Ñ;% l,dj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s10tim118.pdffuu ;d¾lslrk ls%hdj,sfha ish¨ u úihhkaf.a...

i

Ñ;% l,dj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

10 fY%aKsh^2015 isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u Y%S ,xldj

www.nie.lk

[email protected]

uqøKh iy fnodyeÍu - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ii

Ñ;% l,dj

10 fY%aKsh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

m%:u uqøKh 2014

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lkúoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

uqøKh (wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

uyr.u" kdúkak" ;rxð m%skaÜia ysuqøKh fldg m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaY lrk ,o cd;sl uÜgfï ksmqK;d

ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï jq wOHdmkh

fjkqjg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m

iv

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ysñf.a mKsúvh

bf.kqu" mq¿,a lafIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg

o m;alrhs' ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=i,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø

fldg .;a rgla" iudchla nqoaêh úiska y`ÿkd.;a wiïu;hka neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka

;=

v

fmrjok

iudc m%.ukfhys,d uyÕ= fufyjrl kshef,kakka w;r .=rejre

m%uqL fj;s' iajlSh Ôú;h ilia lr .ekSu i|yd orejkag u. fmkajkafkda

.=rejre h'

2015 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul flfrk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wÞ<

b.ekaùï lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd .=rejrekag myiqlï iemhSfï

wruq‚ka fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y uqøKh lr fnÞyeÍug wOHdmk

m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j lghq;= lrhs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska

iïmdÈ; fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh" orejkag ukd bf.kqï mßirhla

ks¾udKh lr §ug wjYH u. fmkaùu .=rejreka jk Tn fj; ,nd fokq

we;ehs hkak udf.a úYajdihhs'

fï m%h;akh h:d¾:hla jkafka fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

mßYS,kfhka ,nk mßph bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdÞ

.ekSug ork W;aidyh u; h' tA ioa ld¾hh i|yd lem ù isák Tng

udf.a f.!rjh msßkuñ'

;siai fyajdú;dkwOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

biqremdh"

n;a;ruq,a,'

2014'08'06

vi

úIh ye¢kaùuúIh ye¢kaùuúIh ye¢kaùuúIh ye¢kaùuúIh ye¢kaùu

wfma ud;DN+ñhg;a" ixialD;shg;a" fidndoyu yd iuia; Ôj" wÔj úYaj Od;=jg;ays;ldó mqrjeishl= ks¾udKh lsÍfï mq¿,a cd;sl mrud¾:fhka mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< orejkagbf.kSug ,efnk iqúfYaI;u úIhh fi!kao¾h úIh hs' th cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhafi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j f,i wm úiska y÷kd.kakd ,o my; ±lafjk fi!kao¾húIhfha cd;sl oelau lsheùfuka Tng uekúka wjfndaO jkq we;'

fi!kao¾hfhka ixialD;sluh ,eoshd mqnqÿjd" tu.ska ks¾udKYS,S nj" ixfõ§;dj" ord.ekSu" YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj yd foaYdkqrd.h jvjd ud;D N+ñh flfrys ixfõ§ jQ ore le,layd iudchla ìys lsÍu'

(“To sensitize students and the community through aesthetics to the Mother Land, endowed

with cultural pride, creativity, sSensitivity, tolerance, partriotism and a sense of national identity”)

foaYh f.dvkexùfï § úYajh iu. hy in|;d mj;ajd .ksñka fmrg hk wkd.;mqrjeishd flfia úh hq;= o hkak .eUqßka úuid ne,Su;a iu. fuf;la mej;s fi!kao¾húIhfha cd;sl oelau w;sl%uKh fldg fuu 2015 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh foi kjuqoDIaáhla fy

vii

tys § kdhl;ajh" iyNd.s;ajh" bÈßm;a ùu" iqyo;ajh" iduQysl;ajh" we.ehSu" ijka§u"ms

viii

úIhud,d lñgqj

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh iïnkaëlrKh ( tï'Ô'ta'fla'hQ'nKavdr uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

( {dkisß î'.uf.a uhd - lÓldpd¾h

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úIh úfYaI{ Wmfoia

uydpd¾h iqisrsmd, ud,sïnv ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h

uydpd¾h ruHj¾Ok fmdäks,fï ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h

wdpd¾h à' ikd;kka ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" hdmkh úYajúoHd,h

ms' wys,ka uhd ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" hdmkh úYajúoHd,h

f,aLl uKav,h

wNHka;r iïm;a odhl;ajh

tï' Ô' ta' fla' hQ' nKavdr uhd ( fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

