1st lecture/general: 2008.02.07.

- Relations of lectures, practices and seminars.

- Relations of general and inorganic chemistry. Topics of general chemistryrecommended to repeat:-Electron structure of the elements and the periodic table-Ionization energies, electronaffinity and electronegativity-Oxidation state, oxidation number, balancing redox equations-How one can predict the redox properties of an element orcompound? (The possible lowest and highest oxidationstate. The connection with the naturally stable oxidation state)-The (standard) reduction potentials of redox systems-The acid–base properties of substances-The fundamentals of coordination chemistry?-The structure of solids (The types of crystal-lattices)

1st lecture/general

Recommended readings:Textbooks

McMurry, FayGreenwood, EarnshowVogel (Not only for practices and seminars)Lecture notes of the students and the lecturer (www or xerox copies

Exam: written test

The grouping of the elements

Dmitri Mendeleev, 1869. →The first real periodic table. Upto this date a lot of elements (63) were known for grouping. Mendeleev established: “The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights.”This establishment caused an enormous influence on the evaluation of chemistry and physics.

How many elements are known today?107 elements → 1984. The first edition of the “Greenwood book”112 elements → 1997. The second edition of the former book114 elements → 2004. The latest edition of “McMurry book”90 native, stable elements are known. All of the others are radioactive.

…and tomorrow? Z ~ 114 and N ~ 184 “islands of stability”; super-heavy elements? (McM p. 938)

The grouping of the elementss1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

Grouping:a) main-groups, sub-groups: traditionalb) IUPAC: 1-18 groupc) Electronic structure

s1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

s-block: ns1: alkaline metals, ns2: alkaline-earth metals– small ionization energy, low EN, strongly negative standard

potential

The grouping of the elements

s1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

p-block: ns2 np1-6 / ns2 (n-1)d10 np1-6: non-metals, semi-metals– diverse chemistry, various (positive) oxidation states, covalent

compounds15-17. groups: negative oxidation states also → ionic compounds

The grouping of the elements

The grouping of the elements

d-block: ns2 (n–1) d1-10, transition metals,– horizontal similarities, low positive oxidation states → ionic

compounds, large positive oxidation states → oxoanions– Lewis acids → good complex forming ability

s1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

The grouping of the elements

f-block: ns2 (n–1) d1 (n–2) f1-14, lanthanide elements, actinide elements (metals)

– horizontal similarities

s1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

The grouping of the elementss1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

Lattice form: Metallic lattices dominate

The grouping of the elements

s1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

metals: all elements in the s-, d-, f- blocksand some in the p-block (under the B-At line)

The grouping of the elementss1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

metals: all elements in the s-, d-, f- blocks and some in the p-block under the B-At line (gree)Non-metals: above the B-At line (yellow)

The grouping of the elementss1-2 p1-6

d1-10

f1-14

metals: all elements in the s-, d-, f- blocks and some in the p-block under the

B-At line (gree)Non-metals: above the B-At line (yellow)Semi-metals: B-At line: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (blue)

The occurrence and abundance of elements

The occurrence and abundance of elements in the Earth crust

element n/n% Oxygen (O) 52.32 Hydrogen (H) 16.95 Silicon (Si) 16.67 Aluminium (Al) 5.53 Sodium (Na) 1.95 Iron (Fe) 1.50 Calcium (Ca) 1.39 Magnesium (Mg) 1.39 Potassium (K) 1.08 Titanium (Ti) 0.22 Carbon (C) 0.14 Phosphorous (P) 0.04 Nitrogen (N) 0.03

The occurrence and abundance of elements (n/n%) in the Earth crust

The occurrence and abundance of elements

The occurrence and abundance of elements

Preparation of the elements

Preparation of the elements

Preparation of the elements

Preparation of the elements

Preparation of the elements

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

H-bonding

H-bonding

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

H-economy

Hindenburg: May 6th 1937

Discovery, 1986 Columbia, 2003

H-economy…

1st lecture/general: 2008.02.07.

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