ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ agaricusagaricus...

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1 א א א מ א ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ(Agaricus Agaricus Agaricus Agaricus bisporus bisporus bisporus bisporus ) ﳏﻠﻴﺎ ﳏﻠﻴﺎ ﳏﻠﻴﺎ ﳏﻠﻴﺎً ً ً ً א א א א ) א ( ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺱ2008 /1428

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Page 1: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

1

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الزراعيالزراعيالزراعيالزراعي ررررتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفط(AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus )حمليا حمليا حمليا حمليا ًًًً

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إعداد املهندسة الزراعية إنعام الياس

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2008 /1428

Page 2: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

2

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الزراعيالزراعيالزراعيالزراعي ررررتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفط(AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus )حمليا حمليا حمليا حمليا ًًًً

�������א�������א��א����������������������א�����

�)��מ�א�������(

ة الزراعيةإعداد املهندس إنعام الياس

رافــــإش

حممد موفق يربق. د رياض زيدان .د. أ

��%$����"�א#�א����� א��������"���!������מ

���������)�GCSAR(����א��%)$��א�������א��א�����%�'� ������א��א��−�

����������������������������������������

Page 3: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

3

2008 /1428

TISHREEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

Effect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom Spawn at local at local at local at local

production ofproduction ofproduction ofproduction of ( ( ( (AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus) ) ) ) .

Thesis submitted for MSc. Degree in

Agricultural Engineering (Horticulture)

By

Eng. Enaam Elias

1428/2008

Page 4: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

4

TISHREEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

Effect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom Spawn at local at local at local at local

produproduproduproduction ofction ofction ofction of ( ( ( (AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus) ) ) ) .

Thesis submitted for MSc. degree in Agricultural

Engineering

(Horticulture)

By

Eng. Enaam Elias

Supervision

Dr. Riad Zedan Dr. Mohammad Mwaffak Yabrak

Prof. of Horticulture Pathologist

Faculty of Agriculture Aleppo Sci. Agr. Research

Center

Tishreen University GCSAR

1428/2008

Page 5: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

5

�����ً� �������ت ��� در�� �� ا�)را'%� &%$ آ��%� ، �%- )ا��#%�(� (ا�*(��%� ا�)را'�%� &%$ ا����#��� ه! ا������ ا

.ت2�ی-���0�

This thesis has been submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Master science in Agricultural Engineering (Horticulture), at

the Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University.

. م وأ��)ت2008/ / �72 ه! ا������ ب��ری5

��آ��ر ا ���ذ ا��آ��ر ا ا���ذ ا��آ��ر ��از ���د ا���� ر�ض ز��ان ����د ��

دة� ـ

إ#"م � بD ا���ش? ا���0 ا��7B7ف &$ ه! ا������ ���@� ب?< '��$ ���2*� ب=ن���ذ بEش�افا�&سGض ز��ان ا��آ�7ر ا وا��آ�7ر, ��� ا�)را'� ب@��0� ت2�ی- آ_ #H ا��#�ت�-_ ر�

ا��?7ث ��آ) _ (GCSAR) ا�*�K� ا���0� ���?7ث ا����0� ا�)را'�� _ ���� ���* ��(ق

&$ ه! ا������ �NO7� &$ ا�(L�.M ب?ا����0� ا�)را'��P?ى ب�Rأ S�ا�وأي � .

:ا��2�&7ن: ا���ش?����ذ ا��آ�7ر ا��آ�7رGا �ا�)را'� �� ا��*(�

إ��0م ا���س ری�ض زی�ان �?�� �W&7 ی��ق

Page 6: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

6

CERTIFICATE

It is hereby certified that the work described in this thesis is the

result of author’s own investigation under the supervision of Prof.

Dr. Riad Zedan, the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,

Tishreen University and Dr. Mohammad Mwaffak Yabrak, General

Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR),

Aleppo Research Center. and any reference to other researchers

works has been fully acknowledged in the text. Candidate

Enaam Elias

Supervisors Dr. Mohammd Mwaffak Yabrak Dr. Riad Zedan

������

����� ��� � �� � " ���� � ���� � ����� ������ � ����� � ����� ����� ����� !

Agaricus bisporus (J. lge) Imbach" ����� �� �� ����� �� ��� � ��� ��!�"� ����� #$% �� �$� &� ���.

"�! � � إ#"م ا�&س

Page 7: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

7

DECLARATION

It is hereby declared that this work " Effect of nutrient media on

mushroom spawn production of Agaricus bisporus (J. lge) Imbach at

local production" has not already been accepted for any degree,

nor has been submitted concurrently for any other degree.

Candidate

Enaam Elias

شـكــــر وتقديــــرشـكــــر وتقديــــرشـكــــر وتقديــــرشـكــــر وتقديــــر

)ی� إ�a رئ��� ���0� ت2�ی-، و'��دة آ��� ا�)را'�، و#H ا��#%�ت�- أت�Nم ب��2�� ا�@ .��� ��7 �- ت#*�bت إداری� و'���� &$ ���� إ�@�ز ه!ا ا��?<

�� ا���ی� ا��0م ��*�K� ا���0� ���?7ث ا����0� �.�آ��ر ���� و�&� ,��+آ�� أت�Nم ب��2،-�Pا���0$ وا���ح >?��� H'د -� D��Nی ��� ��0ل وا�)را'�� +&���ی� ا��آ��ر �

.إدارة ب?7ث ا��#�(�ا���ذ وأ�� �e#$ '��)ة '- إی@�د '��رات ا�2�� ا��$ تe$ أ��ة اdش�اف

dش�ا&*a�' H ه!ا ا���0 و�� ا��آ��ر ���� ���* ��(ق، وا��آ��ر ر�ض ز��ان .��7 �- '7ن � �?�ود و��gئf وت7��*�ت

���11دا��11آ��ر ��11از و��11 ا��11آ��ر ����11د �?�%%H ا�%%2�� وا���(%%�ن i'G%%�ء �@(%%� ا ا���N%� ب�l%� إk*%�ر � �%- �*%� آ��%� &%$ تH�%�N ه%!ا ا��0%� و��bح�jت*% ��� ب!� ��ا��

�P�Gا���0$ ا �� .ب��2 ��P�� L�?ب �ا�)را'� �آ) ا��?7ث ا����0�ة ���G &�ن�وا�0 ��ر4&3 ��&� با�2

��هH ب�E@�ز ه!ا ا���0 �- �*(���- و���، ��آ��ر ��� ا�(�� آ.��تا��(آ5 ا -� H*)� MRا�(��ت وأ �ی�ة و�زي .مو&(�- و'����-، وا�����0- &$ دائ، �:�و �9

،�AB@C ا�0@&?. د، ��"= ا�<(دي. د ،=��ر ب&�.و�&> دوا�&��، م.��(��&*، م.م H*� و��ي��� ا�D:� ا�0. موآ!�S��� m ا�����0- &$ دائ�ة ا��7ارد ا�����0� و'�a رأ

د� ب&�9ن. م#.

Page 8: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

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اإلهداء اإلهداء اإلهداء اإلهداء

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رقم الصفحة وىــــــاحملت ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

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Page 9: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

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ر ا�B@( ا�5را��-4 P10 إآ ت ا�و��-4-1 �:��R11 �(�.= ا 4-2-=&#P13 ا��(�.= ا� 5-)@Bار ا�S�� ت ا�9&�ةB15 ا���اص 6-)@B9= ا�&T� UB� 16 17 ا��.�ث ا�Sي �C&? ا��T&9= ا�B@(�= و,(ق ا��� �:>-7 18 ات وأه�اف ا�����X(ر •

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Page 10: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

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رقم الصفحة وىــــــاحملت ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

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Page 11: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

11

رقم الصفحة عنوان اجلدول ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

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رقم الصفحة عنوان الشكل ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Somycel A15 . 22ا��9^ ا��P(ي ا�:��ذ�� �.�`�= :1 ـ<+ M.C 450 . 22ا��9^ ا��P(ي ا�:��ذ�� �.�`�= :2 ـ<+ ل ا��ق ب��G"= :3 ـ<+ Cات =G@:� 25 . أخS خ�5= � 25 . زرا�= ا�A.� =�50 ا���e ا��SDي :4 ـ<+ 26 ت459= ا��5ر�= ا�م ب�w(اص :5 ـ<+ 26 ت.w c&G(ص � ا��5ر�= ا�م �.A ا���e ا��SDي :6 ـ<+26 . �&:= � ا��Sار ا�م :7 ـ<+ 26 . زرا�= ا��Sار ا�م �.A ا���e ا��SDي :8 ـ<+

س ا����"�(ة 10 و9 ـ<+ &w =G�),. 27

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34 . ا��5ر�= ا�م ا�:ت9= � زرا�= ا�#�9= 12 و11 ـ<+

ا��Sار ا�م :13 ـ<+ � =:&�c�Gب ا���� A.� A�:37 . ا�� 38 . تT� =459&9= ا��5ر�= ا�م ب�w(اص :14 ـ<+ �� :15 ـ<+ Gا� c�Gا� A.� A�:ار ا�م ا��S9= ا��&T� =45938 .ت �4 ب�"��ات ا��9ر�= :16 ـ<+ � 46 . بSار ا�B@( ا�:ت اR��G`ب&= �� أ�B+ ا�"��ات #�&9= ��ء ا�� :17 ـ<+ B.0ا�� q�9ت �50. 48 56 .خ.e ا��Sار ب��e ا�5را�= :18 ـ<+ 56 . اآ��ل #�s ا��A.� =9&T آ�+ و�e ا�5را�= :19 ـ<+ 57 .��.&= ا��D@&= ب�(ب= ا��"@&= :20 ـ<+ s�#. 57 ا��A.� =9&T ت(ب= ا��D@&= :21 ـ<+ ��ر ب�اءات ا���م ا��P(�= :22 ـ<+ y . 58 58 .��م ا��P(�=اآ��ل #�� ا� :23 ـ<+

فهرس املخططاتفهرس املخططاتفهرس املخططاتفهرس املخططات ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

