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Understanding Understanding Cancer and DiabetesCancer and Diabetes

Chapter 13Chapter 13

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CancerCancer

Cancer is a group of diseases Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled, characterized by uncontrolled, disorderly cell growth disorderly cell growth

Cancer is the second-leading cause of Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the U.S. and the leading cause death in the U.S. and the leading cause for young adults and children for young adults and children

One in four Americans will eventually One in four Americans will eventually develop one or more of the more than develop one or more of the more than 100 different forms of cancer100 different forms of cancer

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Cancer FactsCancer Facts

Sometimes the nucleus of a cell looses Sometimes the nucleus of a cell looses the ability to regulate cell growth, the ability to regulate cell growth, producing a mutant cell producing a mutant cell

A mass of mutant cells is called a A mass of mutant cells is called a neoplasm (tumor) neoplasm (tumor)

A neoplasm can be malignant A neoplasm can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous) (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous)

Malignant tumors can spread and crowd Malignant tumors can spread and crowd out normal tissueout normal tissue

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Causes and PreventionCauses and Prevention

Metastasis is the process by Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from which cancer cells spread from their primary site to a secondary their primary site to a secondary site site

Cancer is caused by both Cancer is caused by both external and internal factors external and internal factors

Ten or more years often elapses Ten or more years often elapses from the time of cell mutation from the time of cell mutation until actual detection of the until actual detection of the cancercancer

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Causes and PreventionCauses and Prevention

CarcinogensCarcinogens are any cancer-causing are any cancer-causing agents agents

Proto-oncogenesProto-oncogenes regulatory genes regulatory genes found in all cells found in all cells – Disruptions in proto-oncogenes caused by Disruptions in proto-oncogenes caused by

environmental factors or replication errors environmental factors or replication errors can result in a cancer-producing gene can result in a cancer-producing gene (oncogene) (oncogene)

Suppressor genes control cell growthSuppressor genes control cell growth

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Causes and PreventionCauses and Prevention

Cancer requires the production of a cancer-Cancer requires the production of a cancer-producing gene as well as failure of the producing gene as well as failure of the

immune system to recognize and destroy immune system to recognize and destroy mutant cellsmutant cells

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Causes and PreventionCauses and Prevention

Evidence suggests that about 1/3 of Evidence suggests that about 1/3 of the 564,830 estimated cancer deaths the 564,830 estimated cancer deaths in 2006 were related to nutrition, in 2006 were related to nutrition, inactivity and obesityinactivity and obesity

It is also estimated that ~ 170,000 It is also estimated that ~ 170,000 cancer deaths in 2006 were due to cancer deaths in 2006 were due to tobacco usetobacco use

ALL PREVENTABLE CAUSESALL PREVENTABLE CAUSES

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Cancer SitesCancer Sites

Skin cancer Skin cancer is the most is the most common common cancer cancer

The cancer The cancer that that killskills most often most often among both among both genders is genders is lung cancerlung cancer

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Cancers of Concern to EveryoneCancers of Concern to Everyone

Lung cancerLung cancer – The leading cause of cancer death around the world The leading cause of cancer death around the world – Early diagnosis is rareEarly diagnosis is rare– Many cancer causing substances found in tobacco are also Many cancer causing substances found in tobacco are also

found in marijuanafound in marijuana

Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer – Ranks third in cancer deaths for men and women In the U.S.Ranks third in cancer deaths for men and women In the U.S.– The cure rate for colorectal cancer is only 10% once is has The cure rate for colorectal cancer is only 10% once is has

spreadspread– Diet is considered the primary cause of colorectal cancer Diet is considered the primary cause of colorectal cancer

developmentdevelopment

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Stomach, Liver, and Pancreatic Stomach, Liver, and Pancreatic CancerCancer

Stomach cancerStomach cancer – Steadily declining in the U.S., probably Steadily declining in the U.S., probably

because of refrigeration and decreased use because of refrigeration and decreased use of salt as a preservative of salt as a preservative

Liver cancerLiver cancer – Very deadly; in the U.S. it is most closely Very deadly; in the U.S. it is most closely

linked to hepatitis and cirrhosis linked to hepatitis and cirrhosis Pancreatic cancerPancreatic cancer

