abacterial...lexicon of pharmacy 1 a a abacterial : free from bacteria. abasia : inability to walk....

LEXICON OF PHARMACY 1

AAAbacterial : Free from bacteria.Abasia : Inability to walk.Abbokinase : Is a glycosylated serine protease consisting of 411

amino acid residues, which exists as tow polypeptidechains, connected by a single disulfide bond.

Abciximab : B1 is a chimeric fab fragment monoclonal antibodythat can bind to the gpiia/iiib receptor of platelet andblock the ability of fibrinogen to associate with theplatelet.

Abciximab : Abciximab is a Fab fragment of the chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody 7E3. Abciximab binds tothe glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor of humanplatelets and inhibits platelet aggregation bypreventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrandfactor, and other adhesive molecules. It also binds tovitronectin (αvβ3) receptor found on platelets andvessel wall endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

Abdomen : The part of the body of a vertebrate containing thedigestive and reproductive organ.

Abetalipoproteinemia : An inhibited disease in which apo-b and betalipoprotein are absent in plasma.

Adhesion : The property of remaining in close proximity.Abietic acid : A major active constituent of colophony.Aborticide : Expels or destroys embryo.Abortion : Separation and expulsion of the contents of the

pregnant uterus before the 28th week of pregnancy.Abortifacient : A drug that causes artificial abortion.Abrasion : Rubbing of the surface of the skin or mucous

membrane due to some mechanical injury.Abrasion test : Abrasion tests, which involve standardized tumbling

of granules, can also be valuable in assessing theirhandling properties and in readily comparing thestrength of different batches.

Abrasive : A finely divided, hard, refractory material.Abric : Sublimed sulfur.Abscess : A localized collection of pus.Absinthism : Liquor prepared from herbs such as anise and

wormwood.

1

2 LEXICON OF PHARMACY

AAAbsolute alcohol : Dehydrated alcohol.Absorbable cellulose : Oxidized cellulose used in surgical dressings.Absorb : To take in or assimilate.Absorbent : These are colloidal bulk forming substances which

absorb water and swell.Absorbent cotton : A surgical aid prepared from cotton.Absorbent gauze : A plain woven cloth of cotton.Absorbent gauze : Substances capable of holding of quantities of fluids

in dry state.Absorption : 1. Adhesion on thin layer of molecules of gas, liquid

or solid, being a surface phenomenon.2. A process of movement of drug from the site of

application into the extracellular compartment ofthe body.

3. Absorption is defined as the amount of drug thatreaches the general circulation unchanged.

Absorption adjuvant : A substance that increases the rate of absorption.Absorption bands : Markings of absorption due to vibration of bonds in

IR spectrum.Absorption base : Hydrophilic mixture has been known as “absorption

bases”.Absorption of drug : Movement of a drug from the site of application into

the extracellular part of body.Absorption window : Some drugs are only soluble at a particular ph or they

are absorbed using a specific mechanism. With suchproperties those drugs can only be absorbedin specific segments of the GI tract. Those particularsegments are named “absorption windows”.

Abstinence : A refraining from the use of or indulgence in food,stimulants of sexual intercourse.

Abstract : A dried powder produced by extracting the activeprinciples from a crude drug.

Abstraction : 1 Withdrawal 2 Separation of chemical constituents.Anti-asthmatic : Curing asthma.Acacia gum : A gummy exudation from various species of the

acacia tree, use as an emulsifying and suspendingagents.

Acaricide : A pesticide effective on mites and ticks.Acapnia : A condition of diminished carbon dioxide in the

blood.Acarbose : 1. An anti-diabetic drug used to treat type-2 diabetes

mellitus and, pre-diabetes.2. It is a complex oligosaccharide which reversibly

inhibits alpha-glucosidase.Acari : A group of mites and ticks.


AAcarodermatitis : Any skin inflammation caused by mites.Accela-cota system : The new accela-cota flex 500 is a manufacturing

solution to increase tablet coating productivity whilemaintaining product quality, consistency, and processreliability.

Accelerant : Material has been experimentally studied in attemptsto increase the rate of absorption of topically drugs.These agents are often called “accelerants”.

Accelerin : A blood coagulation factor.Acceptable quality level : An acceptable quality level (eg., a batch of tablet is

considered to be accepted if it contain 2% or lessunacceptable tablet).

Acceptor : A substance which unites with another substance.Accogel machine : The “accogel machine”, is unique in that it is the only

equipment that accurately fills powdered dry solidsinto soft gelatin capsules.

Accumulation : Accumulation represents the relationship between thedosing interval and the rate of elimination for thedrug. This term is used frequently in both thenonclinical and clinical setting.

Accuracy : Accuracy is defined as the closeness of a measuredvalue to its true value.

Accutane : Is a retinoid used for the treatment and prevention ofsevere acne.

ACD solution : Anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution.Ac-di-sol : The disintegrating characteristics of microcrystalline

cellulose have been reported previously in thischapter: however, in the cellulose class, a newmaterial known as ac-di-sol is now available and iseffective in low concentration levels.

Acebutolol : A white crystalline powder used as a beta-receptorantagonist, antihypertensive, anti-anginal and anti-arrhythmic.

Achene : A dry, one seeded fruit with a firm, close fittingpericarp which does not split along regular lines inindehiscent.

Acenocoumarol : One of the synthetic coumarin anticoagulant having arapid onset of intermediate duration of action.

Acentric hilum : 1. Hilum not present in the centre.2. A chromosome lacking a centromere.

Acepromazine maleate : A tranquillizer used in veterinary medicine.Acetabulum : The large cup-shaped cavity on the lateral surface of

the innominate bone in which the head of femur fits.Acetal : A colorless volatile liquid, formed by combination of

acetaldehyde with an alcohol.


AAAcetaldehyde : A colorless liquid with pungent, fruity odor and an

intermediate in yeast fermentation of carbohydrateand alcohol metabolism in man.

Acetamide : A colorless deliquescent crystalline solid with mousyodor formed by the action of ethyl acetate onammonia.

Acetaminophen : If smaller crystalline size acetaminophen is desired toimprove dissolution, it is necessary to use a higherproportion of avicel, to use ph 102 in place of ph 101,and to use a glidant.

Acetanilide : A white, shining, crystalline, analgesic compoundprepared from aniline by the action of acetyl chloride.

Acetate : A salt of acetic acid in which the terminal h atom isreplaced by a metal.

Acetazolamide : A drug which acts by inhibiting the enzyme carbonicanhydrate in kidney and is used in respiratoryacidosis from diuresis and control of fluid retentionand epilepsy.

Acetic acid : A two-carbon carboxylic acid prepared by thedistillation of wood and use to destroy warts or raiseblisters and as a solvent.

Acetic anhydride : A colorless, mobile, strongly refractive liquid withstrong odor.

Acetoacetic acid : One of the ketone bodies produced in diabeticketoacidosis.

Acetohexamide : An oral hypoglycaemic drug used to treat diabetesmellitus.

Acetomenaphthone : A naphthalene derivative, used as a vitamin ksubstitute.

Acetone : A carbonyl compound, with a pleasant ethereal odor,found in the urine and used as a solvent.

Acetonemia : An excess of acetonic bodies in the blood.Acetonitrile : A colorless, limpid liquid with aromatic odor, bp. 82 p

C, obtained from coal tar.Acetophenazine maleate : A fine yellow powder used as a major tranquillizer.Acetophenetidin : The ethyl ether of acetaminophen, which is its major

active metabolite, an analgesic and antipyretic.Acetophenone : A colorless liquid with sweet, pungent odor and taste.Acetosal : Acetosalin, aspirin.Acetosoluble : Soluble in acetic acid.Acetous : Resembling to acetic acid.Acetyl : A monovalent radical.Acetylcholine : A substance which mediates the transmission of

never impulses from one never to another.


AAcetyl co enzyme a : A thiol ester of coenzyme a and acetic acid.Acetyl salicylic acid : Chemical name for aspirin.Acetylation : The introduction of an acetyl group into the molecule

of an organic compound.Acetylation : Compound having amino or hydrazine residues are

conjugated with the help of acetyl-coenzyme.Acetylator : An organism capable of metabolic acetylation.Acetylcholine chloride : A topical ophthalmological drug to induce meiosis

during intraocular surgeries.Acetylcholine esterase : Enzymes of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the

reaction of acetylcholine.Acetylcystein : A white, crystalline powder used as a mucolytic agent

for adjunct therapy in broncho-pulmonary disordersto reduce the viscosity of mucus.

Acetyldigitoxin : An acetyl derivative of digitalis obtained fromlanatoside-a.

