Organic: contains carbon and hydrogen◦ All living things contain carbon (C), hydrogen

(H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) Monomer: created when C,H,O, N, P bond together

to form small molecules Polymer: large compounds that are formed by

joining monomers together

Polymerization: process of making a polymer by joining monomers◦ Also known as

dehydration synthesis Goal:

◦ Use small molecules to make larger ones

◦ Uses energy

Polymers can also be called biomolecules or macromolecules◦ Carbohydrates◦ Lipids◦ Proteins ◦ Nucleic Acids

http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/bodychemistry/

Going the “other way”…

Large biomolecules are broken down in a process called hydrolysis◦ Goal:

Make small molecules from larger ones

Release energy

You are what you eat…

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio◦ Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6),

Commonly called sugars and starches

Monomers (subunits) are monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars◦ Monosaccharides = 1 sugar

Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides joined ◦ Ex: sucrose = fructose + glucose◦ Ex: maltose = glucose + glucose

DS of Carbs

Polysaccharides = many monosaccharides joined ◦ Ex: glycogen (stores excess sugar in animals)◦ Ex: cellulose (makes rigid plant cell walls)

2 functions◦ Store and release quick energy, ◦ Provide structural support

◦ Ex: Exoskeletons of animals/insects

Food examples: ◦ Bread◦ Potatoes◦ Beans◦ Pasta◦ Cereal◦ Fruit

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen;

Large non-polar molecules that DON’T dissolve in water

Commonly called fats, oils, steroids, and waxes

Monomers (subunits): glycerol (hydrophilic “head”) with fatty acid chains (hydrophobic “tail”)

You are what you eat… (7:00)

Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids joined to glycerol (alcohol)

Saturated triglycerides (fats):◦ Have fatty acids with only single bonds between

carbon atoms

◦ Solid at room temperature

Unsaturated triglycerides (fats):◦ Have fatty acids with double bonds between

Carbon atoms◦ Cause fatty acid to bend

◦ Liquid at room temperature

Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids joined to glycerol (alcohol)◦ Ex: cell membrane

(barrier between inside & outside of the cell)

Waxes: many fatty acids joined to glycerol (alcohol)◦ Ex: earwax, surface of some plant leaves

3 functions◦ Store long-term energy◦ Insulation◦ Make up cell membranes

Food Examples:◦ Oil, Butter, Steak, Bacon

http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/fats

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

You are what you eat… (10:50)

Monomers (subunits) are amino acids; only 20 different amino acids exist

Structure of an Amino Acid◦ 1. Amino Group (end)◦ 2. Carboxyl Group (end)◦ 3. R- Group (middle) *changes*

TryptophanSerine

Leucine

Dipeptides: 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond

Polypeptides: many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Levels of Protein Structure (VERY complex molecules)◦ Primary (1’): arrangement of amino acids◦ Secondary (2’): folding/coiling of amino acids

Levels of Protein Structure (VERY complex molecules)◦ Tertiary (3’): folding of the whole protein◦ Quaternary (4’): polypeptides attracted together

4 Functions◦ Transport Oxygen in blood stream (hemoglobin)◦ Provide immunity (antibodies)◦ Muscle Contraction◦ Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ

Food examples: ◦ Fish◦ Meat◦ Peanut butter◦ Milk◦ Rice

Enzymes◦ Catalysts: Special proteins that speed up

chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start the reaction

◦ Enzyme names end in “–ase” Ex: catalase, sucrase, lactase Enzyme Video

Enzymes act on specific substrates ◦ Substrate: substance that the enzyme breaks

down Each substrate fits into the active site. (Like a lock &

key) ◦ Active Site: Region where enzyme and

substrate bind together

Products: the substrate broken down after the enzyme has acted on it

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.html

ENZYMES ARE NOT CHANGED OR USED IN THE REACTION!

They go on to carry out the same reactions again & again.

◦ Denature: when an enzyme changes shape due to a change in temp, pH, or other factor preventing binding

Enzyme summary

Denature 1:15

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Subunits are called nucleotides◦ Made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and

nitrogen base

Function: store genetic information in cells

Examples: DNA and RNA