摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - personal view -

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摂摂摂摂摂摂摂 Personal View 摂摂摂摂 ( 摂摂摂 ) @KEK January 7-8, 2011 摂摂摂摂摂摂摂摂摂摂 2011 QCD old boy’s view of development of pQCD q xp p E ' E

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摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -. QCD old boy’s view of development of pQCD. 植松恒夫 ( 京大理 ). 「核子構造研究の新展開 2011 」. @KEK January 7-8, 2011. 1. Introduction QCD 以前 黎明期 2. 第 1 期 1973 ~ 1970 年代 3. 第 2 期1980年代 4. 第 3 期 1990 年~現在 5. Outlook. Plan of the talk. “温故知新”. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

摂動論的QCDの発展- Personal View -

植松恒夫 ( 京大理 )

@KEK January 7-8, 2011

「核子構造研究の新展開 2011 」

QCD old boy’s view of development of pQCD

q

xp

p

E

'E

Page 2: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

Plan of the talk

1. Introduction QCD 以前 黎明期2. 第 1 期 1973 ~ 1970 年代3. 第 2 期1980年代4. 第 3 期 1990 年~現在5. Outlook

“ 温故知新”

Page 3: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• 核子の構造の研究 (60 年代) deep inelastic scattering

• Current Algebra Bjorken scaling• SLAC-MIT experiment

Introduction QCD 以前 黎明期

Parton Model Feynman , Bjorken-Paschos  

( ), ( ) (0 1)q x q x x

Parton 分布関数 

1968

核子構造関数 

L.W.Mo SLAC-PUB-660

(1969)  

Page 4: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• Broken scaling inv. くりこみ群  ε- 展開 • Critical phenomena ( 物理量)• スケーリングの破れ• 場の理論でのくりこみ群的解析    fixed point theory power breaking anomalous dim.

    asymptotically free theory logarithmic breaking

Scaling の破れ

)g )g

g g

fixed point theory

g

asymptotically free theory

0 0

UV limit g g

)g

0g

Kogut-SusskindScale-inv. Parton Model

Page 5: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

Current Algebra

O P E

Bjorken Scaling

Light-cone

Parton Picture

Renormalization Group

Various Ideas leading to QCD

Perturbative QCD

Asymptotic freedom

K.Wilson

Bjorken

Feynman

Fritzsch-Gell-Mann

Gross-Wilczek, Politzer

Brodsky-Farrar, Matveev et al.

Large PT

Large Angle Scattering

Adler-Dashen

Gell-Mann-Low

Page 6: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

Color gauge theory (Color octet gluon) QCD Asymtotic freedom ・ short distance ・・・漸近的自由   ・ long distance ・・・閉じ込め QCD Lagrangian : coupling const.

第1期  1973 - 1970 年代 勃興期

Fritzsch-Gell-Mann-LeutwylerNambu 1966

Weinberg 1973

1973

No free parameterexcept for

Gross-Wilczek, Politzer, ‘t Hooft 1973

Page 7: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

S.Bethke

Effective coupling constantFundamental constant of QCD

“dimensional transmutation’’

Page 8: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• OPE+RG analysis of structure function • DGLAP evolution equation for PDFs

• Q2 dep. of fragmentation fn.

• Polalrized structure functions

               

Leading Order (LO) analysis

Gross-Wilczek, Politzer,…

Dokshitzer-Diakonov-Troyan, Gribov-Lipatov, Altarelli-Parisi,…

Georgi-Politzer, Owens, T.U.,…

Ahmed-Ross, Sasaki

Page 9: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• quark-gluon の系を摂動論で扱うと質量 0 の粒子の 4元運動量が 0 になることから生じる赤外発散( infrared divergence )や質量 0 の gluon が quark とcollinear に放出されることによる質量特異性 (mass singularity )が現れる.

• parton 描像で hadron の cross section

Mass singularity の因子化( Factorization )

mass (collinear) singularity

mass singularity

singular な因子は

hadron 分布関数へ吸収

Page 10: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

物理量摂動論非摂動論 convolution

short distancelong distance

Collinear factorization

PDF (Q2dep)Structure fn.

scheme- dep

Q2 dependence DGLAP eq. or OPE+RGE

Factorization (因子化)

OPE

DGLAP equation

Page 11: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

クォーク・グルーオン演算子

2 2

1 1 2

0| ( ) | | ( , )q n

n Qp O p x q x Q dx

分布関数と演算子

でくりこまれた演算子

2 2

1 1 2

0| ( ) | | ( , )G n

n Qp O p x G x Q dx

1 2 tracesnqn DO D

11 2 tracesn nGn DO G D G

ツイスト2の演算

子Twist=dim - spin=2

Twist

グルーオン場

クォーク場

Kodaira-TU (1978 )scheme- dependence

Page 12: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

Splitting functions

“Plus distribution”

real emission virtual correctioninfrared cancel

Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg-Nakanishi Theorem

Page 13: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

jet production

Sterman-Weinberg jet

infrared/collinear-safe quantity

Event shapes: Thrust etc.