– One of the five leading causes of cancer One of the five leading causes of cancer death, but relatively little is known about itdeath, but relatively little is known about it

– 5 year survival rate is only 4%5 year survival rate is only 4%

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Lukemia and LymphomaLukemia and Lymphoma

LeukemiaLeukemia– The causes are largely unidentified; in The causes are largely unidentified; in

adults, progression of the disease is slow adults, progression of the disease is slow and produces few symptoms and produces few symptoms

LymphomaLymphoma – Cancer of lymphoid tissue Cancer of lymphoid tissue – Hodgkin’s disease rates have declined, Hodgkin’s disease rates have declined,

especially among the elderly especially among the elderly – Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma rates have nearly Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma rates have nearly

doubled since the 1970sdoubled since the 1970s

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Skin Cancer Skin Cancer the most frequently occurring types of cancer are skin cancersthe most frequently occurring types of cancer are skin cancers

Basal cell carcinomaBasal cell carcinoma – The most common skin cancer, but it The most common skin cancer, but it

grows slowly and rarely spreadsgrows slowly and rarely spreads Squamous cell carcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma

– The second most common skin cancer; it The second most common skin cancer; it also grows slowly, but it does metastasize also grows slowly, but it does metastasize

Malignant melanomaMalignant melanoma – The least common skin cancer, but it The least common skin cancer, but it

causes of 75% of skin cancer deathscauses of 75% of skin cancer deaths

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Skin Cancer: MelanomaSkin Cancer: Melanoma

Incidence of melanoma seems to be Incidence of melanoma seems to be related to intermittent sun exposure and related to intermittent sun exposure and blistering sunburns early in life blistering sunburns early in life

Melanoma often appears on parts of the Melanoma often appears on parts of the body rarely exposed to the sun; use of body rarely exposed to the sun; use of sunscreen does not seem to decrease risk sunscreen does not seem to decrease risk

Melanoma incidence has increased Melanoma incidence has increased dramatically in the last few decadesdramatically in the last few decades

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Skin CancerSkin Cancer

Knowing the ABCDs of skin cancer can Knowing the ABCDs of skin cancer can help you detect melanoma in the early, help you detect melanoma in the early, treatable stagestreatable stagesA = Asymmetry (halves are shaped A = Asymmetry (halves are shaped

differently) differently)

B = Border irregularity (may have scalloped B = Border irregularity (may have scalloped or uneven edges) or uneven edges)

C = Color (color is not uniform) C = Color (color is not uniform)

D = Diameter (larger than 6 mm)D = Diameter (larger than 6 mm)

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Oral CancerOral Cancer

Occurs more than twice as often in Occurs more than twice as often in males than femalesmales than females

Cigar and pipe smoking as well as Cigar and pipe smoking as well as use of smokeless tobacco are use of smokeless tobacco are primary causesprimary causes

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Breast CancerBreast Cancer

One in nine women who live to age 85 One in nine women who live to age 85 will develop breast cancer will develop breast cancer – The 5-year survival rate for localized breast The 5-year survival rate for localized breast

cancer is 96%cancer is 96%– Distant metastasis has only a 21% 5-year Distant metastasis has only a 21% 5-year

survival rate survival rate Monthly breast self-exams remain the Monthly breast self-exams remain the

primary way to detect breast cancer primary way to detect breast cancer when small and localizedwhen small and localized

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Other Cancers Affecting WomenOther Cancers Affecting Women

Uterine cancerUterine cancer – Occurs in either the cervix or the endometrium Occurs in either the cervix or the endometrium

Cervical cancerCervical cancer – One of the most treatable forms of cancer One of the most treatable forms of cancer

Ovarian cancerOvarian cancer – Often deadly because it is rarely found in the Often deadly because it is rarely found in the

early stagesearly stages

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Cancers Affecting MenCancers Affecting Men

Testicular CancerTesticular Cancer– Five thousand 15- to 34-year-old men are Five thousand 15- to 34-year-old men are

diagnosed every year diagnosed every year – Young men should perform a monthly Young men should perform a monthly

testicular self-exam testicular self-exam Prostate cancer Prostate cancer

– rarely strikes young men rarely strikes young men – Although it is the second leading cause of Although it is the second leading cause of

cancer death in men, early diagnosis has a cancer death in men, early diagnosis has a 100 percent cure rate100 percent cure rate

