© t. m. whitmore today physical geography sub-regions of south america (continued) chilean...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY•Physical Geography sub-regions of
South America (continued)Chilean “Mediterranean”“Temperate” (marine west coastal)
ChileDry lands of Southern ConeHumid “temperate” southeastern
SAAmazonia & central lowland SA
![Page 2: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME-Questions?•Physical Geography sub-regions
Middle American (Mesoamerican) Highlands
Middle American lowlands & Caribbean
Coastal deserts of PeruAndean Highlands
![Page 3: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Mediterranean climate zone of Chile
•~ 30º - 40º South – thus NOT in tropics
•Landforms
•Climate: Cfbso-called “Mediterranean” climate
zone because it resembles the climate of the Mediterranean (and coastal southern California)
•VegetationMuch like Spain or S. CaliforniaGreat for Med. Crops (wine!)
![Page 4: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Santiago
An
des
NASA World Wind
![Page 6: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chile’s vineyards
![Page 10: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© Oregan Stqte University
![Page 11: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chilean viniculture
![Page 12: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Marine West Coastal South America
•~ 40° and farther south along west coast
•Landforms very narrow Andes
•Climate: CfbCool; seasonal temp swing; littl
e seasonal precip difference
•Vegetationa forest landscape (mostly pines)
![Page 13: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NASA World Wind
![Page 15: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
*
![Page 16: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 17: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Dry lands of the Southern Cone
•Patagonia (southern-most area)leeward rain shadow; little precip (
Bs or Bw); seasonal temp swing; step-like plateaux with very steep
canyons and spectacular mtns; very windy
•Chaco and Eastern Andes piedmont (also Bs climate)sloping plains and piedmonts,
grasslands with scrub
![Page 19: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 20: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Westerlies(moist winds)
Rai
n sh
adow
NASA World Wind
![Page 21: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
*
![Page 22: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
; ~ 45º S45º S
![Page 23: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 24: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© Secretaría de Turismo de Sarmiento
![Page 25: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Humid temperate South America
•Landforms– famous location of Pampasplains and low sloping uplands
•Climate: Cfamoderate seasonal temp swing; little sea
sonal precip difference
•Vegetationnot a forest landscape but tall grasses
•SoilsSuperior soils (mollisols) on Pampas with
great stored natural fertility
![Page 26: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Note silt in “Rio de la Plata”
Pam
pas
NASA World Wind
![Page 28: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 29: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 32: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 33: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mollisol(great fertility)
![Page 34: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mollisols in the great grasslands
![Page 35: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonia & central lowland SA•Landforms“Highlands” Vast low lying river basins
•ClimatesEquatorial:
Af – warm & wet constantlyTropical wet/dry:
Aw – warm with seasonal rainsavannah or cerrado
![Page 36: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 37: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
NASA World Wind
Amazon Basin
Rio Negro
Rio Amazon
![Page 38: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
winds
windsDry ---- Wet
Dry ---- Dry
Wet ---- Dry
![Page 40: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Equatorial climate
![Page 41: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 42: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonia & central lowland SA II
•Vegetation Equatorial rainforestsWet-dry tropical vegetation: open
forests & savannas
![Page 43: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 44: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Equatorial rainforests
•Richest terrestrial biome on earth
•> 1 million higher plant and animal species (10 – 20% of world’s total); even more if micro fauna and flora and insects added
•Very diverse (>60 different species of large trees in 1 ha); > 600 total species/haDiversity => relative scarcity of any
particular species in any area
•Highest total of biomass per ha on earth
![Page 45: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Equatorial rainforests II•Broadleaved trees in multi-story
canopy
•Rapid “recycling” of plant nutrientsWarm temps and much rain =>
“leaching” of nutrients from soils (many of these are among the world’s worst)
•Access via rivers (or increasingly) by roads
![Page 46: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 47: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Nutrient flows in forests
Solar energy
![Page 49: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 50: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
© T. M. WhitmoreAmazon meeting the Río Negro
![Page 52: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Savanna (or Cerrado)
•Seasonal rain => grasslands with occasional trees
•Most rapidly transforming landscape in South America (agriculture – soy beans)
![Page 54: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 55: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cerrado (savanna)
![Page 57: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonian Soils
•Terra firme (dry land) soils in AmazoniaAncient “shield” rocksRapid nutrient recyclingCalled “oxisols” or “ultisols”
•Alluvial soils based on silt deposited along river flood plains of Amazon and its tributariesWhite water riversVárzea (flood plain)
![Page 59: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
OxisolUltisol
(this soil is from NC)
![Page 63: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
“White” W
ater Rivers
![Page 64: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
![Page 65: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Amazonian Soils II
•Anthropogenic soilsRaised fieldsTerra preta do Indio soils
![Page 66: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Terra preta do Indio
![Page 70: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Neighboring oxisolTerra preta do Indio
![Page 71: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Soils and fertility
•4 major parts to soils Organic matter alive and dead
(partly decomposed = humus)Inorganic matter — sand, silt, and
clayWaterAir
![Page 72: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Soils and fertility II•Major plant nutrients from:
Solar energy (visible wavelengths)Air – the CO2 part provides carbon
(C)Water provides: hydrogen (H) &
oxygen (O) Only absorbed through roots
Soils (and fertilizers): phosphorus (P); nitrogen (N); and potassium (K)
![Page 73: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Soil nutrients (N, P, & K)
•Must be dissolved in water for roots to absorb
•Available to plants only in the form of ions:Cations (+ charge) Anions (- charge)
![Page 74: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Soil nutrients
•Most important soil based nutrients:Nitrogen (N)Potassium (K)Phosphorus (P)Plus about 10 micro-nutrients
• Importance of clay and humus (serve as sites to which cations and anions attach)
•Note role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
![Page 75: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
•Measure of ability of a soil to retain and exchange nutrient ions
•CEC associated with some clays and humus
•CEC is very low in oxisols and ultisols
•Storage of basic cations defines fertile soils
•Aluminum is especially toxic and found in acidic soils
![Page 76: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Slash/burn agriculture in Amazonia
•Recall the forest energy/nutrient flows
•Slash & burn (swidden, milpa, roza y quemar, etc.) agriculture redirects nutrient flows
•Slash-burn-plant-fallow-repeat
![Page 77: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Nutrient flows in forests
![Page 78: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Nutrient Flows in slash & burn Agriculture
![Page 79: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Ash in newly cut swidden awaiting planting
![Page 81: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Cleared swidden surrounded by 1 yr re-growth; N. Belize
![Page 82: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
Soil problems in swidden agriculture •Much is lost due to burning process –
especially critical is nitrogen (in the NOx in the smoke)
•Ash is rapidly carried away by rains (worse in hilly places)Thus fertility boost last only 1-3 yrs
•Even where fertility is better, weed and pest invasions limit use
• If fallowing is sufficient for forest re-growth => all is OK if not problemsTo get 1 ha farmer must have 20+
ha available•Role of clearing for pasture
![Page 83: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Crop yrs 3-4 Crop yrs 3-4Crop yrs 3-4
Crop yrs 1-2& 5-6
Crop yrs 5-6
Crop yrs 7-8
Crop yrs 9-10
Crop yrs 10-12
Crop yrs 5-6
Crop yrs 1-2& 7-8
Crop yrs 1-2& 13-14
10 yrs fallow
5 yrs fallow
3 yrs fallow
![Page 84: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Physical Geography sub-regions of South America (continued) Chilean “Mediterranean” “Temperate” (marine west coastal) Chile](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022110210/56649e7b5503460f94b7c6e4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)