20IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Flat station with solar integration
Source: SCHÜCO International KG
11
21IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Flat station with full equipment
Source: SCHÜCO International KG
Return flow temperature limiter RTBr
Thermostatic Temperature lead moduleWK-TTV
Actuating drive housing space control KHY, 230
Differential pressure regulator WK-DRG-SEDifferential pressure regulator in flat heatingcircuit WK-DRG-WH
Cold water flat outlet, with fitting piece for cold water counter WK-KWA
Dirt trap WK-SF
Thermostatic hot water controller
Outflow-Set WK-E
Ball valve connection set WK-KAS
TW VL WVLTW
TWW RL
WR
L
22IV Plant schematics© target GmbH
Legionella connection
Source: Ambiente Italia
Hot drinking water storage
Boiler
HDWstorage
Boiler
HDWstorage
1
1VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Normer og standarder
• DS/EN 12975 Part 1-2: Thermal solar systems and components – Solar collectors• DS/EN 12976 Part 1-2: Thermal solar systems – Factory made systems• DS/ENV 12977 Part 1-3: Thermal solar systems and components – Customs built
systems• DS 2336:1987: Solarteknik – terminologi
• DS 439, Norm for vandinstallationer• DS 452, Termisk isolering af tekniske installationer• Produkter skal være CE-mærket• DS/EN 15316: Varmesystemer i bygninger
• Frivillig kvalitetssikringsordning (www.god-solvarme.dk)
Source: Wagner & Co
1
1V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Planning steps and planning process
Source: M. Schnauss
• Consumption• Consumption profile• Irradiation• Orientation• Inclination• Available surface• Desired coverage
• Output• Coverage• Costs• Surface
Budget
Gathering of basic elements
Detailed planning
Rough dimensioning
Estimation of costs
Simulation
Optimisation
Consumption measurement
2V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Consumption measurement
Source: VDI 6002
TemperatureCirculationReturn flow
Circulation
Boiler
right
Branch circuitcold water
Extraction ofcold water
Extraction ofhot water
Possibly existingpreheating step
Inlet temperatureinto the futuresolar system
Circulationpumppump
000m3
000m3
000m3
000m3
000m3
000m3
Post heatingstorage
2
3V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Conversion of consumption data at different temperatures
Source: M. Schnauss
meas meas
meas
meas
Consumption at 60 °C
Measured consumption
Measured temperature
Cold water temperature
Consumption at temperature x °C
Desired temperature
4V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Typical key figures for consumption
Hot water consumption in different institutions
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Hospitals (per bed)
Canteens (per meal)
Indoor swimming pools (per visitor)
Halls of residence (per place)
Homes for the aged (per place)
Multi-storey buildings (per accomm. unit)
Litre/day (60 °C)
3
5V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Circulation losses
Source: Ambiente Italia
Troom
d
TFluid
s
Example of a circulation duct with a simple length of 24 m
= 5 K Pipe: 28 x 1,5
Tfeed flow = 55 °C Insulation: 100 %
Troom = 20 °C
Suspension of circulation:
2200–600
Theoretic linear pipe losses: 0,2 W/(m·K)
Realistic linear losses: 0,5 W/(m·K)
Thermal energy: 4,5 MWh/a
6V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of the collector surface
Source: M. Mack, ZfS et al.
Capacity utilisation Institution Collector surface
30–50 l/m2 One family house 4–8 m2
40–70 l/m2 Small multiple family dwelling 2–4 m2 /accomm. unit
60–80 l/m2 Large multiple family dwelling 1–1,5 m2 /accomm. unit
60–80 l/m2 Residential homes 0,5–0,8 m2 /place
60–80 l/m2 Hospital ca. 1 m2 /bed
60–80 l/m2 Canteen (kitchens) ca. 1 m2 /10 meals
These indications are benchmarks for a rough dimensioning that is later tested and optimised through simulating calculations.