Acetyldigoxin : A digitalis glycoside used as a cardio tonic drug.Acetylene : A colorless, volatile, explosive gas.Achalasia : Spasm.Ache : To suffer continuous pain.Achillea : A genus of composite flowered plants.Aching : Suffering from an ache or pain.Achlorhydria : Absence of hydrochloric acid from the stomach juice.Achylia : The absence of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogens in

the gastric juice.Acicular : Having projections which are needle like.Acid : A substance which combines which alkalis’ to form

salts.Acid dyes : An azo, triarylmethane or anthraquinone dye with

acid substituent.Acid fast stain : Not readily decolorized by acid after staining; stain

used to bacteriology especially for stainingtuberculosis bacteria.

Acid neutralizing capacity : This is defined as number of meq of 1N Hcl that arebrought to ph 3.5 in 15 min.

Acid stain : A stain in which the color containing ion is the anion.Acid value : The number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide

required to neutralize the free acid in 1 g of substanceis expressed by this value. Low “acid value” orcomplete absence of acid is important for goodsuppository bases.

Acid-albumin : A protein that dissolves in acids and shows an acidreaction.


AAAcidemia : Increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the

plasma.Acidimetry : The determination of acid solution in the presence of

an indicator.Acidosis : Decrease of alkali and increase in acid contents in

bodily fluid.Acidulin : Trademark from a preparation of glutamic acid

hydrochloride.Aciduric : Capable of survival and growth under acidic

conditions.Ackley capsule imprinter : Ackley offers a straight-line imprinter with an output

rate of about 50000 capsules per hour, and hasrecently announced a new circumferential printerrated at about the same output.

Acne : A chronic skin disease which affects practically alladolescents; eruption occurs on the face, back andchest.

Acne vulgaris treatment : A disorder of the skin with.Aconite : An extremely poisonous plant used to relieve pain,

sprains and rheumatism.Aconitine : A highly toxic alkaloid used as an antipyretic drug.Aconitum : A genus of poisonous ranunculaceous herbs e.g. a

napellus.Anisocoria : Absence of the pupil of the eye.Acorus : A genus of araceous plant, e.g. acorus calamus, used

as a nervine tonic.Acoustic : Pertaining to sound.Acquired : Not genetic, but produced by influence originating

outside the organism.Acquired immunity : Immunity obtained either from the development of

antibodies in response to an antigen.Acramine yellow : Aminacrine hydrochloride, a broad spectrum

antimicrobial drug.Acrid : Sharp or biting to the taste.Acridine : A colorless solid, mp 100p c, used to prepare drug and

dyes.Acridine dye : A yellow dye obtained from coal tar and possesses

antiseptic properties eg aceriflavin, proflavin.Aceriflavin : An aniline derivative, it has strong antiseptic powers.Acrisorcin : An antifungal drug which is an acridine derivative

applied topically to treat versicolor.Acrivastine : Is a medication used for the treatment of allergies and

high fever. It is a second-generation h1-receptorantagonist antihistamine and works by blockinghistamine h1 receptors.


AAcrocyanosis : A condition occurring in young women, in which

there is persistent blueness of hands, feet, nose andear.

Acrodynia : A disease of infants and young children that is anallergic reaction to mercury is characterized by duskypink discoloration of hands and feet with localintense itching.

Acrolain : A colorless or yellowish liquid with disagreeablechoking odour.

Acromegaly : A chronic disease characterized by increasedmassiveness of the bones.

Acromegaly : Overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitarygland.

Acrylate polymer : A series of acrylate polymer is marketed under thetrademark eudragit. Eudragit e is a cationic copolymerbased on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and otherneutral methacrylic acid ester, and is the only eudragitmaterial that is freely soluble in gastric fluid up toph 5.

Acrylates : Polymers of acrylic acid or derivatives.Acrylic multipolymer : These polymers represent the acrylonitrile or

methacrylonitrile monomer. Their unique properties ofhigh gas barrier, good chemical resistance.

ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic hormone; one of the hormonesecreted by the interior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Actidil : Trademark for a preparation of triprolidinehydrochloride.

Actin : One of the major proteins of muscle and a constituentof all eukaryotic cells.

Actinide series : The group of radioactive element starting withactinium.

Actinobacillus : A genus of gram-negative, fermentative non-motile,rod-shaped bacteria.

Actinomyces : An unknown disease occurring as a chronicgranulomatous infection.

Actinomycetales : Higher bacteria.Actinomycetin : Bacteriolytic cell-free fluid of culture filtrates of

actino-mycetes.Actinomycin d : An antibiotic isolated from streptomyces antibioticus.Actinomycosis : A fungal disease caused by actinomyces.Action potential : A momentary change in electrical potential on the

surface of cell, especially of a nerve or muscle cell,that occurs when it is stimulated, is resulting in thetransmission of an electrical impulse.


AAAction potential : A short term change in the electrical potential on the

surface of a cell.Activated charcoal : An amorphous from of carbon having high

absorptivity for many gases, vapors and colloidalsolids.

Activation analysis : An extremely sensitive technique for identifying andmeasuring very small amounts of elements.

Activation energy : The quantity of energy which must be added to thatthe energy already present in the molecules to initiatea reaction.

Activation energy : The least amount of energy needed for a chemicalreaction to occur.

Activator : A substance that renders some other substance moreactive.

Active oxygen value : This peroxide or active oxygen value is measure of theiodine liberated from an acidified solution ofpotassium iodide by the so-called “peroxide oxygen”of the fats.

Activity : 1 the ability to produce some effect 2 optical activity.Actomyosin : A complex of the proteins actin and myosin occurring

in muscles.Actuator : The aerosol product is delivered in the proper and

desired from, a specially designed button or actuatormust be fitted to the valve stem. The actuator allowsfor easy opening and closing of the valve and is anintegral part of almost every aerosol package.

Acuminate : Having a small terminal point with a very sharplytapering point; with an acute point.

Acupuncture : The chinese practice of insertion of needles intospecific exterior body location to relieve pain.

Acute : Pointed, sharp edged, less than a right angle.Acyl coenzyme a : A thiol ester of a carboxylic acid.Adaptive immunity : It is protection from an infection disease agent that is

mediated by b- and t-lymphocytes following exposureto specific antigen, and characterized byimmunological memory.

Addiction : The state being strongly devoted; habitual;compulsive use of narcotics.

Addict : A person addicted to any narcotic drug.Addiction : The fact or condition of being addicted to a particular

or to a particular substance or activity.Addison’ disease : Long term under function of the outer portion of the

adrenal gland.


AAddition compounds : Complex molecules formed by combination of two or

more molecules by charge transfer or by hydrogenbonding.

Addition’s disease : Consisting of a state of anaemia, extreme weakness,low blood pressure, dyspepsia, wasting, pigmentationof the skin and mucus membrane, and subnormaltemperature.

Adduct : A chemical addition product.Adelomorphous : Not having a clearly defined from.Adenalgia : Pain in a gland.Adenation : Attachment to another plant.Adenine : A white, colourless, microcrystalline powder with

sharp taste, found in various animal and vegetabletissues as one of the purine base constituent.

Adenine cyclase : An enzyme required in the production of cyclic amp.Adenitis : Inflammation of gland.Adenocarcinoma : Progressive overgrowth of epithelial cell of glandular

tissue resulting in a tumor.Adenohypophysis : The anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived

from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandularin nature—called also anterior lobe; compareneurohypophysis.

Adenosine : A neucleoside containing adenine as its base.Adenoviruses : A group of viruses which cause infection of the upper

respiratory tract.Adenylyl cyclase : An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp to

cyclic amp.ADH : Anti-diuretic hormone synthesized by the posterior

pituitary gland.Adhesional force : Affinity of attraction of two phase system.Adhesive : 1 sticky; tenacious 2 a substance that causes close

adherence of adjoining surfaces.Adhesive : An adhesive is any substance applied to the surfaces

of materials that binds them together and resistsseparation.

Adhesive bandage : An absorbent gauze affixed to a film or fabric coatedwith a pressure sensitive adhesive substance.

Adhesive plasters : These are made by spreading upon some supportingmaterial.

Adhesive tape : Fabric and film coated on one side with a pressuresensitive adhesive mixture.

Adhesives : The substances that bind powder in the wetgranulation process.


AAAdiaspore : A spore produced by the soil fungi which after

inhalation into the lung, enlarges to from a hugespherule.

Adiphenine hydrochloride : An antispasmodic, anticholinergic, used orally as astomach muscle relaxant.

Adipic acid : 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid, which is white,crystalline solid, mp 152p.

Adipose tissue : A loose variety of fibrous tissue.Adjuvant : An agent that helps action or administration of

another drug.Admixtures intravenous : Parenteral prescriptions.Adnate : Designating the union of unlike parts such scales

attaches to stems; anthers attached along their entirelength.

Adolescent : A person who has completed his fifteen years of age.Adonidine : A poisonous glycoside from adonis vernalis.Adrenal : A gland situated near the kidney.Adrenal cortex : A tissue present above the kidney.Adrenal corticotrophin : A sterile injection prepared from the anterior injection

lobe of the pituitary of mammals.Adrenal glands : A pair of small glands, situated over the superior

medial aspect of each kidney.Adrenaline : An extract derived from the suprarenal gland of

animals used as a sympathomimetic.Adrenaline : A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that

increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, andcarbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles forexertion.