半角 δ の cone に全エネルギーの

(1-ε) 倍が放出される

e+e-hadrons

3-jet event @DESY 1979

Page 14: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

b

C

A

B

ac

aAf

bBf

ˆd

CcD

,

( , ) ( , )

ˆ ( , , , , ) ( , )

a ba b c A a F B b F

Ca b c R F D c c D

d dx dx dz f x f x

d x x z D z

摂動計算可能

22 2 2 2, , 4

4 R F DQ Q

high-energy QCD process: A B C X

DIS, e+ e -→ hX, Drell-Yan, hadron-hadron semi-inclusive ・・

Factorization in hadron collisions

Page 15: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• Twist-4 4-quark 2-quark&1gluon operators• Anomalous dimensions of 4-quark operators                 

Gottlieb(78) ,Okawa(80)

• Polarized structure fn. twist-3 contributes to g2

• twist-4 effects to g1  

Higher-twist effects

twist=dim-spintwist-6twist-4twist-2

Twist-3 or 4

Kodaira-Tanaka-TU-Yasui (96)

Kawamura et al (97)

Page 16: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

QCD higher-order (NLO) effects

LO NLO NNLO

1-loop anomalous dim.

RG eq.

1-loop Scheme independent

1-loop 2-loop

Moment of structure fn.

LO

NLO

NNLO

anomalous dim. coefficient fn.1-loop

2-loop

3-loop

1-loop

2-loop

tree

coefficient fn.

Bardeen et al (78)

Floratos et al (78)

Moch et al (04)

Page 17: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

第2期  1980 年代 中間期

• QCD の摂動論および非摂動論での様々な 理論的整備 / 実験の進歩• Unpolarized & polarized DIS data SLAC DESY• EMC effects Spin Crisis CERN• Polarized structure functions • Twist-2, twists-3 effects      renormalization of higher-twist ops.•Small-x behavior BFKLeq. BK eq.

1 2,g gmixing complicated

Page 18: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

Polarized DIS & Structure Functions

q

nucleon

xp

p

spin

incident lepton

scattered quark

scattered lepton

spin2( , )q x Q

2( , )q x Qor

E

'E

Unpolarized structure fns.

polarized structure fns.

Structure tensor

Page 19: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

1988 EMC at CERN “Spin Crisis”

Altarelli-Ross

Gluon polarization contributes due to anomaly

Parton distribution functions are scheme-dependent

J. Kodaira and T. U. Nucl. Phys. B141 (1978) 497

Phys. Lett B212 (1988) 391

But this is relativistic quantities !

“quarks carries only a small fraction of nucleon spin”in contradiction with naïve quark model

Page 20: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

1st moment sum rule

Kodaira et al. 1979Kyoto Group

Phys.Rev.D20 (1979) 627; Nucl.Phys. B159 (1979) 99

flavor non-singlet

Now Larin-Vermaseren (1991)

Kodaira

Axial anomalyflavor singlet

QCD correction

Nucl.Phys. B165 (1980)129

Page 21: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• Coefficient functions:

• Transversity

• Higher-twist twist-3 contributes in leading order to • Many structure functions  

van Neerven-Zijlstra (1994)

Chiral-odd structure fn.

twist-2 op. 2-loop anomalous dim.Hayashigaki, Kanazawa, Koike;Kumano,Miyama

: Collins function: Sivers function

Transversity & Collins and Sivers asymmetries

Asymmetry in Semi-inclusive DIS

Page 22: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• Large logs の足し上げ          BFKL 方程式

• Non-linear evolution equation         BK 方程式    gluon 分布の saturation color glass condensation (CGC)

Small-x region physics

s1( )ln nx

2F

x

x

22 ( , )F x Q x

20

2 '2'2 2 '2

'2

( , ) ( ; ) ( , )1ln k

f x k dk K k k f x kkx

recombination

2Q

nx P

1x P

Tnk

1Tk2Tk

Page 23: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• 2 mass scales: e.g. Q2&m2 or Q2&QT2

large logs appear at kinematical boundaries        spoil perturbative expansions e.g. (real and virtual contributions highly unbalanced) Sudakov resummation=resumming the double-

logarithmic perturbative contributions

               

Soft-gluon resummation

s ln (1 )mnnmC x ( 2 )m n 1x

2 1 2 11 1 2S S S0

ln (1 ) ln (1 ) ln(1 ) (1 )

n nN nn n nz zdz z N

z z

2 ˆThreshold / 1Hz M s

Page 24: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

Threshold Resummation

Sterman(’87),Catani&Trendadue(’89, ’91)

と書くと,以下が示される

(Trentadue and Kodaira Catani, D’Emilio and Trentadue)

LLNLL

NNLL

Page 25: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

第3期  1990 年代-現在

Precision of QCD: LO→NLO→NNLO検証から精密化へ

• QCD の量子補正を NNLO の精度に高める

Splitting functions

1-loop 2-loop 3-loop

Coefficient functions

LONLO

NNLO

18

350

9607

# of diagrams

Moch-Vermaseren-Vogt (2004)