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TreatmentTreatment

SurgerySurgery– Removal of malignant tissueRemoval of malignant tissue

ChemotherapyChemotherapy– Combination of drugs and hormonesCombination of drugs and hormones– Destroy cancer cells’ ability to divide and Destroy cancer cells’ ability to divide and

replicate; also affects health cellsreplicate; also affects health cells Antiangiogenesis TherapyAntiangiogenesis Therapy

– Stops cancerous growths from developing new Stops cancerous growths from developing new blood vesselsblood vessels

– Only mild side effectsOnly mild side effects– Note very effective as the sole treatmentNote very effective as the sole treatment

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Other TreatmentsOther Treatments

RadiotherapyRadiotherapy Bone marrow and peripheral blood Bone marrow and peripheral blood

stem cell transplantsstem cell transplants ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy Complementary therapiesComplementary therapies

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Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases characterized by A group of diseases characterized by the body’s inability to make insulin, the body’s inability to make insulin, insufficient insulin production, or the insufficient insulin production, or the

inability to properly use insulin inability to properly use insulin

Due to unavailability of insulin, the Due to unavailability of insulin, the body’s glucose (blood sugar) is body’s glucose (blood sugar) is unavailable for use and unavailable for use and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) resultsresults

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Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

When sugar is not available for When sugar is not available for energy, fat must be used energy, fat must be used

Fat as an energy source without Fat as an energy source without glucose causes an excess of glucose causes an excess of chemicals called ketone bodies to chemicals called ketone bodies to build up in the body build up in the body

Ketone bodies increase the acid level Ketone bodies increase the acid level of the blood, leading to many physical of the blood, leading to many physical problems, including ketoacidosis and problems, including ketoacidosis and deathdeath

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How Diabetes How Diabetes Effects the Effects the

BodyBody

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Type 1 DiabetesType 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease that occurs An autoimmune disease that occurs most frequently in children and most frequently in children and

young adults young adults

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce any insulin because of to produce any insulin because of autoimmune damage autoimmune damage – Insulin injections of daily monitoring of Insulin injections of daily monitoring of

blood sugar levels are necessaryblood sugar levels are necessary

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Type II DiabetesType II Diabetes

The most common and is found The most common and is found primarily in people over 40 years old primarily in people over 40 years old

Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to heredity and obesityheredity and obesity– Condition can often be controlled with Condition can often be controlled with

diet, exercise, and weight managementdiet, exercise, and weight management

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Other ComplicationsOther Complications

Pre-Diabetes Pre-Diabetes – At risk for developing type 2 diabetesAt risk for developing type 2 diabetes– Blood glucose levels are higher than Blood glucose levels are higher than

normal but not high enough for a normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetesdiagnosis of diabetes

Gestational Diabetes (type 2)Gestational Diabetes (type 2)– Occurs in some women during pregnancyOccurs in some women during pregnancy– Must be managed to avoid further Must be managed to avoid further

complicationscomplications

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TreatmentTreatment There is no cure for diabetesThere is no cure for diabetes 50% to 85% of all complications are 50% to 85% of all complications are

preventable or treatablepreventable or treatable negligence can result in early deathnegligence can result in early death

Type II can often be controlled with weight Type II can often be controlled with weight loss, exercise and adequate nutritionloss, exercise and adequate nutrition– emphasis on carbohydrate consumptionemphasis on carbohydrate consumption– exercise linked to decreased incidenceexercise linked to decreased incidence

for each 500 calorie increment in exercise-risk for for each 500 calorie increment in exercise-risk for type II decreases 6%type II decreases 6%

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TreatmentTreatment

There have been many advancements in There have been many advancements in treating diabetestreating diabetes– new medications that increase insulin, slows new medications that increase insulin, slows

absorption of blood sugar; makes the body absorption of blood sugar; makes the body more receptive to insulinmore receptive to insulin

– new types of insulinnew types of insulin– new methods of delivering insulin to the bodynew methods of delivering insulin to the body– better methods of monitoring glucosebetter methods of monitoring glucose– Islet cell transplantsIslet cell transplants– pancreas transplantspancreas transplants

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Understanding Cancer and DiabetesUnderstanding Cancer and Diabetes

Chapter 13Chapter 13