{dkisß î'.uf.a uhd ( lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

rùkaø f;akqjr uhd ( lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

puß ;miajrf.a ñh ( iyldr lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ufkdard fm%au;s,l ñh ( iyldr lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh

wdpd¾h Wmd,s rxð;a rKjl ( fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" nq,;aisxy,

ä' tï' l=udß Èidkdhl ñh ( Ñ;% l,d wdpdßkS" Y%S iqux., isß uy úoHd,h

tÉ' tï' tia' ms' tÉ' nKavdr uhd ( Ñ;% l,d wdpd¾h" Ydka; is,afjia;r úoHd,h"uykqjr

tÉ' tka wkqr ms%hka; uhd ( .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" YS% cmqr

tia' ta' y¾Id ufkdackS ñh ( .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fydaud.u

tÉ' ta ixcSú uxcÍ ñh ( .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fld

ix

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh" j¾I 2015 isg l%shd;aul lsÍug kshñ; Ñ;% l,dj 10fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh mokï lrf.k iïmdokh lr we;' mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùïl%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd fuh Tn w;g m;aflf¾' fuu fmd; mßYS,kfha §my; lreKq ms

x

mgqk

msgqj

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh iii

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ysñf.a mKsjqvh iv

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a ;=udf.a mKsjqvh v

ye|skaùu vi-vii

úIhud,d lñgqj viii

.==re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia ix

úIh ks¾foaYh xi-xxv

bf.kqï bf.kaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia 01-109

x

úIh ks¾foaYh

xvii

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜguj úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfPao

Ñ;% l,dj úIh ks¾foaYh -10 fYa%Ksh

1'0 mßirh wdYs%;

f;aud hgf;a Ñ;%

ixrpkh lrhs'

1'1 udkj yd i;a;aj

rEm we;=

xviii



2'0 mßirfha mj;akd

jia;+

iïmsKavkd;aulj

Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

2'1 úúO iajNdúl yd

ks¾ñ; jia;+

ksÍlaIKh lr o<

igyka w¢hs'

2'2 iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ;

jia;=

iïmsKavkd;aulj

Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

n úúO iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ;

jia;+ f¾Ld wdYs%; wOHhkh

• f¾Ldfõ úúO;d

• t

xix



3'0 mdßydßl

wjYH;d i|yd

fudaia;r

ks¾udKlrKfha

fhfohs'

3'1 kj ie,iqï ixl,am

Ndú; lr mdßydßl

wjYH;d i|yd

ks¾udK lrhs'

3'2 kj ie,iqï ixl,am

Ndú; lr mdßydßl

wjYH;d i|yd jHdma;

ieris,s ks¾udKh

lrhs'

3'3 iajNdúl yev iy

j¾K Ndú;fhka

NdKav yd ieris,s

ks¾udKh lrhs'

n mdßydßl wjYH;d

n fudaia;r isoaOdka;

• iunr;djh

• ßoauh

• tal;ajh

n ie,iqï ixl,am

n ks¾udKd;aul yev

n oaúudk yd ;%sudk ks¾udK

• m;dl• myka

• úÿ,s myka wdjrK

n ieris,s tall

n fudaia;r isoaOdka;

n j¾K Ndú;h

n frÈ fudaia;r

•

xx



4'0 ksIamdok yd

fiajd wjYH;d

i|yd .%e*sla

ks¾udK

lrhs'

4'1 úúO ksIamdok yd

fiajd m%pdrKh i|yd

.%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

4'2 .S;hlg$ lúhlg$

ksi|eilg WÑ;

ikakso¾Yk Ñ;%

ks¾udKh lrhs'

n wjYH;dj

n ie,iqu

n uqøKhg fhda.H nj

n ikaksfõokd¾:

n ks¾udKd;aul wlaIr

n j¾K udOH

• ojgk

• ,dxPk• wdrdOkd m;%

n ikakso¾Yk Ñ;%hl

wvx.= ,laIK

• f¾LdlrKh

• yev;,

• j¾K

5'0 úúO udOH

Ndú;fhka

uQ¾;s yd leghï

ks¾udKh lrhs'

5'1 ks¾udKd;aul yev;,

Ndú;fhka Wkak;

leghï ks¾udKh

lrhs'

n ks¾udKd;aul yev;,

Ndú;fhka Wkak;

leghïks¾udKh

• úúO udOH

• WÑ; nj

• iïmsKavkh• ks¾udKd;aul nj

• úúO ksIamdok yd fiajdm%pdrKh i|yd uqøKhg fhda.H

ks¾udKd;aul wlaIr wvx.=

ikaksfõok w¾: .eí jQ f,an,a"

ojgk" ,dxPk" fmdaiag¾" werhqï

m;% ks¾udKh lrhs'