Adrenaline : A stress hormone produced within the adrenal gland.Adrenaline bitartrate : A drug used for tropical application of the eye.Adrenaline chloride : An aqueous solution used in hay fever, inflammation,

as vasoconstrictor and as cardiac stimulant.Adrenaline inhalant : An oil solution of adrenaline chloride use to nasal

mucosa in hay fever in the form of spray.Adrenaline reversal : Abolition of motor effects of adrenaline.Adrenalotropic : Having a special affinity from the adrenal gland.Adrenergic : Relating to or denoting nerve cell in which adrenaline

noradrenalin.Adrenergic agents : Is a substance, which has effects similar to or the

same as, adrenaline thus it is a kind ofsympathomimetic agent.

Adrenergic blocking agent : A compound that selectively blocks or inhibitsresponses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity.


AAdrenergic : A neurotransmitters formed in sympatheticNeurotransmitters postganglionic synapses.Adrenergic receptor : Are a class of g protein-coupled receptors that are

targets of the catecholamine and adrenaline.Antagonists : A pharmaceutical substance that acts to inhibit.Adrenergic nerve : A neither sympathetic nerve which liberates nor

epinephrine at a synapse when it transmits a stimulus.Adrenochrome : A naturally occurring chemical formed during the

oxidation of epinephrine.Adrenolytic : A substance that antagonizes the action of adrenaline

or noradrenalin.Adrenomimetic : Having action similar to those of adrenergic

compounds; sympathomimetic.Adrenosem : Trademark for preparation of carbazochrome

salicylate.Adriamycin : An antibiotic drug which is active against leukemia,

and cancers of breast and bladder.Adsorption : 1. A phenomenon due to imbalance of forces in

which surface particles can attract other moleculesto them.

2. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, ormolecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid toa surface.

Adsorption : Separation technique based on the difference.chromatography in affinity of an adsorbent for various solutes.Adsorption isotherms : Measure of amount of gas adsorbed per unit area at

different pressure at constant temperature by plottinggraph as volume absorbed vs pressure.

Adult : Having attained full growth of maturity.Adulterant : Any material used as an addition to another

substance fro adulteration.Adulteration : 1. Addition of an impure, cheap, or unnecessary

ingredient to a preparation.2. An adulterant is a substance found within other

substances although not allowed for legal or otherreasons. The addition of adulterants is calledadulteration.

Adventitious : Happening as a result of an external factor or chancerather than design or inherent nature, developing inan abnormal position. E.g. roots developing fromstems.

Adverse drug event : Are defined as any injuries resulting from medicationuse.


AAAdverse drug reaction : Any noxious and unintended response associated

with the use of a drug in humans.Adverse effect : An adverse effect may be termed a “side effect”,

when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeuticeffect.

Advertisement : Any notice, circular, label, wrapper or other documentor announcement.

Advertising false : An advertisement other than labeling.Advil : Advil is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

(NSAID). It may cause an increased risk of seriousand sometimes fatal heart and blood vessel problems(e.g. heart attack, stroke).

Aedes aegyptic : A genus of culicine mosquitoes with broad apprisedscales on the head and scutellum, which conveys toman the viruses of yellow fever and of dengue.

Aeration : Aeration (also called aerification) is the process bywhich air is circulated through, mixed with ordissolved in a liquid or substance.

Aerenchyma : Respiratory tissue formed by phallogen, corticaltissue containing air spaces in the parenchyma.

Aerobactor : A genus of bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceaeconsisting of gram negative, anaerobic mobile rods.

Aerobes : Organism having atmospheric oxygen in order togrow.

Aerobic : Requiring oxygen from respiration.Aerobiology : A branch of biology which deals with the distribution

of living organisms by air.Aerococcus : A genus of aerobic, gram-positive cocci of the family

streptocaceae.Aerosol : An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid

droplets, in air or another gas.Aerosol propellant : A solvent or diluents used in aerosols to expel the

product from the package.Aerosology : The scientific study of aerosol therapy.Aerosols : Colloidal dispersions of liquid or solid in gases.Aesculus : A genus of tree containing coumarin type glycosides,

esculin.Afferent : Conveying toward a centre, as in afferent nerve.Afferent fibers : Conveying impulses to a ganglion or to a never centre

in the brain or spinal cord.Afferentia : Any afferent vessels whether blood or lymph vessels.Affinity : 1. Inherent likeness or relationship.

2. A natural liking for and understanding of someoneor something.


AAffinity chromatography : Is a method of separating biochemical mixtures based

on a highly specific interaction such as that betweenantigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, orreceptor and ligand.

Afibrinogenemia : Absence of fibrinogen in the blood.Aflatoxins : A group of highly toxic polynuclear mold

(mycotoxins) designated as B1,B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2,product by aspergillus flavus and a parasiticus.

Aftate : Tolnaftate topical is an antifungal medication.Tolnaftate topical prevents fungus from growing onthe skin. Tolnaftate topical is used to treat skininfections such as athlete’s foot, jock itch, andringworm infections.

Agalactia : Failure of the secretion of milk.Agammaglobulinemia : Absence of all classes of immunoglobulin’s in the

blood.Agar : A gelatinous, complex sulfated polymer of galactose

units, extracted from gelidium cartilagineum, garcilariaconfervoides, and related red algae.

Ageing : Exhibition of colloidal system.Agenerase : Is an inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV) protease.Agenesia : Incomplete development of any organ of the body.Agglomeration : Conversion of finely divided particles into coarser

ones.Agglutinant : Promotion union by adhesion.Agglutination : The process of union in the healing of a wound.Agglutination : A reaction in which particles (as red blood cells or

bacteria) suspended in a liquid collect into clumpsand which occurs especially as a serological responseto a specific antibody.

Aggregation : 1. Massing of materials together as in clumping.2. Protein aggregation is a biological phenomenon in

which mis-folded proteins aggregate (i.e.,accumulate and clump together) either intra- orextracellularly.

Aggressins : Microbial substances which counter host defenses invarious ways.

Agiomuscular : Causing painful muscular movements.Agitation : A state of excessive psychomotor activity

accompanied by increased tension and irritability.Aglycemia : Total absence of sugar from the blood.Aglycone : A non-sugar component of glycosides.Aglycone : Is a compound remaining after the glycosyl group on

a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom.


AAAgnosia : Loss of the power to recognize the import of sensory

stimuli.Agonism : A substance that acts like another substance and

therefore stimulates an action.Agonist : 1. A drug that has affinity for and stimulates

physiologic activity at cell receptors.2. A substance which initiates a physiological

response when combined with a receptor.Agoraphobia : A sense of fear experienced in large open spaces and

public places.Agraphia : The loss of power to express ideas by writing.Alkalimetry : The measurement of the concentration of bases

present in a solution by titration.Air suspension : Air suspension is a type of vehicle suspension

powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump orcompressor.

Ajowan oil : A volatile obtained from the seed of carum copticum.Akathisia : A condition characterized by uncontrollable motor

restlessness.Acatamathesia : Inability to understand.Akinesia : Absence of movements.Alacrima : Marked deficiency of secretion of tears.Alactasia : Malabsorption of lactose due to deficiency of lactase.Alanine : A non-essential nature amino acid.Albedo : Edema of the retina.Albendazole : A pale buff-colored power, used as an anthelmintic

agent.Albinism : A state of poverty of pigment in the superficial

tissues of the body.Albumin : A water-soluble protein.Albumin : Albumin is the most present protein in the blood.Albuminoid : Resembling albumin.Alcohol : Ethanol, C2H5OH, a transparent, colorless, mobile,

volatile liquid.Alcohol : An organic substance formed when a hydroxyl group

is substituted.Alcohol abuse : Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that result in

harm to one’s health, interpersonal relationships, orability to work.

Alcoholase : An enzyme catalyzing the reduction of lactic acid intoalcohol.

Alcoholic beverage : A liquid or brew containing alcohol as the activeagent.


AAlcoholism : A disorder characterized by a pathological pattern of

alcohol use.Alcoholism : Addiction to the consumption of alcoholic drink;

alcohol dependency.Alcoholmeter : An apparatus for determining the proportion of

alcohol in the fluid.Alcoholysis : Cleavage of bond by alcohol.Alcuronium : A relaxant drug.Aldehydase : An enzyme that catalyze the oxidation of an aldehyde

into an acid.Aldenoid : 1 resembling a gland 2 lymphoid tissue.Aldeosine triphosphate : A coenzyme valuable in the transfer of phosphate

bond energy.Aldobionic acid : A disaccharide containing uronic acid as one of its

component sugar.Aldolase : An enzyme catalyzing the splitting of fructose 1,

6-diphosphate.Aldose : A sugar containing an aldehyde group -cho.Aldosterone : A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which in

most powerful mineralcorticoid.Aldosterone antagonists : An anti-mineralocorticoid, or an aldosterone

antagonist, refers to a diuretic drug whichantagonizes the action of aldosterone atmineralocorticoid receptors.

