Рабочая тетрадь по курсу «Биология на...

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый

Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения

Российской Федерации

1

Рабочая тетрадь по курсу

«Биология на английском»

Чебышев Н.В, Козарь М.В., Гринев А.Б., Романова Л.М., Беречикидзе И.А., Горожанина Е.С., Гринева Г.Г., Лазарева

Ю.Б., Ларина С.Н.




2

Москва – 2016

Workbook for the course “Biology in English”

Chebyshev N.V., Kozar M.V., Grinev A.B., Romanova L.M., Berechikidze I.A., Gorozhanina E.S., Grineva G.G.,

Lazareva Ju.B, Larina S.N.




3

Moscow – 2016




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Пояснительная записка

Рабочая тетрадь по курсу «Биология на английском» для профильных классов медицинской направленности

средних образовательных школ ориентирована на эффективное усвоение знаний и отработку умений учащихся при

решении заданий по биологии на английском языке по теме размножение и развитие.




5

Explanatory note

Bank of test materials for intermediate monitoring on the subject "Biology in English" for specialized 10 class of medical

specialization of secondary schools is aimed at effective knowledge acquisition and skills mastering of students in dealing with

biological tasks on reproduction and development in English




6

Reproduction and development of organisms 20 hours (5 hours per week).

The content of the programme.

Reproduction and individual development of organisms.

Cell division- is a biological process lying in the basis of the reproduction and individual development of organisms. The

commonality of the process of mitotic cell division in eukaryotes. Species constancy in the number of chromosomes. The notion

of a karyotype. Haploid and diploid sets of chromosomes. Condition of chromosomes in nondividing nucleus (during interphase).

EU - and heterochromatin. The mitotic cycle (presynthetic, synthetic and postsynthetic periods). Doubling of DNA before

mitosis. Characteristic of periods of mitotic cycle (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). The formation of polytene

chromosomes.

Violations of mitosis. Amitosis. Biological significance of meiosis. Cytostatics – colchicine and colcemid. The formation

of polyploids. Apoptosis.

Forms of reproduction of organisms. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction of unicellular and

multicellular organisms.

Meiosis. The first division of meiosis. Features of prophase of the first meiotic division (leptotene, zygotene, pachytene,

diplotene, dictyotene, diakinesis). Interkinesis. Features of interkinesis. The second division of meiosis. Biological significance

of meiosis.

Gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Features of spermato - and oogenesis.

Germ cells: oocyte and sperm (features and functioning).




7

Types of sexual process in unicellular and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms. Fertilization-the process of

restoring the diploid set of chromosomes. Parthenogenesis. Gynogenesis and Androgenesis. Mechanism of double fertilisation of

flowering plants.

Individual development of organisms. The development of a fertilized egg (on the lancelet example). Splitting. The stage

of blastula. Gastrulation. The stage of gastrula. Embryonic leaves. Homology of embryonic leaves as a sign of unity of origin of

the animals. Formation of organ systems. Postembryonic development. Direct and indirect development. Examples.




8

Task1. The structure of chromosomes.

Look at the scheme of the chromosomes structure. Name the types of chromosomes and chromosome structure elements.

I a

II b

III с

A

B

C

D NOR

C




9

IV d

1 Т

2 C

3 Nucleolus organizer region

4

5

Task 2 Diploid and haploid sets of chromosomes.

Look at the scheme of the structure of the sets of chromosomes . Determine the number of chromosomes in diploid and haploid sets. Specify which

cell is characterized by a diploid set of chromosomes, and which - by a haploid.




10

Haploid set of human chromosomes.

Diploid and haploid sets of chromosomes of the fruit fly.

The number of chromosomes in a set of

nc-


nc-


2n2c-


2n2c-

Set nc in cells- Set nc in cells-

Set 2n2c in the cells- Set 2n2c in the cells-




11

Task 3. Karyotype.