60–80 l/m2 Youth hostel 0,5–1 m2 /bed
60–80 l/m2 Hotel 0,5–1,5 m2 /bed
4
7V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of the storages
Source: M. Schnauss
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24Time
Litr
e
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Benchmark: >50 litres per m² collector surface
Depending on • the type of storage• the maximum storage temperature• the consumption profile• the aspired share of solar coverage
Consumption profile
Maximum at noon Maximum in the morning & evening
Time
Litr
e
8V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of volume flows in the collector circuit
Source: M. Schnauss
Flow variant
High flow
Heatingat 1.000 W/m2 *
13– 8,6 K
Medium flow 26–13,0 K
Low flow
Spec. volume flow
40–60 l/(m2·h)
20–40 l/(m2·h)
12–20 l/(m2·h) 43–26,0 K
* at 60 % efficiency
Specific flow
Total volume flow in the collector circuit:
V = specific volume flow · collector surface·
5
9V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of pipes (I)
Source: Ambiente Italia
Flow [l/h] Outer diameter x thickness [mm]
28 × 1,5
35 × 1,5
42 × 1,5
54 × 2
64 × 2
76,1 × 2
88,9 × 2
Adjustment of the collector circuit
• Mixture water/glycol:appropriate dosage, in order to resist the norm outside temperature (-25 °C)TCalculation– 10 °C
• Low flow: 12 … 20 l/(m²·h)
• Copper pipes:
10V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Antifreeze
Source: Tyforop
Tem
per
ature
[°C
]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % (v/v) Tyfocor
Antifreeze fluid with a mixtureof Tyfocor L and water
Ice floc points according toASTM D 1177
Pour point according toDIN 51583
fluidfirm
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Water mixture withoutexpansion power
6
11V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of pipes (II)
Source: Förderverein für Neue Technik
Pressure loss per pipe metre for glycol with 40% at 40°C
Speed [m/s]
Pres
sure
loss
[m
bar
/m]
Flow
[l/
h]
000
200
400
600
800
1.000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,20 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
A
A
15 × 1
35 × 1,5
28 × 1,5
22 × 1
18 × 1
15 × 1
12 × 1
12 × 1
18 × 122 × 1
28 × 1,535 × 1,5
Speed [m/s]
12V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of heat exchangers (I)
Source: Ambiente Italia
·
· · ·
· ·
·
Plate heat exchanger, counter flow (without heat losses)
Q = (k · A) · Tm
Q = m1 · cp,1 · (T1,on - T1,off ) = m2 · cp,1 · (T2,off - T2,on )
with m1 · cp,1 = m2 · cp,2 follows:
Nominal capacity of collector field
Q =
(selected)
1,on 2,off 2,on 1,off
with
Tem
per
ature
[°C
]
Heat exchanger in collector circuit
Primary flow:
Secondary flow:
Heat exchanger surface [-]
coll coll
coll coll
7
13V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of heat exchangers (II)
Source: Peuser et al.
11,80
11,75
11,70
11,65
11,60
11,55
11,50
Photo
: Am
bie
nte
Ital
ia
Price of usable solar heat
Logarithmic temperature difference [K]
14V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of heat exchangers (III)
Source: Ambiente Italia
Boiler
Cold water
20 °C 20 °C
60 °C
55 °C
• Boiler performance according to appropriate calculation methods
• PHeat exchanger = PBoiler
• log = 5 K
8
15V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Pressure losses in the collector circuit
Source: Ambiente Italia
Example: Calculation of the pressure loss in the collector circuit
Collectors (4 modules, 70 mbar each) 280 mbar
Pipes (Copper, 35 x 1,5 l = 60 m) 54 mbar
Heat exchanger 100 mbar
Mountings etc. (10% pipes) 5 mbar
Total 439 mbar
16V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of the pumps
Source: Grundfos
Q [m3/h]
H[m]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5
SOLAR
1 x 230 V, 50 Hz
UPS 15-80
UPS 25-120
UPS 25-40
UPS 25-60
9
17V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of the membrane expansion tank (I)
Source: M. Schnauss
Identification of the expansion volume
Vapour volume in caseof stagnation
Expansion of thesolar fluid:ca. 8 %
18V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of the membrane expansion tank (II)
Source: Ambiente Italia
Adjustment of pressure in the collector circuit
recommended
pI (beginning) = water column + 0,5 bar 2,5 bar up to20 m difference of height
pMAG (Pre-pressure of expansion tank)= pA – ca. 0,5 bar 2 bar
pF (final) = 5,5 bar 5,5 bar
pSV (Safety valve) = pE + 0,5 bar 6 bar
• Check, that (p F– p
I ) / (pF + 1 bar) not >> 0,5!