Gross-Wilczek, Politzer(1974)Floratos-Ross-Sachrajda(1978)

Page 26: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

Color Glass CondensationString-inspired

QCD

Global PDFanalysis

AdS/CFT

Precision QCD

Recent topics in QCD

Perturbative QCD

Heavy quark mass effects

Higgs production

Multi-partonamplitudes

Page 27: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• MSTW (MRST) LO NLO NNLO• CTEQ LO NLO Tevatron jet analysis• NNPDF NLO Neural networks• ABKM NNLO heavy quark effects • GRV, AAC NLO polarized PDFs

Global PDF Analysis

Collaborations

Page 28: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

QCD and HERA data

Page 29: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

QCD @ LHC era

• CMS@7TeV pp collision ~ RHIC heavy ion collision   Ridge structure pseud-rapidty (η ) correlation • ALICE heavy ion collision high multiplicities• ATLAS & CMS  ジェット抑制( Jet quenching)   

Higgs production

g luon fusion Diffractive production of Higgs

RHIC から LHC へ

Page 30: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• heavy quark coefficient functions   deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering for mass factorization:    • low では    heavy quark は radiative に作られる   

    high では light quark と同等    matching condition :   

Heavy quark mass effects

2 2Q m

heavy quark coeff. fn

massive operator matrix element

Buza et al. (‘96) light quark coeff. fn

heavy quark

2Q

2Q

Page 31: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• Fixed Flavor Number Scheme (FFNS) u,d,s:massless heavy quarks (H):c,b,s are radiatively generated

for large log spoils perturbation• Zero Mass Variable Flavor Number Scheme (ZMVFNS)                           

     ZMVFNS shows discontinuity at transition → • General mass variable flavor number (GMVFN)scheme    

Fixed and variable flavor number schemes

To achieve smooth transition

Page 32: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• AdS/CFT 対応 String on AdS5×S5 ~ N=4SCFT • 5 次元 AdS 時空での弦の semi-classical な振る舞いと 

boundary の4次元 Yang-Mills 理論の対応関係 Polyakov et al• AdS/CFT 対応(弦/ゲージ双対性)と form factor およ

び大角度散乱と強結合領域での DIS 構造関数  Polchinski et al• String 理論でエネルギーについてベキ的振舞い         5 次元方向の寄与による warp factor   

        • AdS/QCD (Holographic QCD)  spectrum, decay width, Pomeron, BFKL anom.dim.

Maldacena

QCD and String Theory

Page 33: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• MHV 振幅に対する Parke-Taylor 公式の拡張( spinor-helicity)

• Witten    Commun.Math.Phys.252(2004)189                      N=4 超対称理論で運動量空間から Fourier 変換で得た twistor space における散乱振幅を弦理論のインスタントンの寄与に結びつけた

• Cachazo-Svrcek-Witten (CSW) JHEP09(2004)006 最大にヘリシティーを破る (MHV) 振幅を vertex に拡張し,

一般の MHV でない helicity 振幅を計算するルールを与えた

• 任意の 1-loop multi-leg amplitudes A ~ (Box)+(triangle)+(bubble)+(tadpole)

multi-parton amplitudesMHV

+ +

+ +

Page 34: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

• QCD は30有余年を経て確立 検証から精密化へ• Hadron 物理にとって必須の理論的枠組み• 標準模型の確立とそれを超えた Physics の探索に

は強い相互作用 QCD の効果の精密な評価が必要• pQCD は LHC での pp および重イオン衝突におけ

る新たな現象の解析に必須• ハドロン物理研究の新たなアイデアの創出• QCD は素粒子論と原子核理論の community を繋ぐ• 理論屋と実験家の collaboration@LHC,J-PARC…

Summary and Outlook

More efforts needed! Even for old boys!

Page 35: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

Backup Slides

               

Page 36: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

proton spin sum rule

quark orbital angular mom.

gluon orbital angular mom.

Nucleon’s total angular momentum

atSizable contributions are from gluon pol.Or from orbital angular mom. and

Asymptotic values from evolution eq.

Page 37: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS)

Transverse-spin asymmetry at leading-twist in SIDIS

fragmentation function : Collins function

Transverse distribution in the initial stateSivers function

Final-state interaction important for Sivers fn. not to vanish Earlier claim was that Sivers asymmetry vanish time reversal inv.

Wilson lines in the op. def required by gauge inv.

Page 38: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

Generalized Parton distribution (GPD)

Deeply virtual Compton

scattering (DVCS)

non-forward proton matrix elements can be measured at

skewdness parameter

Bjorken variable

null vector

See Wakamatsu’s talk

Page 39: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

: Generalized Parton distribution (GPD)

Experimentally knownLattice calculation Not in accordance with exp.

Page 40: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

Spin-dependent fragmentation function

@BELLE at KEK

Chiral-odd fragmentation function e.g. Collins function

e+e- collider KEK-B at Tsukuba

unpolarized Collins function

See Seidl’s talk

Page 41: 摂動論的 Q C D の発展 - Personal View -

               

Buza-Matiounine-Smith-van Neerven (BMVN) prescription