The Chemistry of BiologyMacromolecules

CHONPS Carbon - C Hydrogen - H Oxygen - O Nitrogen - N Phosphorus - P Sulfur - S

Living things require millions of chemical reactions for survival. This is metabolism.

Organic molecules: In living things. Always contain CARBON. Large molecules, many atoms Always have covalent bonds.

Organic vs. Inorganic Organic compounds contain Carbon Everything else = inorganic compounds

Macromolecules What is a macromolecule? Macro= Large Molecule= a group of atoms held

together by bonds.

Building large molecules Chain together smaller molecules

building block molecules = monomers

Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid– amino

acid–

Fats = built from glycerol and fatty acids One fatty acid Glycerol fatty acidMolecule fatty acid

– ––

Small molecules = building blocks

Bond together = polymers, remove one water for each bond=dehydration synthesis.

Building large organic molecules

Breaking apart large molecules Break bonds by adding water=hydrolysis

Back to single monomers

Carbohydrates

Composed of C,H,OUsually a 1:2:1 RatioMain source of energy Main source of energy Some plants and

animals use carbs for structural purposes

Types of CarbohydratesSingle Sugars Monosaccharides

Glucose Galactose (component of

milk)Fructose (fruits)Double SugarsDisaccharidesGlucose + fructose= sucroseGlucose + galactose=lactose

Types of Carbohydrates Sugars formed from many monosaccharides =

polysaccharides

Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharides

Starches =common storage form of glucose (many glucose molecules)

Types of Carbohydrates Glycogen= storage of excess sugars in

animals. Stored in liver

When levels of glucose is low in your blood, glycogen is released from your liver to be used in your muscles for muscular contraction and movement.

Types of Carbohydrates Cellulose

Found in plants. Gives plants their strength and rigidity.

Major component of wood and paper.

Lipids Molecules that are insoluble in water. Composed of C,H,O. Fats, oils, waxes.

Lipids = Major Functions Used to store energy Supplies more

energy than carbohydrates: 1 g. fat = 9cal 1 g. carb = 4 cal

Structural support in cell membranes.

Saturated Fats Fats with single

bonds on the carbons of a fatty acid chain.

Solid at room temp. Examples

Butter fats Meat fats

Unsaturated Fats One carbon-

carbon double bond in the fatty acid chain. Liquid at room

temperature Examples

oils

Lipids-Steroids Carbon skeleton

with four fused rings.

Hormones like estrogen and testosterone

Cholesterol

Proteins Contain Nitrogen (N) as well as C,H,O. Proteins are made up from AMINO ACIDS. The polypeptide chain made by linking

amino acids. Each protein has a very specific order and

number of amino acids.

Functions of Proteins Form bones and

Muscles and other important structures throughout the body like hair

Provide nutrient storage

Transporters for substances in and out of cells.

Defend the body.

Functions of Proteins Assist in chemical reactions within cells-

called enzymes. Act as catalysts, lowering activation

energy needed for reactions-speed up reaction.

Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site-lock and key.

Proteins-shape Proteins have a very

specific structure and shape.

Primary structure-chain of amino acids.

Secondary-coiled/folded chain held by bonds.

Tertiary-the 3D globular shape held by bonds.

Quaternary-subunits held together.

Proteins-denature Changes in

environment can cause a protein chain to unravel, losing its shape.

Causes-change in salt concentration, pH, temperature.

Egg white room temp→→egg white heated.

Nucleic Acids Contain H,O,N,C,P (phosphorus) Nucleic Acids are formed from

Nucleotides Nucleotides consist of

5-Carbon Sugar Nitrogen base Phosphate group

Nucleic Acids Function Nucleic Acids store

and transmit heredity or genetic information.

There are two types: DNA =

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA = Ribonucleic Acid

Macromolecules Lab Notes Indicators = chemicals that detect the presence

of organic molecules by changing colors Color change is completely brand new

Indicators Fehlings A and B detect sugars Iodine detects starch Biuret detects protein Paper towel detects lipids

Part I – determine how to identify known macromolecules using chemical indicators – What color change do you see?