• All building components/circuit components should be dimensioned for 7 bar
10
19V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Dimensioning of the membrane expansion tank (III)
Source: Ambiente Italia
Dimensioning of the expansion tank
Content of the collector circuit: Vsur. = Vcoll (Collector)
+ VP (Pipes)
+ VHE (Heat exchanger)
+ Voth. (other components)
Thermal expansion: sur.= e · Vsur. (e = 0,045 water; 0,07 mixture)
Useable volume: Vuse = sur.+ Vcoll) · (1,5 … 2,0) (safety factor)
Nominal volume: Vnom.=Vuse · (pF + 1) / (pF – pI )
20V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Infeed tanks
Source: Solarpraxis
Valve
Valve
Gas
Heat exchangefluid
Membrane
Expansion tank Infeed tank
11
21V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Safety valves
Source: ITW
maximum pressure pmax = 6 bar
Tstg
= T’ (7 barabs
) = 165,3 °C
Qstg coll· 1.100 W/m2 · Acoll
coll coll(1.100 W/m2, 135 K)
Diameter
Capacity [kW] 50 100 200 350 600 900
Diameter DN [mm]
Inlet 15 20 25 32 40 50
Outlet 20 25 32 40 50 65
22V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Control unit
Source: Ambiente Italia
Control
Boiler
HDWstorage
Cold water
Bufferstorage
Collector
12
23V Design and dimensioning© target GmbH
Sensor
Heat insulation?
Sensor length?
1
1VI Collector field© target GmbH
Photo
s: A
mbie
nte
Ital
ia,
Choice of collectors
Source: M. Schnauss
Standard collector1,5–2 m2
50
20
Large collector5–10 m2
needed number for 100 m²15
mounting time in m² per person and day50
Solar Roof15–30 m2
4
100
Wag
ner
& C
o /
ESTIF
, SCH
OTT
-Rohrg
las
/ ESTI
F
2VI Collector field© target GmbH
Installation possibilities for collectors
Source: Ambiente Italia
flat roof / facademounting systems
integratedroof–mounted installation /curtain wall
Roof
Facade
2
3VI Collector field© target GmbH
Positioning of the collectors on the roof
Source: ITW
a) uninhabited attic
b) inhabited attic
c) Sports hall / industrial building
15°–30° 15°–30°
15°–20°30° 15°–20°
30°15°–30° 15°–30°
4VI Collector field© target GmbH
Flat roof: Fixing elements and professional sealing
Fixingelement
Weight/concrete slab
Mesh for protection ofbuildings
Roof sheeting
gasket
3
5VI Collector field© target GmbH
Geometry of the sun‘s position
Source: M. Schnauss
N
23.5° 23.5°23.5°23.5°
52.3°
Rotation of the axis of the earth
around 23,5°
Tropic ofCancer23,5°
Tropic ofCapricorn
23,5°
21. June
21. Decemberr23.5°23.5°
52.3°
6VI Collector field© target GmbH
Calculation of the distance between collectors
Source: target
Height of construction H = h · sin β
Base surface x1 = h · cos β
tan ∝= H / x2--> x2 = H / tan ∝
∝ min. (Berlin) = 14° --> x2
H
x2
h
x1 x1
4
7VI Collector field© target GmbH
Collector types and their possible interconnection
meander parallel harp parallel
harp in a row
8VI Collector field© target GmbH
Collector hydraulic - High-flow/Low-flow
Source: according to AEE
Traditional interconnection („High-flow”)Total flow:1.440 l/h = 60 l/(m2·h)
„Low-flow”-ConnectionTotal flow:
360 l/h = 15 l/(m2·h)
Surface per module: 6 m², necessary flow per module: 360 l/h = 60 l/(m² ·h)·
360 l/h360 l/h360 l/h360 l/h
360 l/h 360 l/h 360 l/h360 l/h
5
9VI Collector field© target GmbH
Collector hydraulic – Interconnection according to Tichelmann
Tichelmann-loop
10VI Collector field© target GmbH
Collector hydraulic – Series connection
6
11VI Collector field© target GmbH
Collector hydraulic - optimisation
Source: AEE
ca.40m
ca.5m
ca.2
m
ca.4
m
manual, temperature consistent ventilation
manual, temperature consistent ventilation
Colle
ctor
field
Heating house
eld
manual, temperature consistent ventilation
manual, temperature consistent ventilation
manual, temperature consistent ventilation
Favourable Hydraulic
Unfavourable Hydraulic
Favourable Hydraulic
Colle
ctor
field
Colle
ctor
field
Heating house
12VI Collector field© target GmbH
Compensation of the heat expansion
Source: AEE
Stretching loop inside the collector
External stretching loop with flexible pipes
7
13VI Collector field© target GmbH
Safety in the stagnation phase (I)
Source: Ambiente Italia