Consider the karyotypes of representatives of the plant, animal and man. Analyze parameters characterizing the karyotype (chromosome number, size

of chromosomes, chromosome pairing, centromery position, the presence of secondary strangulation, autosomes and sex chromosomes). Write down

the results of the analysis.

Karyotypes: 1-man, 2-mosquito, 3-Crepis(plant)

The number of chromosomes- 1 2 3




12

The size of the chromosomes-

Pairing of chromosomes-

The position of the centromere –

The presence of secondary

constriction -

Autosomes -

Sex chromosomes-

The number of

chromosomes-

The number of chromosomes-







13




constriction -

Paintability -




constriction -

Paintability -














14

constriction -

Autosomes -

Sex chromosomes-

constriction -

Autosomes -

Sex chromosomes-

Task 4. The cell cycle.

Consider the diagram of the cell cycle. Name and describe the stages and periods of the cell cycle. Name and describe the phases of the cell cycle.

Cell cycle diagram:

The period and phase Characteristic of the periods and phases of the cell cycle:




15

of the cell cycle:

A The name of the phase:

Characteristics of the phase:

1

The name of the period

Characteristic of the period:

Set _n_c

Chromosomes– ___________________ (single and double stranded chromatides)

2



Set _n_c


3



Set _n_c


С Stage name:

Characteristic of the stage:




16

С Stage name:

Characteristic of the stage:

4 The name of the phase:


Set _n_c




Set _n_c




Set _n_c




Set _n_c





17



Set _n_c


Compare cell cycles A and B. Specify for which cells is typical cell cycle - A, and for which cell cycle - B.

Characteristic of cell cycle-A:

The cell cycle A is characteristic of cells-

Characteristic of cell cycle-B:

The cell cycle B is characteristic of cells-

Task 5. Types of cell division.

Set the correspondence between the form of cell division and its characteristics. Answer write into a table.

Types of cell division. Characteristics of type of cell division:

1 Mitosis A Division of procaryotic cells.

2 Meiosis. B Division of eukaryotic cells.




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3 Amitosis. С The division is preceded by interphase.

4 Endomitosis D The division consists of 4 phases and ends with the formation of two cells identical to the parent one.

5 Polytene chromosomes

formation

E The division consists of two consecutive divisions and ends with the formation of four haploid cells.

F The Division includes nuclear fission by constriction or on fragments and cytoplasmic division with

formation of two or more cells.

G The division begins, the centromeres of the chromosomes divide, a divergence of chromatids and division

of the cytoplasm occurs. One cell with a double set of chromosomes forms.

H After doubling of chromatid chromosomes remain connected. Then follows a doubling of the

chromosomes, and so on. The result - the formation multiline chromosomes.

Answer

1

2

3

4

5

Task 6. Mitosis.

Study the process of mitosis in the textbook and fill in the table. 2n = 2.

Name of division Scheme illustrating the processes occurring in the

cell

Hereditary

material

Chromosomes (single and double

stranded chromatides)




19

Prophase

_n_c

Metaphase

_n_c

Anaphase

_n_c




20

Telophase

_n_c

Task 7. Phases of mitosis.

Look at the photos and diagrams of phases of mitosis. Call the phases of mitosis. Determine the set of chromosomes at each stage of mitosis. Describe

the chromosomes at each stage of mitosis. Specify processes that characterize every stage of mitosis.

Phase: Phase: Phase: Phase:

_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c

Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes-

Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic




21


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






22


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






23


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






24


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






25


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






26


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






27


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c



Task 8. Cytokinesis.

Look at the photos and diagrams of phases of cytokinesis. Indicate the cells for which the cytokinesis is typical . Describe cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis: Fetures of cytokinesis:




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Characteristic for... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... cells.

Fetures of cytokinesis -

Characteristic for... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... cells.

Fetures of cytokinesis -

Task 9. Amitosis.

Look at the pictures illustrating amitosis. Characterize amitosis, comparing it with mitosis.

Amitosis. Parameter of comparison Mitosis Amitosis.