• .S;" lú" ksi|eiaj,g WÑ;

ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% ks¾udKh lrhs'

• ks¾udKd;aul yev;,iïmsKavkh lr Wkak; leghï

ks¾udKh lrhs'

• ks¾udKlrKh i|yd úúOudOH Ndú; lrhs'

08

06

xxi



5'2 weöfï Ys,am l%uh

Ndú;fhka ñksia

ysila ks¾udKh lrhs'

n ñksia ysila ks¾udKh

• úúO udOH

• WÑ; nj

• iïmsKavkh

• ks¾udKd;aul nj

6'0 wd.ñl yd

ixialD;sl wx."

foia úfoia

f;dard.;a

Ys,amSkaf.a l,d

lD;ska" woH;k

oDYH l,d lD;s yd

ckudOH weiqßka

y÷kd.;a l,d

ks¾udK úpdrYS,Sj

ridiajdohg ,la

lrñka iaj;ka;%

ks¾udK i|yd

Ndú;hg .kshs'

6'1 f;dard.;a foaYSh

Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK

ridiajdoh lrhs'

n jia;= úIh" l,d wdNdi"

ffY,sh" udOHh yd Ys,am l%%u"

Ndj m%ldYk" ixrpk l%u yd

l,d ,laIK wOHhkh

• tï' id¾,sia

- isÿy;a l=ure iy uõ ìij

- mshqïmsg jeãu • fida,shia fukaäia

- fyauud,d yd oka; l=ure

oka; Od;=j jevu lrùu

- ix>ñ;a;d fufyKska

jykafia YS% uyd

fndaêh jevu lrùu

• fcda¾Ê lSÜ

- udr mrdch ^fnd/,a, f.da;ó úydrh&

- kdhsld Ñ;% • fâúâ fmakag¾

- ch.%dyS f,i fcrei,ug

we;=,aùu

- hym;a iuß;dkqjrhd

(Good Samarithan)

• wd.ñl f;aud jia;= úIh lr .;a

kQ;k foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.aa

ks¾udKj, iqúfYaI;d úia;r

lrhss'

• tu wd.ñl l,d ks¾udK i|yd

n,mE wdNdi ixikaokd;aul j

ú.%y lrhss'

• kj wd.ñl Ñ;% iïm%odhj,

uQ,sldx. yd uQ,O¾u úia;r lrhs'

• iajhx ks¾udKlrKhg wdNdi

lr .kshss'

• weöfï Ys,aml%uh Ndú;hg .kshs'

• Ys,am l%u ms

xxii



• ;djä ;=f¾hsidñ

- iqÿ l=l=

xxiii



7'0 foaYSh" úfoaYSh

ft;sydisl Ñ;%"

uQ¾;s" leghï yd

.Dy ks¾udK

l,djkays

wkkH;d

y÷kdf.k tajdfha

l,d;aul ,laIK

ks¾udKlrKfha §

Ndú;hg .kshs'

7'1 .ïfmd< hq.fha .Dy

ks¾udK" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd

leghï wOHhkh

lrhs'

n ft;sydisl miqìu" jia;= úIh"

ffY,sh" wdNdi" udOHh"

Ys,am l%%u yd l,d ,laIK

• .v,dfoKsh úydrh

• ,xld;s,l úydrh

- .Dy ks¾udK - leghï

- ì;= is;=jï

- uQ¾;s -ks¾udK Ys,amSka

• weïnelafla foajd,h

- .Dy ks¾udK - leghï

- ks¾udK Ys,amSka

7'2 uykqjr hq.fha Wvrg

iïm%odfha .Dy

ks¾udK" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd

leghï wOHhkh

lrhs'


ffY,sh" udOHh" Ys,am l%%u yd

l,d ,laIK

• o

xxiv




ffY,sh" udOHh yd Ys,am l%%u

• uQ¾;s ks¾udK

- mQcl rej

- k

xxv



- y¾óia iyvfhdkSiia (HERMES AND DIONYSUS)

- we;Skd fojÕk (ATHENA PARTHENOS)

- ,eTl+ka (LAOCOON)

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

xxvii

Ñ;% l,dj úIh ks¾foaYh - 10 fYa%Ksh

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia

1

ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( mßirh wdY%s; f;aud hgf;a Ñ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( udkj yd i;a;aj rEm we;=