رقم الصفحة عنوان املخطط ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

املصطلحات املستخدمةاملصطلحات املستخدمةاملصطلحات املستخدمةاملصطلحات املستخدمة

طلح اإلنكليزيطلح اإلنكليزيطلح اإلنكليزيطلح اإلنكليزياملصاملصاملصاملص املصطلح العربياملصطلح العربياملصطلح العربياملصطلح العربي

Mushroom ا��e� ا�)را'$

Mycelium ا���2@�

e@0�1: =�`9= ا��&T� ��# ل ا�B@( ا�5را����Somycel A15ة اآ��� A. bispours=B.�0� =&�� ط A.� . 45 أو�

e@0�2: =�`9= ا��&T� ��# ل ا�B@( ا�5را����M.C450ة اآ��� A. bispours =B.�0� =&�� ط A.�. 45 أو�

e@0�3: =B.�0� ت �(ارة 48 ا�:��= ا����u= ��&��= بSار ا�B@( ا�5را�� �:� در�

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Primary Mycelium ا���2@� اGو���

Nutrient Medium و�l� s!ي

Nutrient Grain و�s ح�$

Compost و�s ا�)را'�

��eب!ار ا� Spawn

Mother Spawn ا��!ار اGم

Final Spawn ا��!ار ا��@�ري

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����������������������������:::: ( )���� �( ) ���� )* ���� +��,(�� -. ) �/(�� 0���� � 1)��� )%�3��� ( �05$�

-%��3��Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange) Imbach ��"(���+ (�6�� ��� )������ -. Somycel A15� ��,�. ���� � M.C 450 )%��3� ��178� )� �0 +9�(�� :� 7�( ���� �

)� �0 �1� � ��(� :;�(,8� -. )*�,�� ��17<) ���� )* ���� )* ���� ��, ���(7� ��� -. ) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7 � )5$("� >�, ).�?< � 1(� :��(%���)CaSO4. 2H2O (

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-. 3"(�� ����� )*��� ��� � 1( � ��( #�< ).�?< :�05�� ���� ;�(,8 ) ��*(�� )$����� 3"(�� ����� +�*�� �,% �05�� ���� ) � �1 :2 :3 :4 :5 B ����� � 161� )��"� )=�

&��� �7 ���("� ��(5�� ��% )��"�� &�. 0�� ��5( C=�(,�� +��D�) �.���� E$"(�� F 3��(�7 �F��*G ( ).�7 #$% &� �,9�

(�6��� �($7�� )������� ) �/��� 0����� )Somycel A15 �M.C 450 ( ��� � � �:) ���� )* ���� ��, ���(7� +/$� �< 14.3 :14.7�� &� +/$� -(��� ����, )%�� � � �� :

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��� ������ )=3*( ( )=3*(� ��178� )� �0 ��5( :)������� 0����� #$% (������� (�6�$� (�6��� �($7� ��� ������ )=3*(� ��178� )� �0 #$% &� �,9� E������ ��� )%�3���: �,%�

�* )* ���� ��, ���(7� ��� 0��(� I$� :)������� 0����� J )16.43 :17.20 (�� &� �� : ����, )%�� 0��(� I$� ��. )* ���� ��, )%�� � �)5.95 :5.25( ��/ �($7� ��

(� �0��:-���(�� #$% . )* �� C�, )%�� C=�(,�� +��D� ��7 ).�?< �,% �05��)15 �� ���7�� +�( ��7 K

=���� ) +15 �� ���7�� +�,���7 K/ (1 ��(7� �< �$��� �9� >0��� -����� A���� >��� I7�9� M��, )6.3 :7.0�� ().�?< J� ),���� ) �,9� ���5��) 10 ) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7 K

+5 �� ���7�� +�,���7 K(/1 >0� A�� I7:)* ���� ��, ��/(�� � � )11.6 :12.3 (�� &� (�6�$�)Somycel A15 �M.C 450 (-���(�� #$%.

��D�+� 0���� )$��9� ��5( C=�(,�� �� -�)-����� A���� ( +6��9��� #$% ) �,9� ���5�� )* ���� C�, ���(7� ��� � � � � � )������� !�"�� -(��/$�+ 6 :7.2 &��� ��, �

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-���� 0���� )$��9� +$*�)�.���� ( +/$�� ��� ��0�11.4 :11.3� > (�(��� (�6�$� �. )�6��� ��5( C=�(,�� +, � ��7Somycel A15 )�6��� #$% &� �,9� M.C 450 ��� � � �

) �/��� 0����� #$% )* ���� C�,� ��, ���(7�:)������� ) ���� 0������ . C(,��� �05�� ���� � C=�(,�� +, � ��7 % 3"�����, +�*�� ����� 1 :2 :3� B D.��

#$% )��,� N( � � 100 % )��, #�< ������ ) � � +?5",� � -. 3"(�� � ��� �����88 %�71 % 3"(�� �,% ����� +�*�� �,% 4� 5 � B >��,( P�,� � �*� ��7 :> (�(���

-�7%������ ) � �� 3"(�� ��� �: N(�� +��3� 3"(�� ����� )*�� +95(�� ��$7 �< ������ ) � � +?5",� ������� )*�� �,% +��9,� � #�< 5� B 3"( ����� )��"� )=�

161��� &�.

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����������������������������

Introduction

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� �3( >$0�� -���9�� )9 �� +��9�� ) %��3�� � ����� P6�(�� #$% &��D, � ��% � �3(���� :�7�P���� (�� 0/? � ,% Q��/�� A� � : �� -�� #$% � � :) ��,�� ����� >�9�

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+3����?���� �,(�� -. �05�� )%��3 ���(&�� �7 �� �� &�+�$% :) � ���� ��$9�� � &� +�(��,�� +�5$"� #$% N*�(,R� ��(� ���9�� -. 1����� � � 17�� �"��: +�,�� ���� �S� :

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) 7 ���� ���(��� +� ���� �� $ )���*1.( �� ���� ) ������ �7 ��� -. �05�� ��(9 �J����� ��� (��� �� � ;�(,8� )� � +/$� �< V"��� ����,���� :�0�0��� �9� ��?"�� � �

875 ��% ���� � $� 2002) Economic Research Service USA, 2002(. �05�� ��(9 Agaricus bisporus ) �� (��� ) ���� +�� )%��3��� @��,�� ��� �

)��, N(%��3 �7�( � � ���9�� -.80 % �����12 %�� �05$� �����)Pleurotus

ostreatus (�8 % -7�( ��� �05$�)lentinus edodes ( @��,�� ) ���)Journal. "The

Mushroom School" 2005.( %��3 +����05�� ) ) ��9�� ����� � � �9�� -. �1� :���9��� � �� �=�3*��� V,�(

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#�< ).�?< :) �,����� )%��3�� ��0 ��D, #$% ��(9( -(�� ���7�� )%�3�Z9� @��3��� :�0��� +�D.��� -. )%3���� �� / �� ���/$�) �7 + 8�;�(, ��% 2003 ) ��� -. 1.830

[�� 0)FAO, 2004( ��% -. ) ��� � &��$% :1998 +�� 1027 �05�� � 0 -%��3��)FAO, 2001(.

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ج ا�"���: ��1ول �#g1000 ( ا 2005 � ا�B@( ا�5را�� �"م ) ,. ج ا��و�= ا���.�+�#Rج ا��و�= ا���.�+ ا�#Rا

1 &C32 1410.54 ا� 4.09 �&��ا#&

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� � � ) �7��)-$$ ��: 2002Roys and Schisler, 1980; .(

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�7 ��(�(�100 -���� #$% ;3�0�� -%��3�� �05�� � ���T 90� Q�� K 2.07F2.09 K� +�, (���3F5 +��� ����7 K) Mattila et al., 2002.( ���(9 �05�� +��*��� �

)��0�� )?5",�� �?��� )$�� ) =��/�� �7 -09( � � 100 ���( )��0 N,� ;3�0 3� K -�����270�. �����7 )Bubnova and Shalachova, 1987 .( � � �9�� +�7� ��7

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�������������������� ����������� ����������� ����������� ��� Leterature Review

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21

1# !�$ � %���� � Scientific Classification: ��(9(+� �05�� ) � +�,=�7 !�, +�� ) 0 " � 6" #$% ��(�(�� � ): 0��(� � 6"��

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�� �7 !�"� @��,�� :��*���� �< !�( � �� / @��,� � �� @3�(( �< �*��� � � � )��7��� ��05�� ��(9(� :�*���Mushrooms �05�� �(� � :)7$���� M�� ��0. ��� �

-%��3�� Agaricus bisporus (J.lge) Imbach )��7��� ��05�� � � #���� )�(���� N=��T -. ��(9 � :) ���� ��05�� � ��(9 � :���9�� -. 0�� -. )$$�(��� ) �?9�� ������ #$%

)%��3�� )-$% :1995� Chang, 1999; .( #�� � %� (�����!�) � ) ��)���� � (: Basidiomycetes

���[ �� ��� -���� 30000@�, :)9�� +�� ��0. ���D9�:� ��( K����� �� . � �"����� ) $"�� J?�(( �� #$%+���%� :� ) $" � )��%��� �7(( � � � #$% ���( ���

) ��%��� K����� ��(�� ) :�������1997.( F %� ( �Holobasidiomycetidae:

) *��"�� +���%��� >(� )%��*� �? �Exobasidiales � +���%��� >(� )%��*���0/��� Gasteromycetidae�� >(� )%��*�� >� "8� ) ��0 +���%�

Hymenomycetidae+�(��,�� � ��� #$% &̂����(� ��%��,� �D9� S 9 -(�� �� :)��(�� -. �(�(��� -�(,(� :��*��� #$% &650(�Agaricales� Aphyllophorales )%��*��� M�� #�<

)����/� ,1974-�6��� _,1957.(

# ���� Agaricales: ����� )�(��� M�� 3 �(( �� 5,� ) A=�5 ��Lamellae����� �� Tubes Q�3*� ) �� % #$% ��(�(� :���1�� ��*��16 )$ . ) :-$%1995>.(

# ����� Agaricaceae:

#$% )$ 5�� M�� ��(�(200 ��?9� % [$("(� :)������ )��7��� ��05�� �?( :V,* �� -. [6("�� #�< ).�?< �$��� �*���� :�7��� � � � Z9������ �� :K����� :

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V,*��Agaricus *� -. ��, ������)5$("� ) = � + ) :+�����7�� :>��%�� :+���/��) �����( )Encyclopedia of plant life, 1976(.