Aldosteronism : Excess production and excretion of aldosterone.Alemtuzumab : Alemtuzumab is a humanized chimeric monoclonal

antibody targeting CD52. Although this agent alreadyhas an important role in the treatment of chroniclymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Aleukemic leukemia : Lack of leucocytes in the blood causing leukemiadisease.

Aleukia : Absence of leukocytes from the blood.Aleuritic acid : A carboxylic acid obtained from shellac.Aleurone : Protein granules of globulin and peptones found in

ripe seed; crystalloid protein in seeds.Alexia : Loss of ability to understand written language as a

result of a cerebral lesion.Alfa adrenergic blocker : Any of various drugs that block alpha adrenergic

receptor.Alfenta : Alfenta is a narcotic pain medicine that is used during

the maintenance of general anesthesia for surgicalprocedures. Alfenta is administered intravenously(through a vein in your arm).


AAAlgia : Painful condition.Algicide : An agent which kills algae.Algin : Sodium alginate.Alginuresis : Painful urination.Algomenorrhea : Dysmenorrheal; painful menstruation.Algospasm : Painful spasm or cramp.Alicyclic : Having the properties of both aliphatic and cyclic

substance.Alienia : Absence of the spleen.Alimentary : Pertaining to food or nutritive material.Alimentary canal : The mouth pharynx, esophagus, stomach and

intestine organs.Alimentary glycosuria : The presence of glucose in the urine developed after

the ingestion of a moderate amount of sugar andstarch.

Aliphatic : One of the major groups of organic compoundsarranged in the constituent carbon atoms.

Alizarin : An orange-red or brownish -yellow crystalline solidwhich is a parent form of many dyes and pigments.

Alkali : Any substance which in water solution is bitter,irritating to the skin, turn litmus blue, has a pH valuegreater than 70 and neutralizes an acid to form a salt.

Alkali metal : A metal in group of the periodic table.Alkalimia : Reduction in the hydrogen ion concentration of

plasma.Alkaloid : A basic nitrogenous organic compound of vegetable

origin.Alkalosis : Excess of alkali or reduction of acid in the body.Alkaptonuria : An inborn aminoacidopathy due to defective

homogentisate; accumulation of homogentisic acidleading to homogentisic aciduria.

Alkenes : An unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing onedouble bond; olefin.

Alkylamine : An amine containing an alkyl radical.Alkylate : A product of alkylation.Alkylating agents : A substance that causes replacement of hydrogen b.Alkylation : Introduction of an alkyl radical into an organic

molecule.Alkynes : An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple bond

between two carbon atoms.Allantoin : The end product of purine metabolism of uric acid in

mammals other than man; 5-ureidohydention.


AAllantoinuria : The presence of allantoin in the urine.Allelotaxis : The development of an organ from several embryonic

structures.Allergic rhinitis : Is a heterogeneous disorder its high prevalence is

often undiagnosed. It is characterized by one or moresymptoms including sneezing, itching, nasalcongestion.

Allergy : An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substancessuch as pollens foods or microorganism.

Alliaceous : Resembling the smell of garlic.Allicin : An antibacterial substance extracted from garlic.Allotropy : The existence of a substance in two or more forms

which are significantly different in physical orchemical properties.

Alloy : A mixture of two or more metals.Alluvial soil : Soil deposited by water; a flood plain.Allyl : A univalent organic group, CH2=CH-CH2.Allyl alcohol : Vinyl carbinol, an irritating liquid with pungent odour

used in preparing resins and plasticizers.Aloe : Dried juice of aloe species, used as purgative.Aloin : An extract from aloe used in pills.Alopecia : The partial or complete absence of hair from areas of

the body where it normally grows; baldness.Alpha : A Greek alphabet used to denote the position of

functional group or carbon atom of a molecule.Alpha globulin : A globulin of plasma separated by electrophoresis.Alpha particles : Heavy and positively charged particles equivalent to

the nuclei of helium.Alpha rays : Rays travelled at 1/10 of the velocity of light and each

particle consists of two portons and two neuttrons.Alpha-naphthol : Alpha-hydroxy derivative of naphthalene obtained

from coal tar.Alprazolam : A white crystalline powder, used as an anxiolytic

drug.Altace : Is an ace inhibitor. Ace stands for angiotensin

converting enzyme. Altace is used to treat high bloodpressure (hypertension) or congestive heart failure,and to improve survival after a heart attack.

Alteplase : Is a tissue plasminogen activator. It works by helpingto break down unwanted blood clots.

Aludum : Electrically fused alumina.Alum : An astringent salt (amonium aluminium sulphate).Alumina : Aluminum oxide.


AAAluminium : An extremely light, whitish, metallic element, symbol

al, obtained from bauxite, atomic weight, 2698 ; atomicnumber 13 ; used for the manufacture of instruments.

Aluminium hydroxide gel : A white, gelatinous precipitate, used as an antacid.Aluminium sulphate : A colorless crystalline mass used as mineral carrier for

absorbed vaccines.Aluminum : Aluminum is both a specific chemical compound and

a class of chemical compounds.Alveolalgia : Pain occurring in the dental alveolus.Alveolar macrophages : Is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary

alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated fromthe wall.

Alveolus : A small saclike dilatation.Alzheimer disease : A disease of the brain that cause people to slowly

lose their memory and mental abilities as they growold.

Anemia : A deficiency of hemoglobin due to lack of red bloodcells.

Amantadine : A drug which is used to treat certain virus infections.Amaranth : A dark, red-brown powder used as coloring agent, in

food, cosmetic and drugs.Ambient temperature : The temperature of the environment in which an

experiment is conducted.Ambine : Is a sedative, also called a hypnotic. It affects

chemicals in your brain that may become unbalancedand cause sleep problems (insomnia).

Ambulatory : Related to or adapted to walking.Ambulatory patient : A patient who is not confimed to bed.Amenorrhea : Absence of menses.Ametina : A form of confusional insanity marked especially by

apathy and disorientation.Amide : A nitrogenous compound related to ammonia and

containing the function group- conr2.Amidopyrine : A pyrazole derivative having analgesic and

antipyretic action.Amiloride : A pale-yellow powder, used as diuretic.Amination : The process of making an amide.Amino : The monovalent chemical group -NH2.Aminoacidemia : An excess of amino acids in the blood.Aminoaciduria : An excess of amino acids in the urine.Amino glycoside : A chemical compound containing an amino cyclitol

ring and amino sugars.


AAmino peptidase : Peptide bond at the amino end polypeptide.Aminosis : The pathologic production of amino acid in the body.Aminurea : An excess of amines in the urine.Amitosis : Direct cell division.Amitriptyline : An antidepressant agent.Ammoaciduria : An excess of ammonia and amino acid in the urine.Ammonia : A pungent gas formed by heating a mixture of sal

ammoniac and quicklime.Ammonia water : Diluted ammonia solution.Ammoniac : A fetid gum-resin, stimulant and expectorant from a

persian plant of dorema species.Ammonium chloride : An expectorant diuretic, and systemic acidifier.Amnesia : Partial or complete loss of memory.Amodiaquine : Anti-malarial drug.Amoeba : A minute protozoan unicellular organism.Amoebiasis : Dysentery caused by an amoeba entamoeba

histolytica.Amoebiasis : Infection with amoebas especially as causing

dysentery.Amoebicide : Destroying amoeba.Amoeboid : Very small, non motile, amoeba-like cells with no

defined shape and no cell wall.Amorphous : Having no definite form; shapeless; not crystallized.Amoxicillin : A semi-synthetic derivative of ampicillin.Amp : Adenosine monophosphate.Ampere : The unit of electric current.Ampheclexis : Sexual selection on the part of both male and female.Amphetamine : 1-phenyl-2amino-propane; a colorless, volatile liquid

with characteristic strong odor; has a stimulatingeffect on nervous systems.

Amphibia : Capable of living both on land and in water.Amphipathy : A single molecule or ion containing localized regions,

one of which is lyophilic and other is lyophobic.Amphiphilic compound : Amphiphile is a term describing a chemical compound

possessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties.Such a compound is called amphiphilic oramphipathic.

Amphoteric : Having the capacity of behaving either as an acid or abase.

Amphotericin b : An antifungal agent produced by strains ofstreptomyces nodosus.


AA Ampicillin : A semi-synthetic antibiotic, active against bacterialinfections; used to treat urinary and bronchialinfections.

Amplitude : Wideness of breadth of range or extent.Ampoule : A thin glass single-dose tubular container.Ampul : An ampoule (also ampul, ampule, or ampulla) is a

small sealed vial which is used to contain andpreserve a sample, usually a solid or liquid.