p
Pump and safetygroup
Collector
to heat exchangerof the storage
Ventilation
Insulation
14VI Collector field© target GmbH
Safety in the stagnation phase (II)
Source: AEE
Good emptying behaviour
Bad emptying behaviour
8
15VI Collector field© target GmbH
Safety in the stagnation phase (III)
Source: according to AEE
Steam formationin the collector
Condensate
to storage
from storage
favourable arrangement of
return flow group
unfavourable arrangementof return flow group
Pump
Expansiontank
16VI Collector field© target GmbH
Safety in the stagnation phase (IV)
Source: AEE
Colle
ctor
Colle
ctor
Regulation
Solar feed flow
Solar back flow
Regulation
Stagnationcooler
Solar feed flow
Solar back flow
9
17VI Collector field© target GmbH
Safety instructions for stagnation phase
Source: according to AEE
• It should be easily possible to empty collectors and pipes.
• Pipes with inclination
• Check valve and expansion tank in return flow (possibly pre-vessel)
• Precise dimensioning of the expansion tank
• Regulation system with all necessary functions
• Suitable fluids (e.g. Tyfocor L up to 160 °C, Tyfocor LS up to 200 °C)
1
1VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Detailed diagram of a solar system
Source: Wagner & Co
2VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Collector circuit – Flushing, filling and ventilation
Source: Ambiente Italia
p
pump and safety group
collector
to the heat exchangerof the storage
ventilation
insulation
flushing and filling
central ventilation
2
3VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Ventilation of large collector fields
Source: Solarpraxis
• lockable breather or hand breather in the collector field
• breather temperature resistant up to 170 °C
• centrifugal breather, adsorption or absorption breatheras central breather in the cellar
• air collection tank
• moderating sections
4VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Tubes – Insulation for the exterior
Source: AEE, Aeroflex, Armacell, Sonnenkraft
Attention: temperatures up to 200 °C
Suitable insulating material: mineral fibrous insulating materialAeroflex-tubesArmaflex-tubes
external protection necessary!
3
5VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Tubes – Insulation for the interior
Source: AEE
• insulation of mountings• insulation of valves• use of prefabricated
insulation jackets
• 100 % insulation• mechanical protection• labelling
6VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Hydraulic in case of several storages
Source: AEE
storage 1 storage 2 storage 3
cold water
hot water
storage 4
supply withspace heat anddrinking water
colle
ctor
field
conventional heat producer
4
7VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Control
Source: AEE
T1 > (T2 + 7 K) —> P1 ON
heat exchanger = 5 K, primary losses = 2 K)
T3 > (T2 + 5 K) —> P2 ON
heat exchanger = 5 K)
rotation control of P2, sothat T5 = 65 °C
rotation control of P1, so
5-6 3-4 = const.
reduction of rotation speedof P1 and P2to a max. of 25 % of the nominal speed
T4
T5
T2
T6
colle
ctor
fieldT1
that and
8VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Control through a radiation sensor
Source: AEE
T1E
T2
colle
ctor
field
• The radiation sensor can bea reasonable supplement forthe temperature measurement.
• P1 can then be operated throughthe radiation sensor (E).
• T3 is thus relevant for the charging of the storage through P2 (if P1 is in operation).
5
9VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Additional control functions
Source: M. Schnauss
• Rotation speed control
• Collector protection function
• Antifreeze function
• Data recording
• Error display
• Error diagnosis
• Remote monitoring
• Performance survey/control
• Input-Output-Control
10VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Heat meter
Source: ZfU/HWK
A heat meter
displays,
• the heat amount the solar system has fed into the storage,
and does not display,
• whether the solar system has been working properly,• for how long the sun has been shining,• in what way the customers have been using the system.