# ,�� � Agaricus bisporus:

[�9 @�,�� ��� � Q���(��9��: ��,� ���05-%��3�� Z ��� )White button

mushroom( : �[�9 &� ���� A. brunnescens.) 3 $7,��� #%� ��7 Mushroom �5���� ) �, de couches Champignon) :���%� -�$%1992( J*�(��� N( ��(

A. bisporus�,� �� Q���� #�< : V,*�� ��� ��9 �< Agaricus ) ,�,� �� )�$7�� #�< Agarikon )�$7 � )�(���� Agaricum� -(����� -,9((��,�� ���"(��� �(���� E�" :+�

) �0 ����7 ��05���:��� @�,�� ��� bisporus � :K����� -=�,1 -,9 .-��@�,�� P��7 �� )��%� �7 +���%� )9���� A=�5 ���( -.��6%� 0�. T�� V,*�� @��,� -���� &�.6"

Agaricus &���% K���� )9��� ���( -(�� )Stamets and Chilton, 1983.( 2# -� ����! � %�� �:

�05$� ) ��1�� ���*�� [�(( A. bisporus ��"G� ��$* �.�)1995( ,� �� 3 ���)2005( ,�:

�����::��%���� �,% &6 $� )"5(,� �$�� Q�? � )(� � ��� % ����% -�� � ����0 ����( 5F15���0�� �� � 2F3 :�� (��� )$(7� �5��� � � (:)* �� � J�((#$%�� ),�7�

)9���� #%�( )? �% )��0. )9����:� ���0� ����( � 2F10 (��0 � ),�7� ��: ) *��" )��0Q�? � ) ��� )��0�) $"�� )� " )A=�5 �� ( #�< ���(( �$�� ) ����� �$�� -,��� �,% K����� ��,� 0���(( 7��

�05$� ��(�� C?,�� 3#.��)� ���'� � .�� � :

������ #�$% K������ �7�(( -(��� :) ��%��� K������ &� �,* ) ��%��� ��05�� �1�7(( >�� K���� ) ,��1 #(�� : ,1� T�� � ����(( K����� � &���% ���� �7 ��� � :) ��%�

�05�� -. ��7 @�,��Common Chantarelle K���� ) ,��1 #$% ��(� ���� )Stamets and

Chilton, 1983 .( @�,$� )��,��� ���A. bisporus �,1� T��� -��%� ���� �7 ��� . )Singer,1961( ���( � � :95 % -���� ��,� : T�� +���%��� �25 % )�$1��(� &�T����

!�,��� -����70 % )��, ��� :!�,�� ), ��(� &�T���� ��,�5 % )161 ���(. +���%��� � ) �����K���� )9��� ��) Elliott, 1979 .( :> " � T &� ��� &� * �� &�0 " &� 09� -��%��� K���� +�,

) ?�% ��* +�� �� �% � 6" � [�( )0 �� ) /� �� )/ �� ) ���� ��(��,�)1n(: -��($ >*�� �"Y�� :>��� 0 " Z9��� ��?9� J� 5$("� ��� )* �� �0 " )* �� 0 " 67� �

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�( � � :> " ��,�1 -���� 0 "�� -. ) $" #�< ���� -���� 0 "�� � ) $" !�(�� ���(,�-,�1�� . )� =�,1 ) $" �7�((� ���, ���(� �� (�.��(� �(��,�� #��(� : ( $"�� !�(�� C��, .

)/ ��� �� �< ��� !�,��)n+n( :)� �,�1�� )* ����� #�� �� &� �?" ���1�7(� -09( -(��� :� "�� M�� �7�(� ) ��1�� ���*�� +�Q��� ) �,�1�� 0)Esser, 1979; Flegg, 1989 ( -��(,(�

����, 67��(� :�(��,�� C��,( � � ���,�� ;���,��� -%��3�� �05$� -�,*�� �1�7(�� )$��� ) /� �� )/ �� ) =�,1 �����)2n ( ������,� ��� � � :&�5%�?� &�����,� ���,( � ��$( �

, -��3("� ������ ) /� �� )/ �� ) ���� !�, J��� N,% C()1n( #��< !��,�� M��� �*��( : !��,�� ) =�,1 &�T���� !�,$� ) =���9�� ��*��� �7�( � � :K����� ���( -(�� ) ��%��� ������� ,

-���� 7� :�3�� � )$ �0 ��(. ) � K����� M�� #��(�20F30 % � � :)� �% �7( ��,� 6� -%��3�� �05�� C(, ������ +��� )$ =? )��, !�� ��,� +�, �� :) ��%��� K�����

1.3 – 3.8) % Flegg et at., 1985.( 4#��� � ��� � ���'� :

����) 2001(Lucia et al., � )2001(Salwin et al., � #�< ) 1����� E��"����� >9$( )�6�$�&���� &� -. <)* ���� ;�(,:*�� �7�(� � ��1�� ��) , #�<� �� ("� ) ���

+�5 �� +�� +�6���@�,�� +�5 � )� ���� ) 1����� Agaricus bisporus ;�(,< �,%M����. �� )1982 (Flegg and smith, &�0��(�� 0�(�( �05�� �� �� ) �7� ) %�, �

)%��3��� )�6��� ����� &�� �7 .� �� ��7�3�� �05�� ��17< ) $�% Q�� ) ,�7�< #�< -%�: ��< &� �,*� K����� )%��3 :) � 3���� #$% ���1�� ��*�� � @3" )%��3� &� �,* � �� ��/� 0��>��,� ��� )%�3��� #$% �� �$�Mother culture: �1 )%�3��� M�� ��17<��� )=3*(�

��(� ���0� #$% ��(%��3� )* ����: ���( ���("� > ��,� �? �� )���,� ) �/� 0����)���+ F ��TG ,A�� F ��TG ,�.�� F ��TG( )Eind, 1987; Devochkin, 1989; Siden,

1990; Wozniak et al., 2001; Niir, 2004 .( � � �)1985(Dodileva, #$% [��( ���*�� ) ��% )* �� ;�(,< ) ,�( � #�<

�05�� +�6�� ) *��� ��� E��"�� )�������)GDR1, GDR2, GDR3, GDR4,

GDR13, 273, A-311 ( M�� K���� ��, -. 35���� M�1�� :��/��� 0���� > 7�(� :)�* � +�6��� K���� � C=�(,�� +, � � � :!�"� )�* � +�6���GDR� 1F4 )%��� +3 �(

�0�0��� -0�� #$% ����,–�.����� :��*G F��*G . ���� ��7)2000 (Stamets, #�<� �=���� ���$�� ) ,�( )Liquid Inoculation ( +(�1�

��, )%�� ��� 3 -. ����*, )* ����05��>��"�� #$% ��,( -(�� :) $���� � ����� � ���� ,;�(,< 7� �< ���$�� ��� K����� � ��<: )*�,�� )%��3 � )*(�,�� )* ���� )=3*( � ��

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>$ ��/� 0�� #$% &����� ���,���� ,=�� ��/� 0�� -. #�,( � �� ,A�$( P�� �9��#$% -�� 0������ ������� #�� �� C(,( , �� A�$��� ���*�� ;�(,8 &������ )%��3�� 0��

) ��1�� . ��)1996(Kawai et al., #�< !�� )%��3�� 0�� A �$(� �=���� ���$�� ���"(�� � ���9�� ������ ���"(��� ),���� ���18� J ��()Spawn ( -�����25 %$� @�,Shiitake. ��7

C=�(, +, �)2000 (Mary et al., @�,�� ���� ;�(,8 �=���� ���$�� ���"(�� � A. bisporus )���,� � T )� �0:M��178 >$/(�� 7� ��=���� ���$�� � ?�( Q�,1� +�� �9(�� Z9� #$%

� )���,(� +��(5� 3�3� #$% ������� J?�� )* ���� )=3*( � C(�,��;��� �7���� ) )%��;�� ����� 23�� �7 �7� )%�� .(

���� ��7)2005(Nwanze et al., � ����� >��� @�,� ��/��� 0��$� � ) -(��)* ���� �� $% +$�� (@�,� ) *�(,8� ��� 3 -. &� ��* < &�����05�� Lentinus. Squarrosnlus

a � � �� ���"(�� ��� >��� #$% )$����� )* ���� Q��5 �� �� ) ��1�� ���*�� ��, +9*� ) �/(�� 0��� � ��7 :"��� �� A���� #$% )$����� P$( J� &),���� ��,3� -. ��� 3 #�< +��� 3� ��� 3 -��(���� :)* ���� ��, ��� 3 -. &� ��* < &��1� 3��� S�� :A���� S� � �7���

, ��( 5��� ����,T #�< P�� �3%� :) ��1�� ���*�� -, ��� Z���� ) �"� :+�, (������ +� �� �)Leucine.(

7� &� �?" -%��3�� �05�� ��17< ;�(,8���������*( ��0, #$% )D.����� J� #$% /( �� ) 1����� )�6��� +�5 -1��� � � �7 . ��"(�( � -�,*�� ��178� )� �0 � � -.

;�(,8�����*(�� ���� :�6� ;�(,8 ��,<��05�� � �� �* +: ���D #�< ��]( �� ��,� 39,��) 1��� +�:)�6��� ����( -��(���� )Elliot, 1979; Devochkin, 1989; Siden,

1990; Wozniak et al., 2001; Pardo et al., 2001.( ;�(,< �( )* �� ($��� #$% �05�� :

4#1# �� �! �/� (�����0�: 0���� � ?�( ��(9 �����/) �05�� )* ���� ��,� >��,��� #���� ��0"�� ;�(,< -.