Amrinone : A potent substance C10H9N3O is used in the treatmentof con.

Amygdala : An almond shaped structure.Amygdaloid : Resembling an almond.Amyl : The five-carbon aliphatic group, C5H11, with eight

isomeric arrangements.Amylasuria : An excess of amylase in the urine.Amylin : Amylopectin.Amylobactor : Clostridium, a genus of bacteria of the family

bacillaceae.Amylobarbitone : A hypnotic and sedative drug.Amylolysis : The digestion and disintegration of starch ;

conversion of starch into sugar.Amylolytic : Conversion of starch into sugar by an agent.Amylopectin : The insoluble constituent of starch.Amylopepsin : The starch-digesting powerful enzyme of pancreatic

juice.Amylorrhea : The presence of an abnormal amount of starch in the

stools.Amylose : Any carbohydrate of the starch group; the inner,

relatively soluble portion of starch granules.Amylosuria : The presence of amylose in the urine.Amylum : Another name of starch.Amyous : Deficient in muscular tissue.Amyxia : Absence of mucus.Amyxorrhea : Deficiency of mucus in the gastric secretion.Anabiotic : Apparently lifeless, but still capable of living.Anabolic androgeneic : Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolicsteroid androgenic steroids (aas), are drugs that are

structurally related to the cyclic steroid rings systemand have similar effects to testosterone in the body.They increase protein within cells, especially inskeletal muscles.


AAnabolism : Any metabolism by which organisms convert

substances into other components.Anabolite : Any product of anabolism.Anaemia : A condition of inadequate red blood corpuscles or

hemoglobin in the red blood.Anaerobic : Relating to bacteria having the power to live without

air.Anaerovibrio : A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, slightly curved,

rod-shaped bacteria.Anesthesia : Loss of power of feeling or sensation, state in which

someone does not feel pain.Anakinara : A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.Analbuminemia : Deficiency of albumins in the blood serum.Analeptic : A drug which acts as a restorative.

An analeptic, in medicine, is a central nervous systemstimulant. The term analeptic typically refers torespiratory analeptics.

Analeptic : Tending to restore a person’s health or strength.Analgesia : Loss of power to fell pain without loss of

consciousness.Analgesic : Is a sedative, also called a hypnotic. It affects

chemicals in your brain that may become unbalancedand cause sleep problems (insomnia).A class of drug that relieve pain without causing lossof consciousness.

Analgesic adjuvant : Adjuvant analgesics are defined as drugs with aprimary indication other than pain that have analgesicproperties in some painful conditions. The groupincludes numerous drugs in diverse classes.

Analgesic nephropathy : Is injury to kidney caused by analgesic.Analgesic : Absence of sensibility to pain.Analgin : A synthetic analgesic compound.Analogue : One or more compounds with similar electronic

structure but different atom.Analysis : Separation into chemical component part of a

substance.Anaphase : That stage in meiosis and mitosis in which centromere

divide to form the daughter chromosomes.Anaphia : Lack of the sense of touch.Anaphylactic : Pertaining to anaphylaxis manifesting great

sensitivity to foreign protein.Anaphylactic antibody : An antibody synthesized in the tissue of animal in

such a manner that anaphylaxis occurs when asubsequent dose of the same antigen is administered.


AAAnaphylactic shock : A shock produced from administration of protein

substance to which patient is sensitized.A widespread and very serious allergic reaction.

Anaphylatoxin : A substance produced by complement activation thatcauses the release of histamine.

Anaphylaxis : A hypersensitive state of the body to a foreignprotein.An acute allergic reaction to an antigen (e.g. A beesting) to which the body has become hypersensitive.

Anaplerosis : The replacement of lost or defective parts.Anasarca : A condition of general dropsy; generalized massive

edema.Anastomose : United like the part of network.Anastomosis : A communication between two vessels by collateral

channels.Anatomy : Internal structure of plant and animal.Anatoxin : Toxoid.Anatripic : A medication applied by rubbing.Anchorage : Surgical fixation of a displaced viscous.Ancrod : A defibrinogenating agent derived from the venom of

the Malayan pit viper.Androgen : Any substance that conducts to masculinization.

A male sex hormone, such as testosterone.A male sex hormone that promotes the developmentand maintenance of the male sex characteristics.

Androgen receptor : The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4(nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group c, member 4), is atype of nuclear receptor that is activated by bindingeither of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, ordi-hydro-testosterone in the cytoplasm and thentranslocating into the nucleus.

Andropathy : Any disease peculiar to males.Androstane : The tetracycline hydrocarbon nucleus from which the

androgens are derived.Aldosterone : A weak androgen exerted in the urine of both of both

men and women.A relatively inactive male sex hormone produced bymetabolism of testosterone.

Anemia : A condition in which there is a deficiency of red cellsor of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor andweariness.The condition of having a lower than normal numberof red blood cell or quantity of hemoglobin.


AAnemone : A large genus of plant of the family ranunculaceae

which contain ranunculin responsible for animalpoisoning.

Anesthesia : Loss of feeling or sensation.Insensitivity to pain, especially as artificially inducedby the administration of gases or the injection ofdrugs before surgical operations.

Anesthetic : Producing anesthesia.Aneuria : Lack of energy.Angina pectoris : Heart stroke; severe constricting pain on the heart on

the chest due to ischemia of the heart muscle, usuallycaused by coronary disease; abnormal position of avessel.

Angiitis : Inflammation of a vessel.Angina : A paroxysmal thoracic pain; swelling of throat.Angina pectoris : A condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often

also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck,owing to an inadequate blood supply to the heart.

Angina pectoris : A chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygento the heart muscle.

Anginal pain : Pain due to swelling of the throat or other cause ofdifficulty in breathing.

Angio : Blood or lymph vessels.Angiogenesis inhibitors : An angiogenesis inhibitor is a substance that inhibits

the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).Some angiogenesis inhibitors are endogenous and anormal part of the body’s control and others areobtained exogenously through pharmaceutical drugsor diet.

Angiography : Graphical description of blood vessels.Is a medical imaging technique used to visualize theinside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of thebody, with particular interest in the arteries, veins,and the heart chambers.

Angioma : A tumor composed of blood vessels.Angio-edema : Swelling of vessel; vascular swelling.Angiosperm : Flowering plants.Angiotensin : A polypeptide found in the blood showing its effect

on the blood pressure.A protein whose presence in the blood promotesaldosterone secretion and tends to raise bloodpressure.


AAAngiotensin converting : Angiotensin-converting enzyme.enzyme (ec 3.4.15.1), or “ace” indirectly increases blood

pressure by causing blood vessels to constrict. Itdoes that by converting angiotensin i to angiotensinii, which constricts the vessels.

Angiotomy : The cutting or reversing of a blood or lymph vessel.Anhydration : Dehydration.

Deficiency of water in the blood.Anhydride : A chemical compound derived from an acid by

elimination of a molecule of water.Anhydrotic , antihydrotic , : An agent that prevents, reduces perspirationantisudorific that is opposite todiaphoretic.Anhydrous : A compound that does not contain water of

crystallization or adsorbed water.Anidrotics : Characterized by deficiency of sweating.Anilide : An acyl derivative of aniline.Anima : The soul.Animal drug : An animal drug refers to a drug intended for use in

the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, orprevention of disease in animals.

Animal feed : Animal feed is food given to domestic animals in thecourse of animal husbandry.

Animal test : Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation,animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments.

Anion : An ion carrying a negative charge.Anionic detergent : Detergents carrying negative electrical charge.Anisakiasis : Infection with the roundworm.Anise : The fruit of pimpinella anisnum, an umbelliferous

plant.Ankle : The part of the lower limb, just above the foot.Ankylosis : Stiffening or fixation of joints.

Immobility and consolidation oa a joint due todisease, injury or surgical procedure.

Annual : Yearly; with a life cycle of one year’s duration.Annual plant : Plant completing life-cycle in one year and then

drying.Annual vessel : Vessels with a kind of internal liquification.Annulate : Marked with rings ring-shaped.Annulations : Rings; belts, circles.Anode : The positive electrode of an electrolytic cell.Anodontia : Congenital absence of teeth.


AAnodynes : Curative measures which soothe pain.Anoethography : Loss of power of writing correctly.Anomalous : Irregular; derivation from the nature order.Anomia : Loss of power of naming objects or of recognizing.Anorectic : A medicine which produces a loss of appetite.Anoretic : A substance that reduces appetite; having no

appetite.Anorexia : Loss of appetite for food; diminished appetite.Anorexiant : A substance that diminishes the appetite.Anovulatory : Not accompanied by production of any discharge of

an ovum.Anoxia : Inadequate supply of oxygen to body tissues.Antacid : An agent that neutralizers hyper acidic conditions of

stomach.Antacid : An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach

acidity, which in turn relieves heartburn.Antacids : Antacids are a type of medication that can control

the acid levels in your stomach.Antagonism : Opposition or contrariety between similar things.