The presence of interphase before division

Compaction of chromosomes




29

Division into phases (prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, telophase)

Nuclear fission by constriction or on

fragments

The number of cells after division

Regularity of distribution of hereditary

material between daughter cells

Division speed

Division significance

Task 10. Endomitosis

Look at the picture and photograph illustrating the endomitosis. Characterize endomitosis.

Endomitosis Features of endomitosis




30

Before dividing the hereditary material of the cell _n_c

After dividing the hereditary material of the cell _n_c

Factors that alter normal cell division:

Processes characterizing endomitosis:

The result of endomitosis:

Diploid and pentaploid of one type of earthworm.

Before dividing the hereditary material of the cell _n_c

After dividing the hereditary material of the cell _n_c

Factors that alter normal cell division:

Processes characterizing endomitosis:

The result of endomitosis:




31

Task 11.

Look at the figure illustrating the apoptosis. Characterize the apoptosis.

Apoptosis. Characteristics of apoptosis:

Task 12. Forms of reproduction of organisms.

Set the correspondence between the form of reproduction of organisms and its characteristic.

Reproduction form Characteristics of reproduction

1 Asexual reproduction A The reproduction usually one individual is involved.

2 Sexual reproduction B In reproduction sex cells are involved.

С Reproduction by a part of the body.

D The reproduction usually two individuals are involved.




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E Reproduction by a part of the cell.

F Descendants are identical to the parent.

G Descendants differ from their parents and other descendants.

H Reproduction occurs in stable conditions.

I Reproduction occurs when changing living conditions.

Answer

1

2

Task 13. Тypes of asexual reproduction.

Look at the photos and diagrams of types of asexual reproduction. Define the type of asexual reproduction. Characterize the type of asexual

reproduction.




33




34




35




36




37

Task 14. Meiosis.

Study the process of meiosis in the textbook and fill in the table. 2n = 2.

Name of division Scheme illustrating the processes occurring in the

cell

Stage name Hereditary

material

Chromosomes (single and

double stranded

chromatides)




38

Prophase of the first

meiotic division

Leptotena _n_c

Zigotena _n_c

Pachytene _n_c




39

Diplotena _n_c

Diakinesis _n_c

Metaphase of the first

meiotic division

_n_c




40

Anaphase of the first

meiotic division

_n_c

Telophase of the first

meiotic division

_n_c

Prophase of the second

meiotic division

_n_c




41

Metaphase of the

second meiotic division

_n_c

Anaphase of the second

meiotic division

_n_c

Telophase of the second

meiotic division

_n_c

Task 15. Phases of the prophase of the first meiotic division. Look at the scheme of the stages of prophase of the first meiotic division. Name the stages. Determine the set of chromosomes at each stage. Describe

the chromosomes at each stage of mitosis. Specify processes that characterize every stage of prophase of the first meiotic division.




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Stage: Stage: Stage: Stage: Stage:

_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c

Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes-

Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic

Stage: Stage: Stage: Stage: Stage:

_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c

Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes- Chromosomes-

Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic




43

Task 16. Phases of meiosis. Look at the photos and diagrams of phases of meiosis. Name the phases of meiosis. Determine the set of chromosomes at each stage of meiosis.

Describe the chromosomes at each stage of meiosis. Specify processes that characterize every stage of meiosis.


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






44


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






45


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






46


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c




_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






47


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c






48


_n_c _n_c _n_c _n_c



Task 17. Spermatogenesis.

Study the process of Spermatogenesis in the textbook and fill in the table. 2n = 2.

The name of the phase: Scheme illustrating the processes occurring in

the cell

Name of the cell Hereditary

material

Chromosomes

(single and double

stranded

chromatides)




49

Zone of reproduction

(mitosis)

Spermatogonia _n_c

Spermatogonia _n_c

Zone of growth (interphase)

Spermatocyte of the

first order _n_c




50

Zone of maturation (first

division of meiosis)

Spermatocyte of the

second order _n_c

Zone of maturation (second division of

meiosis)

Spermatid _n_c

Zone of formation

Spermatozoon _n_c

Task 18. Oogenesis

Study the process of oogenesis in the textbook and fill in the table. 2n = 2.