���� #�< ).�?8�� ) (�3G ����� ) (��� ����7 ���� #$% 0���� ��� ��(� � �� :�05�� ���� ) , (6 *)Agar (�1�7(�� Q�3*� A�$( �1 ��/��� 0���� >$ (� )) * �, @3" :K����( #�<

)5$("� ) �/� 0���� .�% +���� ��� 7��� ��% � ) * �,�� @3"�� �"� ) ,�7�< #�< +����� � ����� J� )9���� �� (� )�0,� � �� :)9���� � ��<)Buchalo, 1988; Stamets, 2000;

Oie, 2003.(K����� ���( : �� ) * �,�� @3"�� )%��3��� � �9� ��,��3F7�� � )%��3�� � ��, ?�( �,%#$% )*���� 25F27� B , � � �9� ��/��� 0���� #$% )* ���� ��, ��(73

J ���� ,�� �7���� � �*�� � )* ���� ��, )%�� ���3( �9� ������� )*�� Z5" �,%

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#�< ���� @�����22F23 � B) Staunton, 1989; Heitz and Mateescun, 1990;

Verfaillie, 1998; Belitskiy and Krasnopolskaya, 2000; Marozav, 2005 .( ��� V��)1985 (Dodileva,��/��� 0���� �1� PDA -. )%�� ��, )* �� ��%

�05�� � +�6�0���� ��� #$% ��T���� +%�3 ,��, C=�(,�� +��D��>$T� &�9 �� &� M�� :+�6�����, ���(7���� �? ���� ��% )9��� �9� ���0&� � )%��3�� .*(,� �(� �� �05��

�9( ��0 ��* < -.��, ��� � $�( #$% �)* ���� +���� � � -���� +��,(��� )$��� �6" 3 7�(� �� , $ ��� +��7�� ).�?< � #�< )1 �� +�����10F4K / #�< �(��� !�� ��/��� 0��

��� 3 #�<��, )%��)* ���� ��9��4.2�� /�� ������ J� ),����)3.5�� /�� ( )Blinohvatov et al., 2004; Poluboyarinov et al., 2005.(V�� ��7 )1986(Dodileva, -,�� � �� � +�� ) �?% +��7�� ).�?< �1� ) �� [� �����

+�,�� ��� ��$* ( M�� ).�?< �9� )* ���� ��, )%�� ��� 3 �(� :) �/��� 0����� #�< ��,�� ���(7� ��� +?5",� � � :) �?9�� +��7����4F5��� 0���� J� ),���� �� � ���) ��

) �?% +�.�?<( �0�0��� �� 0����� �?.� � �*�� :–�.�� F ����� ).�?< J� ��*G ��$*�� [� . +����!�"� )���� #�< ��� 3-. )* ���� ��, )%�� )* (, ����� ).�?< �� ���7��

) �/��� 0����� #�< �� 3,/����)Jonathan and Fasidi, 2001.(�7� ��, � )2006 (Donine et al., ) �"� � ����� >��� Z9� )��", � ), 9� >�, ).�?< �

@�,$� ) ���� )* ���� ��, �� � 9���� A����A. brasiliensis . +, � ��7C=�(, )2005 (Hanai et al., ��, )%�� � � 3( ��/��� 0���� #�< 3��� ���� ).�?< <

)* ����. � �( ��7) 2000(Tanaschuk, ,�( #�< #$% -7�( ��� �05�� )* �� ;�(,< )>,9�� � % +�5$"� ,)�6��� [6("�� [$("( ��,�� )%�� � �*��: )�6��� +��� � � 369

#$%�)������� +�6��� J� ),���� ) ��1�� ���*�� �7�( -. � 7�(�� #�< ).�?< ��, )%�� . +���� 0���� )?��� ��� � !�"� +����� �1] )* ���� ��, -. 0����� #$% &�? � ) �/��� , )?��� ��� �,% ��,( -%��3�� �05�� @��,� �D9�� ��*��� �?pH =5.5–

7.5, �� ��, �?.� �7 )* ��@�,�� A. bisporus �,% )?����� ���pH= 7 )Stamets

and Chilton, 1983; Stamets, 2000; Kim et al., 2002.( V��)1987(Balasz et al., *�� �1� ?�(�� ����� +� 10 :15 :20 :25 :30 :

35 � B ��05�� @��,� )* �� ��, )%�� -. ) -7�( �����������( �0� � C=�(,�� +, �� :�� I$� ���9(��2.57 :8.53 : 21.81 : 28.05 : 18.97 Z5",� � -. :> (�(�� #$% �� �<# 1.4 #�< ������� )*�� J.� �,% �� 35� B .

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����)1985 (,. Kuck et al ��D( �� :����, 0��( ) ��� +�,=�7�� �77 ��05�� � #�< �< :@�,$� ) *��� 3 5��� :) 1����� +�5 �� #�< ��9 ���� :)"�" ��� �=6% �� $% [$("( )9 �0

)* ���� ��,) -����� :-$�� :-0 " :-,0� (....�05�� @�,� &�9�( ) �/��� 0����� #$%. ��� ��,)* ��� -9 �0�� -%��3�� �05�� �� -0 "�� 0�,�� � ��, ��� #$% &6 �� ��(9 ����

P��� :)* ����&6 �� ��,�� 0�, -. ���( �� ��(9 )�6��� ����( ) ��� #$% )��"(����. 0�,�� ��9�(�� >* ����(�� ��� ���5(��:-9 �0�� � T -0 "�� 0�,�� ��17<� )Stoller, 1962

; Stamets and Chilton, 1983; Stamets, 2000.( ���� )2003 (Oie, �=6% ���D #�< V5, #$% ��( �,(� :+��� +� � �17� )=3*(��� ����17< �,% ) �05�� )* ���� #$% ����(��

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) =��/�� ������ �?� #$% ������ ����.� :)�6��� [9?)+�, (������ +��� ����7�� ( 0���� � ) 1����� ��(�5 ��� ��5(� :����(( �05�� +�6� � :N $% ��,�� ���(9��� -%�,�� ��/���

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Korpatch, (1988) -(��, �� � +�� ) �/� 0���� ���"(�� ��� +6��9� ��% +,�?(� : E "�)Q��5 �� ����� 3��7� +�5$"� :)��7�� ��*�� � $�( +�5$"� ( -$/� 37�� � +�?�

� ).�?< J� :��*Y� N �< [�?� +�5$"��� M�� ��� [� :P���� ��D% :����� ��D% ���� �7��� ������ )$��9� #$% +6��9��� J �* ��5( C=�(,�� +, �� :) ���� +�(��,�� Z9� :��$*��

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����)1983 (Stamets and Chilton,�� )* ���� A �$( 7� N,� #�< S� #$% ) �� )5$("��� � �����)A�� S� ,3�� S� (.... #�� �� �7� �Sawdust )� �0�� M�� ��"(�(�

������� �05��7 )* ���� �� $% ������ 0����� V5, #$% ��,( -(�� @��,U� . +����� +, ��?� + �� ���� :A���� )��", � ),�7� )0$" #$% ) ���� )* ���� A �$( ) ,�7�< !�"� ���� &�.�

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� �� * )��, #$% ��(�( A���� )��", � &��$% :Q����� �� ���7�� +�,���7� +�( ��7 � �7 *��(,��)2.24F2.72) %(Fritsche, 1978.(

7� -%��3�� �05�� )* �� ;�(,< )� �0 [��(7� #$% ,��� +���% ���� � �T����)� �0$� -����� ������ � /( ��: � �(( -(��� ��$� :

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2F ��17�� )� �0�� ��(9( �< :)5$("� ) $�� � ��� >��� #$% )$��� )* ���� ;�(,< :���9�� -. &�%� � ���,$� ) ����?�� ) =��/�� ����$� )D.�� >����� M�� �7�( � �

)+�, ��( .� �6��� +��� ����7� +�, (���(: 0���� J� ��0$" )���� #�< ).�?8�� )%��3��: � � (� �0� >����� � ?�( 7� :

F �$��� -�� #���� )� �0�� Q����� ���� :�$���� M� � ) �7 ��� 3 ��% �?5 �< :&�� ��( )%�� Q3�* ��. -��(���� :)��$� -*��"�� [6/�� > �"(� :>����� �0�( #�< ��] �=�3�� Q���� �

)���� �"�� � ) =��/�� ������� Q��,�� �. F�� )� �0�� ���� -$/��� Q����� J�,�� -� ) ,�112F24 -. �=�3�� Q���� � E$"(�� �1 :)%��

>�����#(� #�< ��(��0� � ( 50%: �� ���7�� +�,���7� :+�( ��7 � +� �7 [�? �1 �� ���7�� �� ,9� )* ���� ��3( ��,� #�< ).�?8�� )� 6(� � T >����� �9* #$% ��9(�

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+�(� 1��* 0/? ) Stoller, 1962; Leatham and Stahlman, 1989; Kozokin

and Pilipovich, 1990; Safrag, 2000; Stamets, 2000; Blinohvatov et al.,

2004; Feedrochinko, 2004; Nicholas and Ogame, 2006 .( #�< +���9�� ���()*��24 – 25:� B �� 0����� #$% ) ��,�� ) ���� )* ����� A�$(� �) �/) Mother Culture (

�� ��,�� �9� �7�(� #�� ���� ������ )Mother Spawn(: � � A �$(� ��0 �7 -57 -����1F2� ?�(�� )������ >����� � �( � ) �7( � �?5 ���*��� �� / +���9 .( �?5 ��7

).�� � -=��/�� 0���� J� )* ���� J0� �"�:���9(���� -���� P�( ��%��� J� 1.5 � ��&� ��5( ��0�� �0���0�� ).�� #�< � ( � 7� +�1�$� �� .�*� �7 � ��7 ���� ������ �

�� A�$ � 7� �5F10[�9?� N�*� � -=��,�� ������ )Final Spawn) (Stamets and

Chilton, 1983; Stamets, 2000; Oie, 2003(.