Is ongoing aggression or animosity between twoindividuals or group.

Antagonist : A substance which interferes with or inhibits thephysiological action of another.

Antagonist 5ht-antagonist : A serotonin antagonist is a drug used to inhibit theaction at serotonin (5-ht) receptors.

Antalkalies : Prevents alkalinity by acid action.Antazoline : An imidamine derivative used as antihistaminic to

relieve allergic symptoms.Antenatal : Occurring or formed before birth.Antenna : Appendage on the head of insects.Anterior pituitary : A chemical transmitter substance producedhormone by cells of the body and transported by the blood

stream to the cell.Anterior pituitary : The gonad stimulating pituitary hormone. gonadotropins .Anterotic : An agent which suppresses sexual desire.Anthelmintic drug : destructive to parasitic worms.Anther : Upper part of the stamen in which pollen is produced;

the pollen group.Anthracene : A yellow crystalline tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

with blue fluorescence obtained from coal tar.


AAAnthramycin : An anti-neoplastic antibiotic produced by

streptomyces refuineus.Anthraquinone : A yellow crystalline compound by oxide.Anthraquinone glycosides : Glycosides of anthraquinone found in aloe, rhubarb,

senna, etc.Anthrax : A very serious disease, caused by bacillus anthracis,

occurring in sheep and cattle and persons dealingthem.

Anthrombin : A compound that inhibits the effect of thrombin insuch a manner that blood does not coagulates.

Anti anginal : Any drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris asymptom of ischemic heart disease.

Anti depressive : A substance that is used in the treatment of mooddisorder as characterized by var.

Anti microbial : An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganismor inhibits their growth.

Anti retrovirus : Denoting or relating to a class of drugs which inhibitsthe activity or retroviruses such as hiv.

Anti-adherent : Anti-adherents reduce the adhesion between thepowder and the punch faces and thus preventsticking to tablet punches by offering a non-sticksurface. They are also used to help protect tabletsfrom sticking.

Anti-adhesives : Agents overcoming that adhesion of materials.Anti-adnergic : Inhibiting, counteracting or modifying adrenergic

action.Anti-allergic : Preventing allergy or hypersensitivity.Anti-emetics : Drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting.Anti-amoebic : A drug or agent active in the treatment of infection

with amoebas.Anti-amoebic : A type of anti-protozoal agent that particularly

destroys or suppresses the growth of amebas.Anti-androgen : A compound which antagonizes or interferes with the

action of androgens.Anti-androgens : A substance that tends to inhibit the production

activity or effects of a male sex hormone.Anti-anxiety : Drugs are medicines that calm and relax people with

excessive anxiety nervousness or tension.Anti-arrhythmatic : Preventing or alleviating irregularities in the force or

rhythm of the heart.Anti-arrhythmic : Preventing or effecting against arrhythmia.Anti-arthritic : Curing arthritis, gout.Antibacterial : Destroying or preventing growth of bacteria.


AAntibacterial agent : Anti-bacterial is used to treat bacterial infections.Antibronchitis : Curing cough.Antibilious : Cures minor hepatic ailments, biliousness, etc.Antibodies : A blood protein produced in response to and

counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combinechemically with substances which the bodyrecognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, andforeign substances in the blood.

Antibiotic : Substance acting upon microorganisms destroyingthem.Antibiotics or antibacterials are a type ofantimicrobial used in the treatment and prevention ofbacterial infection. They may either kill or inhibit thegrowth of bacteria.

Antibiotics : A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroysmicroorganisms.

Antigonorrhagic : That act on gonorrheal infection.Antibody : A substance formed in body in response to

stimulation by antigens.Anticancer : X2 Drug are used to treat malignancies or cancerous

Growths.Anticatabolic : A substance that retards the destructive metabolic

process.Anticholagogue : Generally lessens secretion and diminishes bile flow

from the liver.Anticholinergic : Any product which serves to neutralize and remove

hypochlorite or free chlorine after the bleachingoperation.

Anticholinergic : Inhibiting or blocking the physiological action ofacetylcholine at a receptor site.

Anticholinesterases : An enzyme or drug that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase.

Antichymosin : An antibody that prevents the action of rennin onmilk

Anticoagulant : Having the effect of retarding or inhibiting thecoagulation of the blood.

Anticoagulants : Drug which prevent coagulation of the blood.An agent that is used to prevent the formation ofblood clots.

Anticonvulsant : A drug used to prevent or reduce the severity ofepileptic fits or other convulsions.Checks or stops convulsions.

Anticytotoxin : A substance that opposes the action of a cytotoxin.


AAAntidepressant : Any drug used for the treatment of depression.Antidiabetic : Preventing diabetes.Antidiarrhoeal : Is any medication which provides symptomatic relief

of diarrhoea.Antidiarrhoeatic : An agent that prevents diarrhoea.Antidiuretic : Reduces passage of urine sometimes by increasing

perspiration.Antidiuretic : A substance that suppresses the formation of urine.Antidote : Acts against poison by physical, chemical or physio-

logical means.Antidysenteric : An agent that prevents dysentery.Antiemetic : Preventing or arresting vomiting; drug for controlling

nausea and vomiting.Anti-emetic : A drug taken to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting.Antienzyme : An agent that prevents or retards the action of an

enzyme.Antiepileptic : An agent that relieves, cures epilepsy.

Drugs are medicines that reduce the frequency ofepileptic seizures.

Antiestrogens : Is a substance blocks the production or utilization ofestrogens or inhibits their effects.

Antifebrile : An agent that reduces body temperature.Antifibrinolytics : Agent that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of blood clot

or thrombus.Antifoam : A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical

additive that reduces and hinders the formation offoam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and deformer are often usedinterchangeably.

Antifungal : Any agent useful in treating infection caused byfungi ; suppressing or destroying fungi; effectiveagainst infection by fungi.A medication that limits or prevents the growth ofyeasts and other fungal organisms.

Antigen : A substance that induces the production of specificantibodies.A toxin or other foreign substance which induces animmune response in the body, especially theproduction of antibodies.

Antigen antibody reaction : Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibodyreaction, is a specific chemical interaction betweenantibodies produced by b cells of the white bloodcells and antigens during immune reaction.


AAntigenicity : The property of being able to induce a specific

immune response.Antihaemophilic factors : A protein substance in blood plasma that participates

in and is essential for the blood clotting process.Antihistamine : A drug that reduces or prevents effects of histamine

directly.A drug or other compound that inhibits thephysiological effects of histamine used especially inthe treatment of allergies.

Antihistaminic : Relating to drug which antagonize the action ofhistamine.

Antihyperglycemic : Counteracting high levels of glucose in the blood.Antihypertensive : Counteracting high blood pressure; an agent that

reduces high blood pressure.Drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.

Ant hypnotic : Preventing or hindering sleep.Antihypertensive : Drug used to treat lower blood pressure.Ant hysterical : An agent that counteracts hysteria.Anti-infective : Prevents infection; capable of killing infection agent.Anti-inflammatory : Counteracting or suppressing inflammation.Antileprotic : Substances that suppress mycobacterium leprae

ameliorate the clinical manifestation of leprosy.Antiluetic : Cures syphilis.Antilyssic : Remedies rabies.Antimalarial : A compound or agent which prevents and cures

malaria.A medicinal drug used to prevent or treat malaria.

Antimanic : Drugs are agent used to treat bipolar disorders ormania associated with other affective disorders.

Antimetabolite : A chemical agent which blocks the action of ametabolite or prevent its assimilation by an organism.

Antimicrobial : Killing microorganisms, or suppressing theirmultiplication or growth.

Antimotility : Agents are drug used to alleviate the symptoms ofdiarrhea.

Antimycotic : A compound which acts mostly against filamentousfungi.

Antineoplastic : Inhibiting the development of neoplasm.Inhibiting or preventing the growth or development ofmalignant cells.

Antineuclear antibody : An unusual antibody that is directed againststructures within the nucleus of the cell.


AAAntineuralgic : Relieves neuralgic pain.Antioxidant : A substance preventing oxidation of oxygen sensitive

substance.Antioxidant : An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the

oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemicalreaction involving the loss of electrons or an increasein oxidation state.

Antiparasitic : An agent which destroys plant and animal parasitesmostly such as itch, lics, etc.

Antiparkinsonian : Alleviating the symptoms of Parkinsonism.Drugs are medicines that receive the symptoms ofparkinsons disease and other forms of parkinsonism.

Antiperiodic : Checks periodic attack of fever as in some kind ofmalaria.

Antiperistalsis : A movement in the bowels and stomach by which thefood and other contents are passed upwards.

Antiphlogistic : A compound which allays inflammation especially inbronchial area.