6
11VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Most frequent deficiencies of solar thermal systems after 15-20 years
Source: Peuser, ZfS
Storage corrosionExpansion tank
Discolouration of the absorberControl
Storage leakageDiscolouration of the collector frame
Cracks in the collector frameAbsorber leakages
Ventilation problemsRoof leakages
Absorber corrosionCollector circuit pump
Release of safety valveBreakage of glass
Pipelines at the exteriorInsulation at the exterior
Condensate in the collectorLeakage in collector circuit
Examination of 113 solar thermal systems on public buildings between 1978 and 1983 (frequency in %)
12VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Input-Output-Controller (I)
Source: R. Tepe
Why performance and function control?
• Malfunctions of a solar system are, due to the operation of the post-heating, often only discovered after a long time
(detection of the error by chance or in the framework of the next routine maintenance)
• A performance breakdown is leading to not foreseen additional costs.
7
13VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Input-Output-Controller (II)
Source: R. Tepe
Additional costs due to a performance breakdown
Period between breakdown and detection
Summer month
Half a year
Whole year
Small system Medium system Large system
Additional costs of the post-heating in €
14VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Input-Output-Controller (III)
Source: R. Tepe, Grafik: Fa. RESOL, Hattingen
Principle of the Input-Output-Controller
Performance control through daily comparison
of measured output
and expected output
of the collector circuit
8
15VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Input-Output-Controller (IV)
Source: R. Tepe
Characteristics of the Input-Output-Controller
• minor costs
• steady and automatic control
• high control precision
• easy to operate
• trouble indication on the device and/or as message to a mobile phone
• certification of the devices foreseen
• can be used without adaptation for different system variations
16VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Input-Output-Controller (V)
Source: ISFH
Typical input-output-diagram
Daily
outp
ut
QKK [k
Wh/
m²·
d)]
Daily irradiation HDay [kWh/(m² · d)]
measured value
expected value
notice of malfunction
9
17VII Further components of a solar system© target GmbH
Input-Output-Controller (VI)
Source: RESOL
IO-Control module of the company RESOL
1
1VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Important aspects for the mounting of a solar system
Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel
Work safety
Collector field
ControlPipelines Storage
Start up Maintenance
2VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Work safety – safety against fall and safety belts
Source: Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft
2
3VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Work safety – roof safety scaffold
Source: Wagner & Co
< 60°
>3,0
0 m
>
workplace= building edge
workplace= building edge
acceptableworkspace
4VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Work safety – roofers‘ seats, work on flat roofs
Source: Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft, Wagner & Co
3
5VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Lightning protection and earthing
Source: target
Rules and guidelines*)
• Please list the most important rules and guidelines that exist in your country
•
•
•
•
*)This list is not exhaustive. The mentioned rules and guidelines are only a selection.
6VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Logistics
Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel
Important logistical aspects
• storage spaces
• purchase order in time
• allocation of personnel
• barriers
• informing of tenants and neighbours
• request permission for placement of crane and barriers 2 – 3 days before mounting
• intermediate storage of materials
4
7VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Logistics – mounting of crane
Source: Corona Solar
8VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field - pitched roof (I)
Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel
1
1VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field – pitched roof (II)
Source: DGS
ventilation brick
longitudinal bar
transverse bar
back flow line
feed flow linerafting anchor
collector
2VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of roof-mounted collector field –border and corner areas
Source: Wagner & Co
2
3VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of roof-integrated collector field (I)
Source: ITW, GASOKOL/ESTIF
glassinsulation profile
absorberframe
air gapwooden slat
wooden boarding/roofing feltinsulationroof rafter
4VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of roof-integrated collector field (II)
Source: DGS
brick
collector
distribution line
flight snow gasket
distribution line
sub-frame withlead skirting
entablature
back flow line
feed flow line
3
5VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of roof-integrated collector field (III)
Source: M. Schulz
6VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field – Solar Roof
Source: ITW, Solar-Energie-Technik
sealing profileglass
Teflon filmabsorber
heat insulationwooden boarding/roofing felt
roof rafter
4
7VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field – flat roof (I)
Source: M. Schnauss
8VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field – flat roof mounting
Source: Ambiente Italia
1
1VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –light load carrying systems (I)