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� ��7) 1985( Shallachova and Marteniko, �05�� ���� ;�(,< ) ,�( ��*, �0��(�� 0�(�(&�� �7 &�>����� � �9( ) $�9� : ) �7�� +��3 ��$7 �< ��� 3� ������� )*�� J.� >*

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+��� �61 � �17����5(� ��*�(,< [9?� +�6��� ����( . �����)2003 (Oie, � #�< � �� ����(( ����� +�*�� >$0( )* ���� ��,18F25 B � Q����� � �*( ����? J�

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��, -. � 1( >�������� ���*:)* �� >����� )?��� ��� 0�? �( �� +� �7 ).�?R� )���,+�,���7 � �7 �:�� ���7�� +�( ��7� #�< ����8� J� ) =���� �?.� � ���� )� � �� )?���

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� � 3 �)�6��� ����( )%� . 3�� +�����:) 1989 ( #$% &�� * �7 )* ���� ��, � #�< �"�� �T���� 0��J� ),����"���� Q��5 �� ����� -0�� : 3� E�, #�< P�� +3%�

$% )* ���� ��, �9� -���� 0����N ������ 147.38 J� ),���� ��$�� �T�� 0�� I7 �7� K !�"�� 0������ E�, -(��� ��,3 ��9��123.24� "�$� K 79.55Q��5 �� ���$� K .

5F ��� � ���� .)�- � (�����! �) Spawn(:

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F ) 0/( )* ����0� J �* ��� $% ������ >����� �. F�7 � ������ �, Z �� �� �� J . F �7 � ������ )� �T ���� �� � ��")�5 � ,?"�� ,���� ,��J)9�� ) 9�� (... F���7 �7�� )* ����� #0/c( ���,% Z9� ��?9� % >����� �� 5,� )Stamets and

Chilton, 1983; Oie, 2003.(

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6#��� � �-�"! 1� Conservation of mycelium : 05�� )* �� 3"(� :D5� 7� > ��,� �? ��( �,(� ��< �)Stock Cultures ( ��(�(

����(( ���� )?5",� ����� +�*�� #$% ���9� D5�( � � :>��,��� ��/��� 0���� #$% -,�9� + 3 ).�?R� D5��� 7� �� :���� )(� #�< ��� ���)Mineral Oil( > ��,� #�<

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)1979 (Perrin, ���� )� �0�� M��� �05�� � @��,� ��% )* �� D5� 7�� N,� #�< 27),� . )9� +�*�*3 �9( � � ��9��� �0���� Q���� )� �0� D5��� 7� ��7100 -����� �� 75 ��

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&�� ��()Ellis, 1979 .( �����)2003 (Oie, )%��3�� 0�� � #�< )Compost (� #$% ��( )* ���� D5�� &����,� &�0�� �7 � 7� P��� :�05�� ��,� ) ���?�� ) =��/�� � �,9�� J �* #$% +�6��� )* �� D.��( � 7� ��7�� :��(�� � �9(��� ��(���� ) $�% �9� P��� N $%

����(�� ���0" � [5"( -��(���� : (,� ���� ��( � � . !�"� +����� +��(%� ��, � D5� � :)5$7(�� )95(�� ��,7� :��, 3"(� ��D5�� �?.�� )� �0�� �� �=���� +�3Y�� ) �05�� )* ���� )* ���� D5� 7� � � :�=���� +�3d� �� � �.�( #�< ).�?8�� ) ��% ���" #�< ;�(�(�

����� � T� :)$ �0 ��(5� )� �0�� M���)Sanantonio, 1979; Smith, 1982 .( 3"( 7� ) ��9�� � ��(�� [��D +�( �3�� � ��(5� �05�� ����.��)* �� (���, J��( +�( @�0�,� �� �

� ��(�� [��D)Stoller, 1962; Oie, 2003(. ���� ��7)2000(Stamets, 3"(�� [��D� ��(��*(�� -. [$("( �05�� @��,� � #�<

������: @�,��. Volvariella volvacea,% N(* �� +��( ������� +�*��� ��?�9( �)?5",���: @�,�� -09 ��, � Pleurotus ostreatus���*� &� 3"(�� [��D +�( ) ��1

������:� � P�� �7)2000(Belitskiy and Krasnopolskaya, � � a � )* ���� 3"( � � �17�1.5 ��� ��?�� #$%) ��1�� ���*�� +�Q��� Q�0%< . � -.�

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+6��9�$� +�3Y�� +D5� -(�� �=������9 �* �"( ����, ������ % ��/��� 0���� #$% : [$(( �� )1��1�� )$��9��� -. )* ���� � a � ��7�=���� +�3Y� � 1(�_�,� �,�7 + ��� ) �"��

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and Chilton, 1983., Oie, 2003 .( ��(9( ����$( � �� ������ #$% ��D( -(�� ����� �7 : �< < #$% Q��5 �� +�3��.8�

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2006.(

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� �� �� �� �!" �� #��$%& '�!" �� #��$%& '�!" �� #��$%& '�!" �� #��$%& '�

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�(��(��(��(�))))� *+��,& � *+��,& � *+��,& � *+��,& !" �!" �!" �!" � Materials & Methods

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1# ������ � .)�! �:

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-��% �6" >$��2006F2007. 3#4 � � :�!�� :

����� � 5,( -. ��"(�� ���"(��� � =� �< C=�(,�� +$$�� :) =���9�� )$��7�� +�%�0��� � � ( C��,��GENSTAT� ���("� ��(�� � $�( ���*ANOVA:��� � ���� +�0��(

� )� � >���LSD )��� !�(�� �,% 5.%

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<'")1 ( � A�� -��!� � 3�!� � :�- �Somycel A15

<'")2( � A�� -��!� � 3�!� � :�- �M.C 450

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4#4 � � (A!�$! : �*�V�" + -��(�� �.� >��*( : 4#1# (������ �-��/� ����� ���� �� �/� �-�"! � Primary Mycelium

Production Stage by Tissue Culture: � 1( )���� !�* � � 0���� )9�( �/�) ��(�� +6��9��� �.� ):

1. ��*G 3��(�7� �0�0��� E$"(�� 0�� )PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) ����.( 2. � ��*G 3��(�7� +����� E$"(�� 0�)MEA (Malt Extract Dextrose Agar. 3. ��*G � 9��� E$"(�� 0�� )BaDA (Barley Extract Dextrose Agar . 4. ��*G �.���� E$"(�� 0��)OaDA (Oat Extract Dextrose Agar. 5. ��*G A���� E$"(�� 0��)WhDA (Wheat Extract Dextrose Agar. 6. 5�� E$"(�� 0�� ��*G )7 � )FrDA(Frekeh Extract Dextrose Agar . 7. ��*G Q�? ��� ����� E$"(�� 0��)SoDA(Sorghum Extract Dextrose Agar . 8. ��*G Q��5 �� ����� E$"(�� 0��)MaDA (Maize Extract Dextrose Agar. 9. ��*G �3*�� E$"(�� 0��)CaDA (Carrot Extract Dextrose Agar.

)$��9� �7 +,�?(��7� �7� ���0� ��%� +���7� )161 .

4#2# ���'����� �� �/� �-�"! � :Reproduction of Primary Mycelium Stage ) ���� )* ���� ��178 (� �0 ���"(�� �( :

1FE������ ��� )%�3��� )=3*( . 2F -����� A���� >��� #$% #�,��� ��� ������ )=3*(.

+��"(�� +6��9� ) �/��� 0�����)������ -(� �0 �($7� )$��9� �7 P��7 +��7� :��178� ��7� �7� ���0� ��%� +���7� )161.

4#3# ��>� ��������B�! � :��� �' � (�����' ?! ����9! 2�� 5:��� �' � (�����'� ; �

� ���2�� ��= � �!= � <�!�'� .)! ��� � ��� � �-�"! �!� . � 1( ��("�) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7 � )5$("� +�.�?< :7� 0�� #�< �� ���7�� +�,���

�$��� �9� -����� A���� >���-$ �� �.� : 1. )15 KCaSO4.2H2O +10 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7 )������.( 2. )15 KCaSO4.2H2O +15 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7. 3. )15 KCaSO4.2H2O +5 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7.

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4. )10 KCaSO4.2H2O +15 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7. 5. )10 KCaSO4.2H2O +10 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7. 6. )10 KCaSO4.2H2O +5 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7.

+,�?( ��9�� +���7� )161 )$��9� �7)��"��7� �7� ����� . 4#4F �� �! B�C� � ����@� )3��-� � (��� � ��� � ���� Production of Final

Spawn Mushroom Stage :

��"(��+ )* ���� � ��(� ) ���� 0����� � ?�( -. )5$("� ) $�� � ��� >��� ) ��(�� +6��9��� �.� �� $%:

1. -����� A������� [, 3 ) ������.( 2. ���� ��0�� A���6. 3. ½A�� -��� + ½��0 A��. 4. ��� A���� [, � )7 �5��3. 5. ⅓ -��� A��+ ⅓ ��0 A��+ ⅓ )7 �.. 6. � 9���. 7. �.����. 8. "���. 9. Q�? ��� �����.

10. Q��5 �� �����.

+,�?( +���7� )161 )$��9� �7)��"������ ) �*�500��(��7� �7� .

4#5# ���� ;� ?��9� � .��� �-�)� .)! ����� ����9�� � ������� � �� Effect

of Conservation Period and temperature on the Final Spawn

Viability: ����� +�*�� V�" #$% ������ ?� 1 :2 :3 :4 :5 ����� :� B 15 :30 :45 :60 :75 :

90 :105 :120 :135&��� .

