rebuilding of declining empires (“post-classical”) rise & spread of islam ...
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Rebuilding of Declining Empires (“Post-Classical”)
Rise & Spread of Islam
“Centralized” VS. “Decentralized” Empires
“Golden Age” of Nomads
Increased Global Trade
Unit II: 600-1450 C.E.
Big Picture Themes:
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Long-distance trade: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean maritime system, Trans-Saharan trade, Mediterranean Sea
“Pax Mongolia”: during Mongol Empire trade flourished
1. Trade Patterns:
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3. Continuities:
- Religions spread- Trade routes grow
- Patriarchal gender roles
2. Changes:
- Feudalism
- Religious empires
- Decentralized states
- Nomadic migrations (Turks, Vikings & Mongols)
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Inventions: compass, improved ships, GUNPOWDER Migrations: Bantus, Turks, Mongols, Vikings Diseases: Plague spreads…missionaries, nomads, traders
4. Tech. & Migrations
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1. Patriarchal systems
2. Universal religions: Buddhism, Christianity & Islam spread
5. Social systems & religion
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1. Centralized empires: Byzantine, Arab Caliphates, Tang & Song
2. Decentralized states: W. Europe & Japan (feudalism)
3. The Mongols
Dar-al Islam
Feudal Europe
Tang and Song China
Mongols
6. New Empires
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China: Tang & Song DynastiesChina: Tang & Song Dynasties
Political Features:
• centralized rule
• Confucian bureaucracy (civil service exams)
•defeated by Mongols
Empress Wu: 1st female Empress
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The Tang at its peak, c.750
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Economic:
•Grand Canal: rice
•Urbanization
Cultural Features:
•Tang: anti-Buddhist backlash
Inventions: GUNPOWDER COMPASS
“JUNK” SHIP MOVEABLE TYPE
Song “Golden Age”:
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The Song “Golden Age”INVENTIONS:
Gunpowder & Rockets
Moveable TypeChinese junks
Porcelain - Chinaware
Landscape art
Compass
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Beginnings:
• 610 C.E.: Prophet Muhammad in Mecca
Beliefs:
• Holy book – _____________
• “Five Pillars”:
1. ____________________________________2. ________________________________________3. ________________________________________4. ________________________________________5. ________________________________________
Qur’an
one god (Allah)Prayer (5x a day facing Mecca)Fasting (Ramadan)Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)Charity
Rise & Spread of Islam: 600-1450
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Islam spread to __________________
__________________
__________________
the Middle East,
N. Africa,
S. Asia
Split:
• Sunni: largest branch
• Shia: mostly Iran
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Umayyad Caliphate
•convert or pay tax
• highly centralized (Damascus)
•Arabs dominated
• spread Arabic
•led by Caliphs
1st ISLAMIC EMPIRE
• Women gained some rights…but confined to “harem”
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Golden Age of Islam
•Abbasid Caliphate: sciences, medicine, math, astronomy, chemistry, literature
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Which of the following is a major difference between the classical periods in Rome and the Islamic civilizations?
(A) While the Roman Empire fell as a result of internal warfare, Islamic dynasties faced few internal divisions.
(B) While Roman society had strict social classes, Islam was more egalitarian with fewer barriers to social mobility.
(C) Islamic civilizations were more dependent on agriculture.
(D) While Roman emperors were considered both secular and religious leaders, the caliphs were secular rulers only.
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- “Eastern Roman Empire”
- Centralized
- Greek language
- E. Orthodox Christianity
- Capital: Constantinople
Empire divided in “themes”:
1. Local military leaders
2. Land for military service
3. HUGE bureaucracy
Military
Civil Bureaucrats
Clergy
Byzantium during Justinian’s reign.
Byzantine Empire (400’s-1453)
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Emperor Justinian:
• Autocratic Rule
•Wife: Theodora
•United Empire – Justinian’s Code
Hagia Sophia, roads, public baths, mosaics
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1. Western Europe
Decentralized States
2. Japan
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WESTERN EUROPE
Political:
- Feudalism
- Lords ruled locally
- Catholic Church
Economic:
- Serfdom- Manoralism (farming)
Decentralized States
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WESTERN EUROPE
Social:
- Nobility
-knight’s code (chivalry )
-Catholic Church
Decentralized States
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Political:
-bureaucracy: Confucian-like
The Rise of Feudalism:
-Shogun supreme...