Antiplasmin : A substance in the blood that inhibits plasmin.Antiplatelet : Drug that reduce the tendency of platelets in the

blood to clumpand clot.Antipodagric : An agent acting against gout.Antiprogestin : A substance that inhibits the formation of

progestational agents.Antiprotozoal : Destroying protozoa.Antipruritic : A drug which act against itching.Antipsychotic : Agents used to cure psycotic disorders.

Drug are a class of medicines used to treat psychosisand other mental and emotional condition.

Antipyretic : Drug used to reduce temperature in fever.Any medicine that lowers body temperature toprevent or alleviate fever.

Antiquamic : An agent which prevent lessens scaling of skin.Antirachitic : A drug which cures rickets.Antisalic, antisialagogue : A compound which diminishes or controls buccal

mucous (saliva).Antiscabetic : A drug which destroys scabies and mites.Antiscorbutic : A chemical which acts against scurvy.Antisenese : Having a sequence of nucleotides complementary to a

coding sequence which may be either that of thestrand of a DNA double helix which undergoestranscription.


AAntisense RNA : Antisense RNA (ASRNA) is a single-stranded RNA

that is complementary to a messenger RNA (MRNA)strand transcribed within a cell.

Antisense technology : Relating to a nucleotide sequence that iscomplementary to a sequence of messenger RNA.When antisense DNA or RNA is added to a cell, itbinds to a specific messenger RNA molecule andinactivates it.

Antiseptic : Substance which prevent putrefaction in dead animalor vegetable matter; a chemical disinfectant which issafely applied to the skin or mucous membrane.

Antiseptic : An antiseptic is a substance which inhibits thegrowth and development of microorganism.

Antisera : Preparations from native sera containing specificimmunoglobulin’s action for a specific microorganism.

Antisera : A blood serum containing antibodies against specificantigrns injected to treat or protect against specificdisease.

Antiserotonin : Inhibiting or modifying serotonin activity.Antispasmodic : Relieving or preventing convulsions or spasmodic

pain.Antistatic additive : Antistatic agent is a compound used for treatment of

materials or their surfaces in order to reduce oreliminate buildup of static electricity. Static chargemay be generated by the tribo-electric effect.

Antithrombotic : Agent is a drug that reduces the formation of bloodclots (thrombi).

Antithymocyte globulin : An immunosuppressive agent that destroys thelymphocytes.

Antithyroid : Counteracting the functioning of the thyroid.A preparation that inhibits the synthesis of thyroidhormones and is commonly used in the treatment ofhyperthyroidism.

Antitoxin : Antibody against a toxin.An antibody that counteracts a toxin.

Antitubercular : Drugs are medicines used to treat tuberculosis aninfectious disease that can affect the lungs and otherorgans.

Antitussive : A medicinal preparation for suppressing coughs.A substance that is used to supress coughing.

Antivenereal : Acts against anything pertaining to sexual disorder.Antiviral : Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication.

An agent that kills a virus or that suppresses itsability to replicate and hence inhibits capability tomultiply and reproduce.


AAAntivirotic : Inhibitive to virus and viral infection.Antizygotic : An agent that prevents pr retards fermentative

processes.Anuresis : Retention of urine in the bladder.Anuria : Complete suppression of urinary secretion by the

kidneys.Anus : The distal or terminal orifice of the alimentary canal.Anxiety : A feeling of apprehension, worry, uneasiness, or dead

especially of future.A feeling of worry nervousness or unease aboutsomething with an uncertain outcome.

Anxiolytic : Reducing anxiety.Aorta : The main trunk from which the systemic arterial

system proceeds.Aortic : Pertaining to the aorta.Aortitis : Inflammation of the aorta.Aperients : Non-irritative mid laxative.Aphonia : Loss of voice.Aphrodisiac : Stimulates sexual desire, virility.Apical meristem : Meristematic tissues distributed at the apex of shoot

and root which are involved in growth in length.Apicle : A small tooth or point at the apex.Apicotomy : Puncture of the apex of the petrous portion of the

temporal bones.Apicule : Short, often sharp at one end of the spore.Apiotherapy : Treatment with the bee venom.Aplasia : Lack of development of an organ or tissue.Aplastic anemia : Incomplete development of structures.Apocrine gland : A sweat gland composed of a coiled secretory portion

located at the junction of the dermis andsubcutaneous fat, from which a straight portioninserts and secretes into the infundibular portion ofthe hair follicle.

Apocrine glands : Large sweat glands.Apoferitin : A colorless protein occurring in the mucosal cell of

the small intestine.Apolipoprotenis : Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-

soluble substances such as fat and cholesterol) toform lipoproteins. They transport the lipids throughthe lymphatic and circulatory systems. The lipidcomponents of lipoproteins are insoluble in water.

Apophysis : Any outgrowth or swelling not separated from thebone of which it form a part.


AApoplexy : Sudden neurologic impairment.Apoprotein : A protein which together with a prosthetic group

forms a particular biochemical molecule such as ahormone or enzyme.

Apoptosis : The death of cells which occurs as a normal andcontrolled part of an organism’s growth ordevelopment.

Appendagitis : Inflammation of an appendage.Appendicitis : Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.Appendix : A narrow blind tube projecting from caecum below the

ileocoecal valve.Appetite : A nature longing of desire for food.Appetizer : A substance which stimulates appetite.Appliance : A device, apparatus or instrument for performing a

particular function.Applicator : A device used for inserting something or for applying

a substance to a surface.Apthae : Small ulcers.Aqua regia : A mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acids.Aqueous : Watery ; prepared with water.Aqueous humor : A fluid filled in the anterior chamber of eye.Arabic : Various species of acacia giving gummy or resinous

exudate.Arabin : An amorphous carbohydrate from gum arabic.Arabinose : A pectin or gum sugar, white crystalline solid, mp

159p obtained from vegetable gums by acidhydrolysis.

Arachidic acid : A saturated straight chain fatty acid.Arachis oil : A fixed oil obtained from the seed of arachis

hypogaea, used as an oleogenous vehicle.Arane : An inhibitor of histamine release.Arch : A structure with a curved or bow-like outline.Arching : Have the curved shape of an arch.Archorrhagia : Hemorrhage form the rectum.Archorrhea : A liquid discharge from the rectum.Arciform : Bow-shaped.Arcitumomab : Arcitumomab is a fab’ fragment of immu-4, a murine

igg1 monoclonal antibody extracted from the ascitesof mice.

Arcus : Curved structure of bow-like outline.Areca : The dried ripe seeds of areca catechu family

palmaceae.


AAArecoline : A cholinomimetic alkaloid obtained from betel nut

(areca).Arenaviridae : A family of viruses comprising the arenaviruses.Arenes : Arenes are aromatic hydrocarbons (most commonly

based on benzene rings) such as benzene andmethylbenzene.

Areola : Any minute space in a tissue.Areolar tissue : A tissue containing minute interspaces.Areolitis : Inflammation of the areola of the breast.Arginine : An essential amino acid, produced by hydrolysis of

proteins.Argyria : A permanent ashen-gry discolouration of the skin.Aricept : Aricept (donepezil hydrochloride) is a cholinesterase

inhibitor that reduces or prevents acetylcholinebreakdown in brain tissue.

Aromatic chest rub : A natural traditional remedy to ease minor coughscolds.

Aromatic drugs : Substance which stimulate appetite and have flavor.Aromatic water : Clear, saturated aqueous solution of volatile

substance.Arota : A large vessel which opens out of the left ventricle of

the heart and carries blood to all the body.Arreria : Any vessel carrying blood away from the heart.Arrest : Stoppage.Arrhenius equation : The arrhenius equation is a formula for the

temperature dependence of reaction rates.Arrhythmia : Any variation from the normal regular rhythm of the

heart-beat.Arrhythmia, juvenile : Sinus arrhythmia occurring in children.Arrhythmias : A condition in which the heart beats with an irregular

or abnormal rhythm.Arrow root : A starch prepared from the rhizome of maranta

arundinacea.Arsenic : A non-metallic, medicinal and poisonous element of

atomic number 33 , atomic weight, 7492 ; symbol, as.Arsenic acid : White translucent crystals prepared by digestion of

arsenic with nitric acid.Artemisia : A genus of compositae flowered plants.Artemisin : A terpene based Antimalarial substance used in

Chinese medicine.Arteriectopia : Displacement of any artery from its normal location.Arteries : Vessels which convey blood away from the heart to

the tissue of the blood.


AArteriography : Radiography of an artery, carried out after injection of

a radiopaque substance.Arteriole : A small artery.Arteriostenosis : The narrowing or diminution of the caliber of an

artery.Arteritis : Inflammation of an artery.Artery : Vessel through which the blood passes away from the

heart to the various parts of the body.Arthralgia : Pain in joint.Arthritis : Inflammation of the joints; the gout.Arthritis , rheumatic : A chronic systematic disease primarily of the joints.Arthrodesis : The operation for fixing a joint in a given position

from which it cannot be moved.Arthrography : Arthrograpy is a procedure involving multiple x rays

of a joint using a fluoroscope, or a special piece of x-ray equipment which shows an immediate x-ray image.