2

• ks¾udK ms

3

ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( mßirh wdY%s; f;aud hgf;a Ñ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( uykqjr hq.hg wh;a Wvrg úydr ì;= is;=jïys iïm%odhsl l,d

,laIK weiqfrka Ñ;% ixrpkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 1'2'1 ( zzwd.ñl lghq;=j, ksr;jk ne;su;=kaZZ

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 03 hs

bf.kqï m, ( • úúO wd.ñl j;a ms

4

mshjr 1'2'1'2 ( • weuqKqu wxl 1'2'1'1 g we;=

5

.fõIK$ ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sldj

• mka;s ldurfha m%o¾Ykh lrk wd.ñl j;dj;a iys; Ñ;% kso¾Yk fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

• tu wjia:dj,g wh;a isoaê yd tajdfha bßhõ" .;s,laIK yd fN!;sl mßirhy÷kd.kak'

• bÈßm;a lr we;s uykqjr hq.fha Wvrg úydr Ñ;% kso¾Yk weiqßka Tn f;dard.;aud;Dldj ks¾udKh lrkak'

• f¾Ldfjka w¢k ,o Ñ;%h uykqjr hq.fha iïm%odhsl ,laIK iys; j j¾K .kajkak'• ks¾udKh lrk ,o Ñ;% mx;sldurfha m%o¾Ykh lsÍug iQodkï lrkak'

♦ my; ud;Dldj hgf;a ;j;a ls%hdldrlula ie,iqï lr.kak'

1'2'2 rka oE;hs ire fmdf

6

ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( mrsirfha mj;akd øjHhka iïmsKavkd;aulj Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ( úúO iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ; jia;+ka ksÍlaIKh lr o< igyka w¢hs'

ls%hdldrlu 2'1'1 ( zz>kl yeve;s jia;=jla" nd,aÈhla" ùÿre fnda;,hla" ;eô,s

f.ähla f¾Ldfjka wOHhkh lruq'ZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • Odrlh u; ;nd we;s NdKav iuQyfha tlsfklg fjkiajQ yev yd u;=msg iajNdj we;s nj úia;r lrhs'

• ;,hg .ekl yeve;s jia;=jla• nd,aÈhla• ùÿre fnda;,hla• ;eô,s f.ähla• NdKav ;eîu i|yd Odrlhla• Ñ;% w¢k lvodis yd 2B " 3B" 4B" 6B wdÈ mekai,a• weuqKqu wxl 2'1'1'1 g we;=

7

mshjr 2'1'1'2 ( • weuqKqu 2'1'1'1g we;=

8

ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( mßirfha mj;akd øjHhka iïmsKavkd;aulj Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ( iajNdúl yd ks¾ñ; jia;+ka ksÍlaIKh lr iïmsKavkd;aulj

Ñ;%Kh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 2'2'1 ( zz>kldN yeve;s jia;=jla" ueá n÷kl nydÆ wr,sh w;a;la"

w;a mkaÿjla fyda md mkaÿjla fyda iïmsKavkh lr j¾K lruq'ZZ

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 02 hs'

bf.kqï m, ( • Odrlh u; ;nd we;s øjH iuQyfha tlsfklg fjkiajQ yev yd u;=msg iajNdjhla we;s nj úia;r lrhs'

• Ñ;% we£fï uQ,sl isoaOdka; Ndú;hg .ekSfuka jia;=j,yev ksjerÈj we¢h yels nj mskldN yeve;s jia;=jla• ueá u,a n÷kla• wr,sh u,a w;a;la ^m;% 5 la muK&• w;a mkaÿjla $ oe,a mkaÿjla• øjH ;eîu i`oyd Odrlhla• weuqKqï wxl 2'2'1'1 g we;=

9

mshjr 2'2'1'2 ( • weuqKqu 2'2'2'1 g wod< .fõIK$ ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sld isiqkag ,ndfokak'

• Ñ;% w¢k øjH iy WmlrK isiqkag ,ndfokak'• .fõIK$ ld¾h Wmfoia wkqj isiqka l%shdldrlfï fhdojkak'• l%shdldrlïj, fhfok isiqkag wjYH u`. fmkaùu yd

wdo¾Y iemhSu isÿ lrkak'

• isiq ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak' ^ñks;a;= 60 hs&

mshjr 2'2'1'3 ( • ksu lrk ,o Ñ;% mx;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'• isiqkag ;u ks¾udK ms