The name of the

phase:

Scheme illustrating the processes occurring in

the cell

Name of the cell Hereditary

material

Chromosomes

(single and double




51

stranded

chromatides)

Zone of

reproduction

(mitosis)

Oogonia _n_c

Oogonia _n_c

Zone of growth (interphase)

Oocyte of the first order _n_c




52

Zone of

maturation (first

division of

meiosis)

Oocyte of

the second

order

Reducing body

first order

_n_c

Zone of

maturation (second division

of meiosis)

Egg Reducing body

of the second

order

_n_c

Task 19. Reproductive system. The sex glands.

Identify on the image the elements the male reproductive system. Specify the function of each item.

The structure Function

1

2

3

4

5




53

6

7

Look at the scheme of the testes. Find sex cells at different stages of development and mark them.

1 – spermatogonia

2 – spermatocyte of the first order

2 – spermatocyte of the second order

4 – spermatid

5 - spermatozoon

Identify on the image the elements the female reproductive system. Specify the function of each item.

Function




54

1-ovary

2-uterine tube

3-the endometrium of

the uterus

4-the muscular layer of

the uterus

5-uterine cavity

6-cervix

Look at the scheme of the structure of the ovary. Find sex cells at different stages of development and mark them.




55

1 –

2 –

3 –

5 –

6 –

7 –

10 –




56

Task 20. Germ cells: Look at the scheme of the oocyte structure. Determine the structures and name them.

1 –

2 –

3 –

4 –

5 –

6 –

Consider the structure of the scheme of the spermatozoon. Determine the structures and name them.




57

I –

II –

1 –

2 –

3 –

4 –

5 –

Task 21. Types of oocytes. Look at the scheme of the oocyte structure. Determine the type of oocyte .




58

Task 22. Types of sexual reproduction.

Look at the photos and diagrams of types of sexual reproduction. Define the type of sexual reproduction. Characterize the type of sexual reproduction.




59




60




61




62




63




64

Task 23. Embryonic development.

Look at the photos and diagrams of the stages of embryonic development. Identify the stage of embryonic development. Describe the stage of

embryonic development.




65




66




67




68




69




70

Task 24. Cavity of the body.

Look at the schemes of the structure of cavities of animals. Name the cavity.




71




72




73

Task 25. Organogenesis.

Derivatives of the ectoderm: Mesoderm derivatives: Endoderm derivatives:

Task 26. Types of animal development.

Analyze the development of animals. Determine the type of development. Specify the characteristic for this type of development of the stage.




74

Development type Development type Development type Development type

Stage of development: Stage of development: Stage of development: Stage of development:




75






76






77






78








79






80



Task 27. Vegetative reproduction.

Look at the photos and diagrams of types of vegetative reproduction. Define the type of vegetative reproduction. Characterize the type of vegetative

reproduction.




81




82




83




84

Task 28. Creative tasks.

1 Set the sequence of the transmission of hereditary information from the parent somatic animal cell to daughter somatic animal cell,

using these molecules and structures, if the source cell has two chromosomes.

A DNA of one pair of double stranded chromosome in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

B The DNA of one pair of single stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of daughter cell.

С DNA of one pair of double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.

D DNA of one pair of single stranded chromosomes in each of the two nucleuses of a single cell.

E The DNA of two pairs single stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of a single cell.




85

2 Set the sequence of the transmission of hereditary information from the parent somatic animal cell to daughter haploid animal cell,

using these molecules and structures, if the source cell has two chromosomes.

A DNA of one pair of double stranded chromosome in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

B DNA of one pair of double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.

С DNA of double stranded chromosomes in each of the two nucleuses of a single cell.

D The DNA of one double stranded chromosome in the cytoplasm of the cell.