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5#<!$ � �=��� : 5#1#������ � �!)9��! � (���9��! � ��> � �=��� �D���'�� :/� ���! � ( :

+�?� 0����� � ?�( -. )��"(���� >����� +� $"(�� �.� �7��� )���� )� �0)Oei, 2003(: �"�� �",���� >����� +5D, � � 50 +9?�� ���9�� Q����� +$�T� ��,� K

��� [ ?�� Q�%� -.1� �0�� Q�� �( � +�$�%�� ���� ( �1 )=��� ��, #$% +7�( ���� 24 ������ -. )%��: �� �� -.� -��(��>����� % E$"(���� � . :>����� +�9�(�� :� A��

-�0�� S����� E$"(����:� [ ?� N� ���%T ��� 3��(�7 � ���%�T �����*G : ��7�� #�< N�*�1�0���� Q����� �( � : 0���� �?� ��, � CaDA -$/� 300�3*�� � K J0����

-.1 ���� �0�� Q�� �(� 30)� �� : )� �0�� V5,� M� ?�( ��7(���. f?0�+ )*���� �,% 0���� )?��� pH = 7 ���"(��� ��(� �9�� ��$�� �� ��(���� +�Q��

)KOH) (Stamets and Chilton, 1983(�,% [67�(��� -. ) �/��� 0����� +��f% : )*�� ������� 121� B ���� 20 0/?� )� �� 1�* :� ���0� -. +%3� �1 ��(�) �0�9

�� ( ��9��25�� / ��0. # :/� ���! � (������ �� �! � +�"(,hh� �� / ) ��1 ���*� (�6��� 67 � )�� ��1 ,2( ��9� 24 )9���� ��� � �5�� Q��/�� �3�( ��� )%�� : ��1 :)������� )%��3�� � ������

+��0 ��$��� &� �0� ��$7�� � � 3 7�( �� �� �� 0.5 % ��� �5�=��� ) Booth, 1971( ���� ��9��� �0���� Q���� #�< +$�,� :� �9(�� ��$�� � ��� � E$"($� (� �� ��� #$% +55*�

&� ��0 +90c� �1 :��9� [��,: �"�� + �7��� )�97� �� / @3" ) J$?�� ��05 �� ( &��� ��( )9����� ����� �� (� )�0,� �)Stamets and Chilton, 1983() �7�3 ( -�. +�%�f3�

��0�� [ (,�) �7�4(�6T< �7��� ���0�� ��$(�� E�. � � $�($� :9� ���9(�� � ��(� �� ���5(��"�(�� � � $�(��� :���(. )Oei, 2003(.

<'")3 (�$�= �� 7�� � <���� �=��! ?! ��9 �9�<'" )4 (3��! � ��� � ;� ��9 � ����

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# ���'� �� �! � �� �/� �-�"! �: �( E������ ��� )%�3��� )* �� )=3*( )� �0� i� �"E����) 5�� (���9(�� [��0� � ��� )%�3��� $5�� >��1 )0���� ) Cork Borer( +$�,�

)������� ) �/��� 0����� ���( -(�� ���0�� #�<: ��0 �7 37�� -. E�� J?� � � ) ��7���5� 6(: �$ .������� ���0�� �6T< �7��� ��� ������ )* �� )=3*(� &�? � ����17< �( :

A���� >��� #$% #�,���)Mother spawn (J?�� )* ���� �� $% ���� A�� )�� 37�� -. )������ ) �/��� 0����� #$% ) ����� ��(� ���0�)��7���7� 8( . -. ���0�� +,?� �1

����� )*�� �,% ��,�� ).�T24� B �=�� �6D� .

<'")5 (<'" E��F/�� :/� ���! � �B�-�)6 (3��! � ��� � ;� :/� ���! � ?! E�F ��=��

<'" )7 (<'" :/� ���� � ?! ���)8 (3��! � ��� � ;� :/� ���� � ����

���0�� #$% ����, ���(7� #(� )* ���� ��, )����� �(: )� �0 �.� ) ��(�� +�Q����� +�"�� Belitsky and Krasnopolskaya (2000):

1. ��� �%�� ��, ))* ���� ) �/��� 0����� #$% )�� ���� .( 2. ) ��,�� ���9(���� �0� V� �)�� (�� � )161 �7 ) �/��� 0����� #$%. 3. ��� � ��/��� 0���� #$% ���9(���� ��, ���(7)�� ����(.

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4. )%�� ��,��)��/ �� ����( ���"(��� ���� � �(� :) ��(�� )���9��� : ��,�� )%�� = ���9(���� �0�)��/( �� �� ��%�� ��, Q�� � &����(%�)* �� ���(7� #(�

����,.

س w@( ا����"(ة) 10 ،9( <لأ&w =G�),

5. ��,�� ���9� >���:Growth Coefficient ��,�� ���9� >�� #$%� (�6��� �($7� �?.� ) �/��� 0�����-���� )* ���� +��,(�� )$��� -. )������� )� �0 �.�

)1966(Semerdzieva and Ceip )���9��� ���"(����) ��(�� :GC=d × g × h /t :� �:

d ) �05�� ���9(���� �0� )��.( g ���9(���� ).�17 )1 :.�17�� )$ $�): 2 :).�17�� )0��(�: 3 :)5 17 .( h ���9(���� @�5(�� )��.( t�� ��� ��05�� +�,(���� ��% .

[, (� ���9� #$% &����(%� ��05�� ����, #�<: F��< ��,�� )= 0� ��0. +����( )� � GC � 20F45. F ��< ��,�� )0��(� ��0. +����( )� � GC � 45F70. F ��< ��,�� )9 �� ��0. ( +���� )� �GC � 70F95.

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5#2# <��� ! � 2�� ��> �: A���� >��� +9�,-����� ���� -$/� Q��� 24��5 D,( �9� )%�� : ������ � ��$�T�

����7��� >������: � ���� +�$� ��%��=�&�� ��( �:�$��� Q�� �9�(��� + 5 �1 . +��,�3�� ���� Q���� � E$"($� [ D, A0� #$% >������=: Q��� #$% )D.����� J� )��0��� )��,

>���$������ 48F50%: >���$� [ ?� �1 15� �� ���7�� +�,���7 K 10 +�( ��7 K �7� ) =���� �� ���7��1>0��� 3��� V��� #$% >��� I7 )?����� )*��� )�D,� ����7

&�� * +0$"�Z9� ��?9� J� >����� �� (�� J,�� : Q#�% �1 -���� 100�� >����� � )9� ) *�*3 ����� -. ¼�(�:-�0�� 0���� ������� +��� :�� ,���� ���� + 0T� :

[67�(��� -. +��%�#$% )*���� 121 B� ���� 45� �� ). �9� ������� +��� ��� ��( �� 3 �0� E����5 ��� )%�3��� � �� �,% ),3"���� )���� ����� -. )*�,�� )%��3 % )*(�,��

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A����������� +,3"��� ������ #$% ) ����� )*���� �,% ������ -. 4� B ��0 �,( �*� � )Zadrazil, 1976 (�����"(�� ��.

+�?� ) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7� :+�,���7 � )5$("� >�, +�.�?< � 1( ���("� -.� A���� >������ �1�7(�� +���� � ?�( )� �0 V5,� -(��� � )5$("� +� �(�� ).�?< J� :

) ��(�� )� �0��� )?����� )*�� � ��(� :�� ���7�� +�( ��7� +�,���7 : �*� �"�50 �� � �*��� ��7�� :) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7� +�,���7 -(���� )$��9���� )��9���� )��$���� >�����

#�<100 +� � �1 : (%�� ��� #(� )%�� J�� �7 � * �7�� +7��� �0���� Q����� �� )?����� )*�� ���"(��� 3��*pH meter �9� �Q����� +�"� �1 30 ) ,�1 ) :N��.�� ��

1996(. -%��3�� �05�� ����� -=��,�� ;�(,8� )$��� -.� >��� @��,� J �* +�?� P��7

����� >��� -$T ��%��� J� :��� �1�7(�� +���� � ?�( )� �0 V5,� )������� � ����� ���� 0�. Q��5 ��20)� �� . >���$� [ ?� �115� �� ���7�� +�,���7 K 15 +�( ��7 K

=���� �� ���7�� �7� )1>��� I7 :)�0� )9� ) *�*3 ����� +=$�� ½�� �(�300 � �� :>����� �� ,���� ���� + 0T� -�0�� 0���� ������� +���: �,% [67�(��� -. +��%�

)*����121� B 0/?� 1��* � �9(�� ��(. ��� 3 ��%��� J� ) Oie, 2003( ���� 1.5)%�� .,�*(� � �9(�� �9� ������� +3f�)��0��� V:Z9� ��?9� J� >����� � 6( J,�� : +���

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A �$(��: � � $�($� P��� .��$(�� E�.+,?�� )*���� �,% 24� B � ���=�� �6D . +*��)161 �9� ������� A �$(�� � �� �: ��, @3�( ��?� P��� )* ���� J,��� >����� #$%

��?9� J� >����� �� (��. ) , 9�� +�������� �6" � ) ��(�� +�Q����� +�"�: F��, ) ��� �%�� )* ���� C�, ���(7� ���� 0�� #$% �,% -����� A������� ������ � ?�( . F ��, ) ��� �%��)* ���� C�, ���(7� ���� 0�� #$% )5$("��� +� �(���� �,% -����� A����

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)* �� C�, ���(7� �9� )�6��� Somycel A15 -����� A���� >��� #$%: ���% � �7(��� +�1�$��� � @�, �� ��*�) ) � (7� �� ) �0.( )� 9 �0 � T ���D� ) � �� ������� 3�c" :

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6F �!)9��! � ��� � ����/� ?!> (������� � ���� ��)=�Determination of protein

Percentage in the grain: +��� (����� )��, )� �0� ����$7 )kjeldahl method ( � ����� >��� 0���� �?

���)����.

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-��-��-��-��....�/�0-���& 1+0�/�0-���& 1+0�/�0-���& 1+0�/�0-���& 1+0

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�0��# �� �!(������ �� �/� �-�"! �):/� ���! �:( 1 – �C���� �-�"! � �!� <�!�'� .)! � � A�� ������ � EB��9 � �����.