Arthropathy : Any joint disease.Articular : Relating to a joint.Articulation : A joint between two bones; junction between two or

more bones of the skeleton.Artificial respiration : Methods for restoring respiration on suspended

breathing.Artrium : A chamber.Aryl : A chemical prefix for aromatic radical.Asbestos : A highly heat-resistant fibrous silicate mineral that

can be woven into fabrics, and is used in brakelinings and in fire-resistant and insulating materials.

Ascariasis : A disease produced by infestation with theroundworm.Infection of the intestine with ascarids (parasiticnematode worms).Is agenus of parasitic nematode worms know as thesmall intestinal roundworms which is type ofhelminthes.

Ascaricide : An agent that destroys ascaris lumbricoides andother species.

Ascaris : A genus of large intestinal nematode parasites.Ascites : An accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal

cavity.Ascorbic acid (vitamin c) : A dietary factor to be present in the diet to prevent

scurvy.Ascospore : A spore formed in an ascus and characteristic of

ascomycetes.


AAAseptic : A controlled process in which the level of microbial

contamination is reduced.Aseptic processing : Aseptic processing is the process by which a sterile

(aseptic) product (typically food or pharmaceutical) ispackaged in a sterile container in a way thatmaintains sterility.

Asexual : Not sexual; without male or female sex-organs;sexless.

Ash : The incombustible residue remaining after anyprocess of incineration.

Asiaticoside : A steroidal glycoside of a trisaccharide and asiaticacid.

Asparagines : A non-essential amino acid.Aspartame : A synthetic sweetening agent.

A very sweet substance used as an artificialsweetener, chiefly in low-calorie products. It is aderivative of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.

Aspartic acid : A naturally occurring non-essential amino acid.Aspergillus : A genus of imperfect fungi of the family moniliaceae.Aspesis : Absence of micro-organism ; prevention of sepsis.Asphyxiant : A substance capable of production of asphyxia.Aspiration pneumonia : Pneumonia due to entrance of food or other foreign

matter into the respiratory passages.Aspirin : A white crystalline powder used to treat rheumatism,

chores, fever, etc.Assay : Determination of the content of a specific component

of a mixture, with no evaluation of other components.Assimilation : Anabolism, conversion of nutritive material into living

tissue.Astemizole : A synthetic antihistamine agent.Asthenia : Weakness; lack or loss of strength and energy.Asthenopia : A sense of weakness the eye.Asthma : Breathing problem accompanied by wheezing caused

by a spasm of the bronchial tube or by swelling ofmucous membranes; paroxysmal attack of difficulty inbreathing.A respiratory condition marked by attacks of spasm inthe bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty inbreathing. It is usually connected to allergic reactionor other forms of hypersensitivity.A respiratory condition marked by attacks of spasm inthe bronchi of the lungs causing difficulty inbreathing.


AAstringent : An agent contracts tissues to check secretions, allays

inflammation and stop capillary flow.Astringent : Causing the contraction of skin cells and other body

tissue.Asymmetry : A molecular structure in which an atom having four

tetrahedral valencies attached to four different atoms.Asymptomatic : Symptomeless exhibiting no symptoms.Asystole : Cardiac standstill ; absence of a heart beat.Ataxia : Loss of power of governing movement, though the

power necessary to make the movements is stillpresent.

Atelectasis : Incomplete expansion of lungs; airlessness of a lung.Atenolo : A synthetic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.Atom : The smallest unit of an element comprised of a

nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons.Atomic condition : Relaxed condition with lack of tension.Atomic number : Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.Atomic weight : The average weight of all the isotopes of an atom.Atomization : Atomization refers to separating something into fine

particles. It is the process of breaking up bulk liquidsinto droplets.

Atomizer : A device for emitting water, perfume, or other liquidsas a fine spray.

Atorvastatin : Is a cholesterol lowering medication that blocks theproduction of cholesterol.

ATP : Adenosine triphosphate.ATPase : Adenosine triphosphatase.Atresia : Congenital absence or closure of a normal body

orifice or tubular organ.Atrial flutter : Is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of

the heart.Atrial natriuretic peptide : A type natriuretic peptide is secreted largely by the

atrial myocardium in response to dilatation.Atropa belladona : A perennial herb containing tropane alkaloids

‘possesses anticholinergic properties.Atrophy : A decrease in size of an organ or tissue.Atropine : Active tropane compound of belladonna used in

dilating pupils.Atropinization : Influence of atropine.Atrovent : Atrovent (ipratropium) is a bronchodilator that relaxes

muscles in the airways and increases air flow to thelungs. Atrovent is used to prevent bronchospasm, ornarrowing airways in the lungs, in people withbronchitis, emphysema, or copd (chronic obstructivepulmonary disease).


AAAttapulgite : Hydrous magnesium aluminium silicate.Attention deficit disorder : Any of a range of behavioral disorders occurring

primarily in children including such symptoms as poorconcentration hyperactivity and learning difficulties.

Attenuant : To render a pathogenic microorganism less virulent.Attenuation : The act of thinning or weakening.Attrial fibrillation : An abnormal and irregular heart rhythm in which

electrical signals are generated chaotically thoughtthe upper chambers (atria) of the heart.

Attrition mill : A mill, usually centrifugal, in which grain is pulverizedby the mutual attrition of its particles, and byfrictional contact with the sides.

Audiology : The science of hearing.Auditory : Pertaining to the sense of hearing.Auditory acuity : Quick sensibility of the organ of hearing.Auranofin : A gold containing compound c20h34auo9ps taken

orally in the teatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Auricularis : Pertaining to the ear.Auriscope : An instrument for examining the ear.Auscultation : The act of listening the sounds within the body for

the purpose of diagnosis.Autacoids : A chemical transmitter substance produced by cells of

the body and transported by the bloodstream to thecells and organs on whichnit has specific regulatoryeffects.

Auto receptors : A neurotransmitter receptor located in the presynapticterminal of the same neuron that produces theneurotransmitter.

Autoanalyzer : The autoanalyzer is an automated analyzer using aflow technique called continuous flow analysis (CFA)the first applications were for clinical analysis, butmethods for industrial analysis soon followed. Thedesign is based on separating a continuously flowingstream with air bubbles.

Autoblast : An independent solitary bioblast ; a microorganism.Autoclave : An equipment used to sterilize materials.

A strong heated container used for chemical reactionsand other processes using high pressures andtemperatures, e.g. Steam sterilization.

Autocytolysis : The enzymatic digestion of cell by enzymes normallyelaborated in the affected cells.

Autocytotoxin : A cytotoxin for the cells of the body in which it isformed.

Autogamy : Self-fertilization.


AAutogenous : Self generated products in the body.Autoimmune disease : A disease resulting from an immune reaction to ones

own tissue components.Autolysins : Enzymes of bacteria which hydrolyze their own cell-

wall substance.Autonomic nervous system : The part of the nervous system responsible for

control of the bodily functions not consciouslydirected, such as breathing, the heartbeat, anddigestive processes.

Autoradiography : The making of a radiography of on a photographicplate ; the radiation emitted by a radioactive material.

Autotoxin : Any pathogenic principal developed within the bodyfrom tissue metamorphosis.

Autotrophic bacteria : Bacteria that can synthesize carbohydrates andobtain enerzy from simple inorganic sources.

Autoxidation : Oxidation processes that processes that proceedslowly in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

Autoxidation : Autoxidation is any oxidation that occurs in open airor in presence of oxygen (and sometimes uv-radiation) and forms peroxides and hydroperoxides.

Auxin : A growth- promoting hormone in plant.Avenin : An Albuminoid obtained from avena sativa.Avermectins : Any of a group of compounds with strong

anthelmintic properties, isolated from a strain ofbacteria. Chemically, they are macrocyclic lactoneswith a disaccharide ring attached.

Axil : Upper angle between leaf and petiole; in the axis ofany structure.

Axillary bud : A lateral bud borne in the axil of a leaf.Axolemma : The plasma membrane of an axon.Axon : The axis of the body.

The long thread-like part of a nerve cell along whichimpulses are conducted from the cell body to othercells.

Azeotrope : A liquid mixture of two or more substance whichbehaves like a single substance.

Azospermia : Absence of spermatozoa in the semen.Azotemia : An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in

the blood.Azothioprine : A cytotoxin and an immunosuppressive drug.Azotomer : An instrument for measuring the proportion of

nitrogen compounds in a solution.Azotomycin : An antibiotic substance with antineoplastic

properties produced by streptomyces ambofaciens.


AAAzotorrhea : Excessive loss of nitrogen in the feces.Azoturia : An excess of urea in the urine.Azymia : Absence of an enzyme.P- aminobenzoic acid : A substance required for the synthesis of folic acid(PABA) by many organisms.

abacterial...lexicon of pharmacy 1 a a abacterial : free from bacteria. abasia : inability to walk....

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