E The DNA of one of the bivalent in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

F The DNA of two single stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

G DNA of one double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.

H The DNA of one single stranded chromosome in the nucleus of the cell.

3 Set the sequence of the transmission of hereditary information from the parent somatic animal cell to daughter somatic animal cell,

using these molecules and structures, if the source cell has four chromosomes.

A The DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

B The DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of a single cell.

С The DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in each of the two nucleuses of a single cell.

D The DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

E The DNA of one of the two bivalents in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

F The DNA of four single stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of a single cell.

G The DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of a single cell.

H The DNA of two single stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of a single cell.

4 Set the sequence of the transmission of hereditary information from the parent somatic cell to oocyte, using these molecules and

structures, if the source cell has four chromosomes.




86

A DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the oocyte of the first order.

B DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the oocyte of the second order.

С DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the oocyte of the second order.

D DNA of four single stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the oocyte of the second order.

E DNA of two bivalents in the cytoplasm of the oocyte of the first order.

F The DNA of two single stranded chromosomes in the oocyte nucleus.

G DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the oocyte of the second order.

5 Set the sequence of the transmission of hereditary information from the parent somatic cell to spermatozoon, using these molecules

and structures, if the source cell has four chromosomes.

A DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the first order.

B DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of the spermatocyte of the first order.

С DNA of two pairs of double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of the spermatocyte of the second order.

D DNA of four single stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the second order.

E DNA of two bivalents in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the first order.

F The DNA of two single stranded chromosomes in the spermatids' nucleus.

G DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the second order.

H The DNA of two single stranded chromosomes in the spermatozoon nucleus.

6 Set the sequence of the transmission of hereditary information from the parent somatic cell to spermatozoon, using these molecules

and structures, if the source cell has two chromosomes.

A DNA of one pair of double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the first order.

B DNA of one pair of double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of the spermatocyte of the first order.

С DNA of two double stranded chromosomes in the nucleus of the spermatocyte of the second order.




87

D DNA of two single stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the second order.

E DNA of one bivalent in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the first order.

F The DNA of one single stranded chromosome in the spermatid nucleus.

G DNA of one double stranded chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte of the second order.

H The DNA of one single stranded chromosome in the nucleus of the spermatozoon.