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)�6�$�Somycel A15� 18.00 )�6�$� M.C 450?< :)�6��� +��5( P�� #�< ).�

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WhDA 18.3fgh 19.0ghij 18.51 EF FrDA 17.0cde 18.3fgh 17.33 CD SoDA 18.7ghi 19.0ghij 18.67EFG MaDA 19.0ghij 18.7ghi 18.67 EFG CaDA 20.3k 20.7kl 20.50 H

0��(��� ***17.40 A ***18.00 B

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��,�� )%�� +/$�5.57 :6.42 :6.10 :7.35�� / +6��9�$� �� PDA :MEA :BaDA :OaDA 0���� ��5( ��� :> (�(��� OaDA �*� � -. ) �/��� 0����� J �* #$% &� �,9� 0����CaDA I$� � � )* ���� ��, ���(7� ��� ��0� 20.5 ��, )%�� ���� :&��� 4.85

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46

3F �-�"! � �!� <�!�'� .)! � � A�� ������ � EB��9 �� ����! � ����/� ������C����.

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($��9��� ��5( &�? � D�6 � (�6���MEA : BaDA Q�,1(��� +6��9��� -��� #$% &� �,9�)$��9��� FrDA�6�$� )Somycel A15 )��,��� ����6�$�) M.C450. �� )�$��9��� +���5( MEA :!�"�� +6��9��� #$% &� �,9� )�$��9��� +���5( �� -.BaDA #�$% &�� �,9�

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A15 Somycel �7.2 �� / �� 6�$� � )M.C450 : #,�� +,�7� 0����� #�$% ���, )%�� ��/��� CaDA4.9�� / )�6�$� �� Somycel A15� 4.8�� / �� �6�$� ) M.C450 -. :

)%�� +����( ���,�� � �� 0����� -��� #$% 5.3 F 6.5�� / )�6��$� �� Somycel

A15� 5.3 – 6.3�� / )�6�$� �� M.C450. $��� -. C=�(,�� +$*� )*��,�� )%��3� ) ���� )* ���� +��,(�� )) ��7���11 :12(

��/��� 0���� ��5(OaDA ����(7� ��� � � � ) �,9� ���5� !�"�� 0����� ) �� -$% )* ���� ��, )%����67 (�6��� : 0���� M6( MEA � BaDA ����. �� D��6( ����

� E$"(���� �� � �7� � "�� 0���� � ) �,9� ��� 0����� � �?�( -. ��"(���� 9��� ���� :�.��( )���� +����� N �< +$ �( �� )Einde 1987; 1989; Devochkin,

1989; Belitskiy and Krasnopolskaya, 2000; Stamets, 2000; Oie, 2003:

Blinohvatov et al., 2004( ,+������ �.���� 0���� ��(9( � � F ��?.� �� ���*G � 0����� &� ��"� -%��3�� �05$� ) ���� )* ���� �1�7(� +��,(�� ) �/��. C=��(, +�, � ��7

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47

�.���� >��� � �7� ) =� � 7�� � ���(��: +�, (����� � �� * )��, #$% ��(�( ��,� � 9���� )10.2: 10.6%() ���*9(: )* ��$� ) �/� ����7 �> (�(��.

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J�� ��.��( ����� :-�,0��� #��< -�0 "�� � )* ���� ��, )9 �0 -. N� �< ����� ��� )1983 (Stamets and Chilton, , ��(9 ���� #�$% &����]� )* ���� ��, 0�, -. ���(����)* ���� ��,� >��,� � T ��/� 0�� ���"(�� )* (, ����(.

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Page 48: ˆˆˆˆ ˘ˇ !!!!˚˜ AgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporustishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/Faculty of Agriculture Master's... · 6 CERTIFICATE It is hereby certified

48

� �0( �( ��7 ����9�� ��� � )��(���� )���9���)Semerdzieva and Ceip, 1966 ( ���9� >���� ���9(���� @�5(�� � ���(%� #$% :��,�� 1 +��(%��. ���9(����� ).�17 ��� :��

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49

������# ���'� �� �! �� �/� �-�"! �: 1# '@� �=��� ����� ��!� <�!�'� .)! � � A�� ������ � EB��9 �� ����! � ����/�� ���

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50

��� ) �/��� 0����� -����)5.95F4.80(�� /�� . آ�� ������ا ����� ��ق ا���� �OaDA )�6��� �,% m Somycel A15 ���,9� ����5� E������ ��� )%�3��� )* �� )=3*( )� �0�

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)�6��� ��5( ���Somycel A15 )�6��� #$% MC 450 )%��� ��,�� ���(7� ��� � � � N �< ���� ��7 )�6� �7� ) 1����� +�5 �� #�< ��9 . :)* ����)Tanaschuk, 2000 ( �

)�6��� [6("�� [$(" )* ��$� ��,�� )%��.

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51

<'")14 ( E��F/�� :/� ���! � �-�"! �B�-�

<'")15 ( ��= � �!= � ;� ;!�! � :/� ���� � �-�"! �B�-�

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52

���*5 : -. )�6���� ) �/��� 0������ ��178� )� �0 � 1( ���)* ���� ��, ���(7�.

�05�� )* �� ��, ���(7� ��� 0��(�)�� (

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WhDA 16.3efgh 16.7fghi 16.50EFG 17.3hijk 17.7ijkl 17.50IJ

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53

���*6 :)* ���� ��, )%�� -. )�6���� 0������ ��178� )� �0 � 1(. )%�� 0��(� �05�� )* �� ��,)��/�� (

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�� ���7��� + ��7�� �� ,%: ���� � �7 N �< ���� �� J� �.��( )Stoller, 1962;

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��$���# �� �! B�C� � ����@� )3��-� � (��� � ��� � ���� : � )��,��� -. )5$("� ) �� 0���� � 1( ��� ���(7� C�, � )* �� �� $% -%��3�� �05� 7�

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�9��A���� >��� ����� �05�� )* �� ���("� )���� -����� #$% ) �/(��� )7 �5��� >����� �"�� -=��/�� �3"��� � � 7�� � $�(�� M�7� #$% ��]��(�� � � � A���� >���� -=

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� � #$% ������ D.��) ) ��%�,% ��� ����+�*���� �,% ��, 3"( 1, 2, 3� B ��� ��, ]0��( #�< P�� !39 :)* ����76�(�� ��%� �� )%��� )���� �? ��"���� ) =��/�� ����$�

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) ��(�� ) ���� ����$� -%��3�� �05�� ���� � ���� �(� ;�(,< ;�(� : 400 )� �� -��� A�� K 6� . V) �9�1 I7 15� .V( 11 �� ���7�� +�( ��7 K )� �� ) =����22� . V) �9�1 I7 1900� .V( 11 )� �� �� ���7�� +�,���7 K 18� . V) �9�1 I7 1600� .V(

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2222�3� �3� �3� �3� 4444�0.-.�0.-.�0.-.�0.-.4444 '0 '0 '0 '0

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'0�0.-.�3� '0�0.-.�3� '0�0.-.�3� '0�0.-.�3�

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6F ��� ����(( �05�� ���� 3"(� ����� )*�� �?.� 1F3 ) � �� D�5(��� 7� � � � B &��� (� ���� ) ��%.

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05�� @��,� J �* ���� ;�(,8 ������ M�� A$ ()��7��� ��. 2F Q��*<) "(� +����� �� [��� ) �/(�� 0���� #�< ) ,�9�� ) �?% +�.�?< ���"(�

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3F #$% ������ ������ ���("� N(%��3� � ����� >��� )%��3�� 0�� #$% )Compost (� ��(� N(��*� ;�(,8� ) �7.

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7 �!)1(

���!� � :��-/� ;� <�� � ���� � �� �!Compost Spawning Stage: ��17< �( (�6��� � �7 )* �� (������� � &�Q�� ��(=3*(�%�3� ��*G #$% ���,� )

#$% ���("� > ��,� -. �=������0��/��� PDA : �05�� ���� #$% �� ��� �,%�)Spawn (&����� �?���� )%��3�� 0�� #$% @�3 , (�6��� � �7� ) ��1�� ���*�� #$% �� �$�

&���� ����� -. �����"(��. 1# ���� � ��� (���'! Compost Ingredients :

�?�� 0�� ) ��(�� ������ � )%��3� :100 � ��0� J0�� A�� S� I7 5F10 �� �80� �%�,� [�* ;3�0 ;��. ;�*� ��� I7 5� A�� )��", I7 3.5� 0��� )��7 I7 8 I7

) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7) V�*�� (�450 Q�� �(� )Stamets and Chilton, 1983;

Stamets, 2000; Oie, 2003.( 2# � ��� ��> � ����Compost Preparation:

) ��(�� )� �0��� )%��3�� 0�� �?�: ���� �� �� -. :Q����� A���� S� J�, >0� �1 ��9�� Q�����2��� /) ��((� �� � )161 ���� �� ) )7$�(���� Q���� ) �7250F300�( � ( .� -.

J����� �� �� :S��� #�< ;�*��� ��� [ ?�:� 0$"�� ) $�% +�((�� J� > 0� �1 +9�*)��7 �7� #$% +�,�7��� , ���� > $�( �� )��7�� +7�(3 ������� )*�� +95(�� � � �� �

$"���� #�< 65F70� B .J����� �� �� -. :��� 0�( � %�� ��� ��� )��7�� +�$n� � �7(� � �* � +�,�7���. ���9�� �� �� -. :&)$��7 )��",��� )��7�� ) �7 +5 ?�-. �% Q�,1� > $�( ) $

)��7������:) ,�1 ��� 0�( � %�� ��� �7(� .��% ���1�� �� �� -. : )��7�� +�n$�)1��1�� ���$� ��� 0�( � %����� �7(� .��% V����� �� �� -.� : ) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7 ) �7 +5 ?�

P��� :&)$��7 )?����� ��� � �9(� ���18�� ��,�� ��(. ��0 ��� D,(�� ��( 0�� ���� #�< ).�?8�� :�� (���� )*�3$�� J,�� )%��3�� � [ 5"(�� C(�,�� ��?�� % 3 7�(��

) ,�9��� � �,9$� -��9�� )K, Mg, P, Na .( )��7�� +�$� �1)9����� ���$���� 0�( � %�� ��� �7(� .��% J��(�� �� �� -. : )��7�� +�$�)���"�� ���$���� 0�( � %�� ��� �7(� .-. �� ��

��9��� -,�1�� : )��7�� +�$�P��7��� 0�( � %�� ��� �7(� . #�< )%��3�� 0�� � � ��� )$�����"(�� ���(7�� ,���� � &� ��" A� �� ..��9��� V��"�� �� �� - : )��7�� +�n$�

��(���� �5, #�< )%��3�� 0�� ��, �1 :&�� *)����� ,;1997-$% ,1995> Stamets and

Chilton, 1983;(.