Source: M. Schnauss
2VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –light load carrying systems (II)
Source: M. Schnauss
2
3VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –sealing with the roof skin
Source: M. Schnauss
1
1VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Mounting of collector field on a flat roof –sealing-in of a flange board
Source: M. Schnauss
2VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Special construction pitched roof
Source: M. Schnauss
2
3VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Installation of the storage
Source: TU Chemnitz
4VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Longitudinal expansion of copper tubes
Source: target / Deutsches Kupferinstitut
length of tubes l [m]
tem
pera
ture
dif
fere
nce
[K
]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
00 5 10 15 20
chan
ge i
n l
en
gth
Δl
[mm
]
3
5VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Laying of tubes – rules for the fixing
Source: Deutsches Kupferinstitut
guide slide bearing
fixed point
6VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Temperature sensor
Source: RESOL
4
7VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Initial operation – flushing and filling
Source: Wagner & Co
Necessary tools
• filling pump orpump-fill-station
• refractometer
• filter
• flushing canister
8VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Initial operation – implementation protocol
Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel
The implementation protocol should contain:
A Information on the following system characteristics
1. collector producer, type and size,2. collector interconnection3. type of mounting; fixing4. size and type of storage5. configurations of controller
6. test for leaks in solar circuit7. heat transfer medium: type and volume8. system pressure9. pre-pressure expansion tank10. settings of controller
5
9VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Initial operation – documentation and acceptance
Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel
A Solar system1.1 general technical description1.2 hydraulic interconnection – map of pipelines incl. indication of breathersr1.3 description of control system1.4 simulation with accredited programme; if applicable guaranteed yield
B Technical documentation2.1 collector data (test report according to EN 1275-2)2.2 storage data2.3 pipeline data (volume, insulation) with documented evidence of flow through
and calculation of pressure losses2.4 evidence of fluidity (with safety data sheet)2.5 armatures (pumps, safety valve, expansion tank,…)
C Indications for operator3.1 acceptance report3.2 log of pressure test3.3 log of initial operation3.4 maintenance contract3.5 guaranteed yield if applicable
10VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Maintenance
Source: U. Hansen-Röbbel
A maintenance should take place every 2 years
Four core operating capacities are tested:
• heat transfer fluid
frost resistance and pH-value
• collector field
fouling, safe fixation, damages
• collector circuit
leak tightness / pressure maintenance
• all control components
test of plausibility, documentation
6
11VIII Mounting and initial operation© target GmbH
Typical installation mistakes
Source: A. Rummel
• insulation in collector circuit incomplete
• insulation with inappropriate material
• sensor cable poorly fixed or poorly protected
• storage connections poorly insulated
1
1X Project development© target GmbH
Market development and potentials
Source: Dansk Solvarme Forening
2X Project development© target GmbH
Customer groups
Source: A. Rummel
• Housing construction- public companies- private housing industryv- cooperative societies, co-ownerships
• Accommodation sector- hotels, pensions- youth hostels, camping sites
• Social/public sector- hospitals, old people’s homes, residential accommodations- schools, kindergartens, sports facilities, (indoor-)swimming pools- jails, caserns, university cafeterias
• Commercial use- laundries, car wash- gastronomy, canteen kitchens- hairdressers, bakeries etc.- agriculture (piglet barn heating)
• Industrial use- food processing, beverage industryDistrict Heating companies•
2
3X Project development© target GmbH
Motivation of the investor
Source: GdW
59 %
59 %
55 %
53 %
53 %
41 %
35 %
24 %
0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 %
pre-operating study
advance in know-how-
make experiences
serve as an example
image improvement
lower operating costs
environment protection
increase of ability to lease
4X Project development© target GmbH
Prerequisites on the side of the investor
Source: A. Rummel
• positive attitude regarding solar technologyv
• occasion (modernisation, new building, anniversary and the like)
• disposition to pre-project planning
3
5X Project development© target GmbH
Aspects of the pre-project planning (I)
Source: A. Rummel
Technical/organisational aspects
Technique• installation surface for collectors and storage• heating and drinking water system• user and consumption data• etc.
Finance• investment and operational costs• financing and support• budget and allocation of investment costs between tenants• possible marketing advantages• etc.
Administration• manpower requirements of involved departments• inclusion of external specialists if applicable
6X Project development© target GmbH
Aspects of the pre-project planning (II)
Source: A. Rummel
Emotional/psychological aspects
• Support of the motives of the investor
• What kind of decisions can the investor make and which ones does he have to make?