7 Establish conformity using the picture:

A Anaphase II of meiosis

B Two

С Metaphase of mitosis

D Four

E Anaphase of mitosis

F Bivalents

G Anaphase I of meiosis

H Homologous chromosomes

I Chromatids

1. The phase of cell division К Eight

2. Structures,diverging to the poles L n2c

3. The number of chromosomes in the original cell before division М 2n2c

4. Characteristics of hereditary material at this stage of division in each cell N 4n4c



B Two




88


D Four


F Bivalents



I Chromatids


2. Structures,diverging to the poles L 2n4c


4. Characteristics of hereditary material at this stage of division of the cell N 4n4c


A Metaphase II of

meiosis

B Two


D Four


F Bivalents

G Metaphase I of

meiosis

H Chromosomes




89

I Chromatids


2. Structures located on the equator L n2c




A Metaphase II of meiosis

B Two


D Four


F Bivalents

G Metaphase I of meiosis

H Chromosomes

I Chromatids


2. Structures located on the equator L n2c




A Telophase II of

meiosis




90

B Two


D Four

E Prophase of mitosis

F Bivalents

G Prophase II of meiosis

H Chromosomes

I Chromatids


2. Structures located in the nucleus L n2c




A Metaphase II of meiosis

B Two


D Four


F Bivalent

G Metaphase I of meiosis

H Chromosomes

I Chromatids




91

1. The phase of cell division К Six

2. Structures shown in the diagram L n2c





B Two


D Four


F Bivalents



I Chromatids

1. The phase of cell division К Six

2. Structures,diverging to the poles of the cell L 2n4c




A Telophase II of meiosis

B Two





92

D Four


F Bivalents

G Telophase I of meiosis

H Chromosomes

I Chromatids


2. Structures,diverging to the poles L nc


4. Characteristics of the hereditary material in every cell division at this stage after

cytoplasm division

N 2n4c


A Telophase II of

meiosis

B Two

С Metaphase of

mitosis

D Four


F Bivalents

G Telophase I of

meiosis




93

H Homologous

chromosomes

I Chromatids


2. Structures,diverging to the poles of the cell L n2c


4. Characteristics of the hereditary material in every cell at this division stage after

cytoplasm division

N 2n4c



B Two

С Anaphase of mitosis

D Four


F Bivalents


H Homologous

chromosomes

I Chromatids

1. Phase of division (a and b) of cells К Eight

2. Structures,diverging to the poles of the cell L 2n2c





94

4. Characterics of hereditary material at this stage of cell division (a and b) N 2n4c



B Two

С Anaphase of mitosis

D Four


F Bivalents


H Homologous

chromosomes

1. The phase of cell division I Chromatids

2. Structures,diverging to the poles of the cell К Eight

3. The number of chromosomes in the original cell before division L 2n2c

4. Characteristics of hereditary material at this stage of division of the cell М 4n4c

N 2n4c

Interim monitoring. The demo version.

№ Question Possible answers The correct answer

Choose one correct answer out of the suggested ones:




95

1

1 In the basis of the formation of organs of multicellular

organism lies process of

1) Meiosis 2) Mitosis 3) Fertilization 4) Conjugation 2




96

2

2 In the interphase before mitosis in a

cage

1) The chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane 2) Chromosomes disperse

to poles of the cell 3) The number of DNA molecules decreases twice 4) The

number of DNA molecules doubles

4

Select all the correct answers from the following answers:

3




97

3 In the process of meiosis takes

place

1) Division of eukaryotic cells 2) Formation of prokaryotic cells 3) Double decrease

in the number of chromosomes halved 4) Diploid set of chromosomes saving 5)

Formation of the two daughter cells 6) Development of four haploid cells

136

4

4 What factors influence the development of the human

embryo?

1) Its external structure 2) Genetic information in

zigote 3) The interaction of the parts of the embryo

4) The presence of three germ layers 5) The impact of

external factors 6) Presence of fibers in the shell of the

fruit

235

Establish conformity using the table:




98

5

Method of reproduction Type of reproduction

A Parthenogenesis. 1 Sexual 12212

B Gemmation 2 Asexual

С Fragmentation

D Copulation

E Schizogony




99

6

Phase of spermatogenesis Characteristics of phases of

meiosis

A Maturation (first division of meiosis) 1 2n4c 21433

B Growth 2 n2c

С Reproduction 3 nc

D Formation 4 2n2c

E Maturation (second division of meiosis)

Establish conformity using the picture:




100

7

1 A 2n2c

BABCDD

2 B 2n4c

3 С n2c

4 D nc

5 E 4n4c

6

Determine the order of events:




101

8

A The divergence of the sister chromatids EBCAD

B Dissolution of the nuclear shells

С Formation of metaphase plate

D Division of the cytoplasm

E Helix formation (compaction) of chromosomes

Determine the numbers of wrong judgments:




102

9

1 In favourable conditions, bacteria divide by mitosis, in adverse conditions- by meiosis. 125

2 The breeding methods include asexual gemmation, fragmentation, parthenogenesis.

3 In sexual reproduction, the process usually involves two individuals.

4 Sexual reproduction necessarily involves sex cells.

5 The growth of the organism provides the mitosis and meiosis.

Determine the numbers of wrong judgments:




103

10

1 The nervous system and sense organs are formed from the ectoderm. 235

2 The neural tube is laid between the chord and intestine of the embryo.

3 From the mesoderm the bones, muscles, lungs and blood are formed.

4 The wall of the gastrula consists of two layers: the ectoderm and endoderm.

5 Deuterostome animals are chordates, arthropods and molluscs.

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