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3# .���� � ���! Pasteurization Stage:

��7�R� �5,�� �$T�� ��(���� �5, #�< )%��3�� 0�� ��, , 0�� ����� )*�� +9.� �1 )*�� #�< J �� �7�� )%��3��57 � B ���� J���+�%�� "���� ��"����: M�� #$% D.���

���� )*����-,��1P��� +�%�� ��?� Q� ��� �(� )0$"�� -. ���?��)compost ( �1����?�� ��05��� >����� Z� �� >7�,9��: ������� )*�� +?5" �1 &� * ��( �6"12 ��

��9��2� B /�� .�%Q# ) 7 (�6� � ��, -. )%��3�� 0�� )32×38×50�� ( ��9��20 I7/ ���, )7���� 20�� ) Stamets and Chilton, 1983.(

4# ���� � Spawning Stage:

+$ � ���,% )%��3�� +�( #�< )%��3�� 0�� ����� )*�� 25� � � B +T�. �7 +� �(��5��9�� [ D, A0� #$% � ��, : ��� [ ?�� 1 ��9�� �� �0. ���� �(� 10

�(�/ 0)Stamets and Chilton, 1983(, ) $�% + �*�� �7�� 0���� J� ������ 0$"V,�*(�:�9( � %� �1 )= 0�� J� � ��, �� #�< A�$��� )%��3��0/?�� [ 5"�� � -���� @�5(�

20�� :� ��, �� A0� #$% ������ Z9� �1, ) �7�18(: ����� >0�� ������ A0��� -0T A0��� [�5* ���5(� Q���� .)%��3�� e ��(� )�6��� ��� �� $% �*� )��0�� ���, �7 ��3 .

?�(�� ).�T #�< � ��, �� +$�, �1 .9?� )*�� +0�?� ?�(�� ).�T -. � ��, �� + ).�/�� Q��� ������,% )*����24� B ) ��, Q��� )��0�� �=�� �6D� 90F95 .% +7�(

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)%��3�� 0��

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5# ����� � Casing Stage:

+�6� �D9� < @�,�� A. bisporus �0 >$0(() 0/( )� [=�D��� � � �9��� �� �$�. F 5�(�7�( 3) ��1�� ���*�� +�Q��� : �(� ��0(( ������ -(��-09) ��1�� ���*�� . F ���� Q��� ������� V��(�� �� [�5*�� � +�����7�� � ) *��"�� )��0�� D5�(.

F �05�� ) ��( �7� p�,�� +�����7�� � �3�/�� ����(�� ) $�% � D,(. P��� �9� #�< ������� )*�� Z 5"(16F18:�B 3�T 3 7�( � � $�($� P��� ) ��(��� �������

���7�� � �7�� -,�1) Flegg and Smith, 1982; Flegg et al., 1985; Al

Haji, 1991(. +�?�) 0/(�� )��( ) ��(�� +�,�7��� � :80 % V��( ��15 % �%�, ���, ���� 5 %

�7� �� ���7�� +�,���7Q���� � ) .�7 ) .Q���� [ ?� � � � )*�� #(� )��(�� +�,�7� +$"�� �1 :@���8���� ?�( �9� ) 0/(�� )��( :��(���� ).�T #�< +9.�� ������� )*�� #�<

)*���� 70� B �� $% D.��� ����2)%�� . )*���� #�< )��(�� � ��( �9�25� B + 0T �� V,�*(� �7�� )��(�� M��� � ��, �� )7���3F5 J� �� 0/?��[ 5"�� )�7� 20(: +� %�

#$% )D.������ ) ��(��� �=�� �7�� > 0�(�� ��%��� J� : ?�(�� ).�T #�< � ��, �� )��0���� �17� 90% �9� :���% ��(7� �� � ���(,�) 0/(�� )��( A0� #$% )* ���� , � �

) 0/(�� )��( +�3%:&� �0� 3�(� )* ���� J 0�(� P��� V,�*(� �7�� A0��� #$% ��9 :���18� #$% ��? ��(�� > 0�(�� J� 0/?��[ 5"�� )�7�21.(

�7�) 20( ) $�% ) 09(�� )��(� ) 0/(�� �7�) 21( ) 0/(�� )��( #$% )* ���� C�,

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#�< ������� )*�� +?5"16� B :&� * ��( ( �(�).�/�� ) ��� * �7�� ��(��� ��� 3� 7�(� ����?�� *�7��� )��,�) ��1�� ���*�� .) ��1�� ���*�� �7�( Q�� D��� �9�

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1. 3)�)�� ,M���) .1974 .(+� ����� .+�%��0���� >(7�� ) � ��:���� )9��* .���� ,��*��) ����� ) ��9�� ) �� .300)�5 .

2. ?�)�! ?���! V)! � 5<��- �?�)�� W���) .1995 .() ����� )%��3�� , >(7�� ) � ��+�%��0���� ,)%��3�� ) $7 , ��( )9��* ,) ��6��, ) ��� .419)�5 .

3. ?���5���- V)�"� � )�� ?����� ���- ) .1996( .+��,��� )��(�� � $�( , � �����("�.����7 < .>$� ,) ���. 172)�5 .

4. W��� 5?�)���?� )�! !) .2005.(-%��3�� �05�� ;�(,< . ��� ) ����< ���,466 .-%��3�� ����8� ) � �� ,-%��3�� �6 8�� )%��3�� ���3� ,���� , ) ��9�� ) ����*��

) ����� .24 )�5.

5. ?�� �5.��!� ) .1989.(� � �57( -(�� ����9�� � ��( �? -,�(���� �05�� )%��3 @���9�� @��3�� +�,�7�< .� (�*�� )����,)%��3�� ) $7 ,>$� )9��*. (����� ��� . 168

)�5.

6. .)� " �5?!�� 5.)�$ � ) .1997.(-%��3�� �05�� ;�(,<� )%��3� ) ,5�� > ����� . ��� ).�9���FAO .���� .157)�5 .

7. ��5?���! .�.)� )�! !. )1992( .-%��3�� �05�� ;�(,< .����� ��� +����,�. >$� ,) ��� .264)�5 .

8. �5)! � ) .1995X .( ��7��� ����� >��/�� S % )V�.�(�� .()%��3�� ) $7 +����,� ,V�� % )9��* ,) ��9�� � � ) ����* .407)�5 .

9. �5)! � ) .19952 .(>��/�� S % )%��3 .)%��3�� ) $7 +����,� ,��* % )9V��:) ��9�� � � ) ����* .284)�5 .

10. .) �! � :!Y ���� �� ���R/� �!1�! ����� � ��B�� @� ��!-! �FAO. :��/

)2001 ,2003 ,2004 ,2006.(

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11. �� 3��� 5 ��)!) .1994.(D5���� ;�(,8� >��/�� S % . )��9�� ����8� +����,�) %��3�� ).��1$�:�� � � ) ����* ) ��9 .208 )�5 .

12. ?�� � 5����!. )2002.( ��0 ��D5� ��0 ��*�(,< ��7��� -%��3�� �05�� ��=��$� �����%< . ��� Q6% ��� .) ����� ) ��9�� ) ����*�� .185)�5 .

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Summary:

The effect of nutrient media on the growth of primary mycelium

(Mother culture) of two Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange) Imbach strains

(Somycel A15 and M.C 450) have been studied, by using tissue culture

method, and determine the effect of two primary mycelium production

methods on the growth completion time and growth rate of the two

strains, and effect of adding different rates of hydrous calcium sulphate

(CaSO4.2H2O) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the growth

completion time of the mycelium on durum wheat grain, and testing of

different cereal grain species on the growth of mycelium in the

commercial production of spawn. In addition to determining the effect

of duration and temperature of storage on the spawn viability at the

storage temperature (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ْC for a period of 135 day probationary

period every 15 days.

Results revealed significant superiority of the medium (Oat extract

- dextrose - agar) over all nutrient media studied and for both strains

SomycelA15 and M.C 450, where the completion growth time of the

two strains were 14.3, 14.7 days respectively, while the growth rates

were 7.5, 7.2 mm/day, for the two strains respectively.

They also showed the results of the use of two methods (1-

fragmenting mother culture by disks; 2- dividing the mother spawn), on

growth time and mycelium growth rate on the nutrient media studied,

results showed that the best primary mycelium fragmentation method

was the mother culture dividing method. Where the growth time

completion were 16.43, 17.20 days for the two methods respectively,

and the average growth rates were 5.95, 5.25 mm/day for the two

methods respectively.

The results showed that mycelium growth rate when adding the

treatment (15 g CaSO4.2H2O + 15 g CaCO3)/1 kg wet weight of durum

wheat, for both strains (Somycel A15 and M.C 450), it was competed at

6.3, 7.0 days for both strains respectively, and with moral differences

compared with the treatment (10 g CaSO4.2H2O + 5 g CaCO3)/1 kg wet

weight of durum wheat where the growth took 11.6, 12.6 days

respectively.

Results showed the significant superiority of durum wheat

treatment over other treatments, where the completion growth time was:

6.0, 7.2 days for the two strains Somycel A15 and M.C450,

respectively. While growth on the oat grain medium took the longest

time (11.4, 11.3 days) for the two strains respectively.

Previous results showed superiority the strain Somycel A15, from

French origin over the strain M.C450 in growth time completion and

growth rate on both nutrient and grains studied.

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The results showed that the spawn product which stored at the

temperatures 1, 2 and 3 ْ C maintained its vitality by 100% for two

months of storage, while the vitality value fell down to 88% and 71% at

store temperatures 4 and 5 Cْ respectively. and the results showed there

is a contrast between the storage temperature and the vitality of the

spawn, whenever temperature storage and period storage increased the

spawn vitality decreased. Until was no vitality at 5 ْC temperature and

storage period 135 days.