• Standard solutions and reference systems help to reduce uncertainties
4
7X Project development© target GmbH
Decision phases of the investor
Source: A. Rummel
realisation
measure1
measure2
measuresolar
measurex
1fundamental
decision
SFT*1
SFT2
SFTsolar
SFTX
3planning and
call for tenders
totalbudget
SOLAR:no!
4decision aboutconstruction
SOLAR:no!
technology
SO
LAR
finance
admin.
2pre-project planning
solar
*SFT = specifications for tenders
8X Project development© target GmbH
Pre- and after phases of the project development
Source: A. Rummel
• attention to solar technology, create „solar environment“
• regular addressing of potential investors
• support investors of realised projects with PR
• good project documentation for reference purposes
• inform and motivate involved staff
5
9X Project development© target GmbH
Investment costs
Source: A. Rummel, Solarthermie 2000
Cost distribution for solar systems (Solarthermie 2000)
• collectors ca. 30 %
• substructure for collectors ca. 10 % *)
• installation of collectors ca. 5 % *)
• interconnection of collectors ca. 5 % *)
• other interconnections ca. 15 %
• solar storage and heat exchanger ca. 10 %
• control ca. 5 %
• miscellaneous ca. 5 %
• planning ca. 15 %
*) in case of roof-integrated and roof-mounted systems rather lowerin case of mounting on a flat roof rather higher
10X Project development© target GmbH
Financing and support
Source: please insert source of information
• Currently no support programme in Denmark, closed down in 2001
6
11X Project development© target GmbH
Relevance of the requirements of energy savings
Source: A. Rummel
• Energy supply companies in DK shall work for energy savings
•
•
Installation of Solar thermal systems is a energy saving
Energy supply companies might be interested in buying the right to the energy saving
12X Project development© target GmbH
Profitability
Source: A. Rummel
• Determination of the costs of the solar utility heat
• Consideration of the solar heat generation costs
• Single values as basis for the calculation
7
13X Project development© target GmbH
Marketing for solar renovated buildings
Source: A. Rummel
• image gain through PR
• information for tenants
• information for employees
14X Project development© target GmbH
Realisation of the project
Source: A. Rummel
Phases of realisation
• information (users, tenants, employees)
• detailed planning of the solar system
• definition of the interconnection between the different crafts
• specifications for tenders, call for tenders, placing
• planning of the construction progress
• delivery, mounting, construction management
• first operation, acceptance of construction work
• monitoring, remote monitoring
• nominal/actual value comparison of the operating results
1
1XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
The purpose of simulation programmes
Source: R. Tepe
Utilisation for the system dimensioning
• exact dimensioning of the collector surface and the storage volume• comparison of different collector types• comparison of different system concepts• comparison of different thermal loads• detailed prognosis of energy yield• economisation of fuel in comparison to a reference system• individual concepts• optimising functions• profitability analysis• ecological evaluation• acquisition
Further areas of application
• further technical developments• training• fault analysis
2XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
Overview of simulations programmes (I)
Source: R. Tepe
Simulation programmes for solar thermal standard systems
• F-Chart —> rough analysis
• GetSolar
• Polysun —> time bin simulation
• T*SOL
• Smile—> dynamical simulation
• TRNSYS
2
3XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
Overview of simulations programmes (II)
Source: R. Tepe
Simulation programmes for specific systems
• systems for swimming pools SW-Simu
• air collector systems Luftikuss
Useful service programmes
• meteorological data MeteonormMeteoSun
• absorber design AbsorberMaster
• loss of pressure TubeCalc
4XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
Comparison of the simulation programmes
Source: V. Quaschning, M. Zehner
Product namecurrent versionmarket introductionbasic price [€], incl. VATinternetenergy yield projectionsystem optimisationtechnology comparisonprofitability analysis
ecologymarketing, acquisitiontrainingvisualisation
error analysisresearch and developmentexpert versiondatasets for (number)
collectorsstoragesweather data
3
5XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
Simulation programme GetSolar
Source: GetSolar
6XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
Simulation programme T*SOL
Source: T*SOL
4
7XI Planning – Exercises and software utilisation© target GmbH
Simulation programme Polysun
Source: Polysun