- loyalties of local samurais
Japan
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Cultural:
-traditional religion: Shinto
- rise of Zen Buddhism
- anti-Chinese during Heian Period
Japan
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BIG THREE:
The VikingsThe Turks
The Mongols
Nomadic Empires
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• Ransacked Europe• adopted Christianity
Vikings (c. 800-1100)
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Nomadic Empires: The Vikings (c. 800-1100)
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• Mercenaries• Converted to Islam
• “Mamluk” slaves conquered Abbasid Caliphate
The Turks:
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• in India began Muslim Delhi Sultanate
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The Mongols:
• Genghis Khan unites• horsemanship, archery, & terror• LARGEST LAND EMPIRE EVER
Resist and die. Submit
and live…pay tribute
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Empire divided into Khanates
Ilkhan Khanate
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Great Khanate
Chagatai Khanate
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China: Yuan Dynasty
- Kublai Khan
-centralized rule
- Confucianism outlawed
- Chinese: lowest class
Middle East: Il-khante
- used local bureaucrats
- TAX “FARMING”
Russia: Golden Horde
- local Princes in power
(at Novgorod)
-TRIBUTARY TAX COLLECTION
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increase in trade & cultural interaction
Pax Mongolia: The Mongol Peace
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Mongol Decline
1. Poor administrators
2.Overexpansion (Japanese failure)
3.Internal Rivalry
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Ghana:
– Trans-Saharan trade!– gold & salt– Conversion to Islam!
Mali:
– Gold & salt– Islamic– King Mansa MusaKing Mansa Musa (hajj)– Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta: the traveler
Mosque @ TimbuktuMusa’s Hajj
Africa
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Ibn Battuta
- 75,000 miles…across Muslim world
-book: Travels of Ibn Battuta
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Marco Polo
-traveled on Silk Roads
-lived w/ Yuan Dynasty
-brought paper money, gunpowder to Europe
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1. Which of the following is an example of an event or situation between 600 and 1450 C.E. that helps to distinguish it as a new period in world history?
a) The invasions of the Huns disrupted the former Roman Empire as they attacked from the northeast.
b) Christianity was spread around the eastern Mediterranean by Paul of Tarsus.
c) The Mongols invaded many areas of Eurasia and formed the largest empire in world history.
d) Buddhism entered China for the first time and for a time supplanted Confucianism.
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Marco Polo & Ibn Battuta
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2. In the 9th century the Tang Dynasty was weakened by considerable conflict between
a) Buddhism and Shintoism
b) Shintoism and Hinduism
c) Confucianism and Hinduism
d) Buddhism and Confucianism
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3. In the period between 500 and 1000 C.E., all of the following statements accurately compare the eastern and western parts of the former Roman Empire EXCEPT:
a) Christians in both areas were largely under the control of the Pope.
b) In general the civilizations of the east were more advanced economically and culturally than the west.
c) The east kept more aspects of the old Roman civilization intact than did the west.
d) Both civilizations completely collapsed.
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Church of St. George, Ethiopia
Christianity in Africa:
1. Egypt: Coptic Christians
2. Ethiopia
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““Swahili Coast”Swahili Coast”: :
-Indian Ocean maritime trade w/ Arabs
-“Swahili” trade language
-gold, slaves, ivory
East Africa:
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Crusades:
• wars for “Holy Land”
• Christians & Muslims
• Turks win Jerusalem
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Fight for the Holy Land…
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European Results:
• new goods & ideas
• increased trade (Hanseatic League)
• DECLINE OF FEUDALISM
• Florence: new banking center
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Portuguese “Spice” TradePortuguese “Spice” Trade
- Ottoman Turks: blocked European traders…
- Europeans: sea routes to the Indies
- 1400’s: Portugal explores Africa
-port entrepôts in Africa, India, China
Portuguese trade in China
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Portuguese Spice TradePortuguese Spice Trade
The map above shows the voyages of Vasco Da Gama, who was able to reach India by sea and gain access to the Spice Islands.
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Spread of Disease:
Black Death:Black Death:
- along Silk Roads
- entered Europe 1340’s
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Buddhism Spread:
2. Theravada Buddhism:
- to S.E. Asia
3. Japan: Zen Buddhism
1. Mahayana Buddhism:2. to C. & E. Asia
-Bodhisattva worship