10

• Tn bÈßfha ;nd we;s øjH iuQyh fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'• NdKav tlsfklg wdjrKh ù we;s wdldrh yd tys idfmalaI mßudj mskldN yeve;s jia;=jla" f.da,dldr jia;=jla" ùÿrejl oeuQ rela w;a;k u,a w;a;la"

uqøs; frÈ lvla Ñ;%Kh lruq - ld,Éfþo 02

ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( mdßydßl wjYH;d i|yd fudaia;r ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'

11

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( kj ie,iqï ixl,am Ndú; lr mdßydßl wjYH;d i|yd

ks¾udK lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 3'1'1 ( zzmykla ks¾udKh lruq'ZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • úúO ixialD;Skag wh;a myka o,ajñka wrUk iqúfYaISwjia:d úia;r lrhs'

• úúO udOHhka f.ka ks¾udKh jQ myka j¾. Ndú; lrknj ms

12

meyeÈ,s lsÍu

• ks¾udKh ie,iqï lsÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq ms

13

ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( mdßydßl wjYH;d i|yd ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ( kj ie,iqï ixl,am Ndú; lr mdßydßl wjYH;d i|yd jHdma;

ieris,s ks¾udKh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 3'2'1 ( —is`.s;s we÷ug uefjk rgd˜


bf.kqï m, ( • ieris,s tall ks¾udKh lrhs'•

14

mshjr 3'2'1'3 ( • YsIH ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'• iajhx we.hSulg wjia:dj ,ndfokak'• ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd yd woyia m%ldYkhg wfkla isiqkag wjia:dj

i,id fokak'

• fmdÿ iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'^ñks;a;= 05 hs&

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia (

my; lreKq mokï lrf.k we.hSfï yd ;lafiarelrKfha fhfokak'

•

15

ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( ksIamdok yd fiajd wjYH;d i|yd .%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( úúO ksIamdok yd fiajd m%pdrKh i|yd .%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 4'1'1 ( zzojgk" weiqreï" nyd¨ï ks¾udKh lruqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • ojgk" weiqreï" nyd¨ïj, wkkH;d ,laIK ms

16

• foaYSh wdydr j¾.hlska idok ,o kj;u ksIamdokhlafjf

17

ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( ksIamdok yd fiajd wjYH;d i|yd .%e*sla ks¾udK lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( —.S;hlg $lúhlg$ksi|eilg WÑ; ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% ks¾udKh

lrhs'˜

ls%hdldrlu 4'2'1 ( zzmoH mx;shlg ikakso¾Yk Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lruq'aZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • ikakso¾Yk Ñ;% ms

18

mshjr 4'2'1'3 ( • ksu l< lD;s mx;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'• m%o¾Ys; lD;s ms

19

ksmqK;dj 5'0 ( úúO udOH Ndú;fhka leghï yd uQ¾;s ks¾udKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 ( ks¾udKd;aul yev;, Ndú;fhka Wkak; leghï ks¾udKh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 5'1'1 ( zzi;a;aj yd ;=re,;d yev fhdod ì;a;s ieris,a,la ks¾udKh

lruq'ZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • leghï i`oyd WÑ; udOH y÷kdf.k tajd ks¾udKd;auljNdú;hg .kshs'

• udOH Ndú;h msDcqf*daï ISÜ iy lemSug wjYH WmlrK ,ndfokak'

20

• wjYH Wmfoia foñka ks¾udKh lsÍug u`. fmkajkak'• ks¾udKh mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 90 hs&

mshjr 5'1'1'3 ( • isiq ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'• isiqkaf.a iajhx we.hSu iy idlÉPdjg bv ,ndfokak'• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia iys; we.hSï wjia:djlg wfkl=;a isiqka

fhduq lrjkak'

• ks¾udKfha o< igyka w¢ñka miqj wjYH WmlrK Ndú;fhka>Dcqf*daï u; leghula myiqfjka fk

21

ksmqK;dj 5'0 ( úúO udOH Ndú;fhka leghï yd uQ¾;s ks¾udKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ( weöfï Ys,am l%uh Ndú;fhka ñksia ysila ks¾udKh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 5'2'1 ( zzñksia ysilaa wUuq'ZZ

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 03 hs'

bf.kqï m, ( • udOHfhys úúO;d y÷kdf.k wjfndaOh ,nhs'• udOH Ndú;h ms

22

• ueá t,d .ekSug wjYH iQodkï l< ,E,s lKavdhug,ndfokak'• moï l< ueá iy wjYH WmlrK ^Tools& lKavdhug

,ndfokak'

• f;dard.;a o< igyk weiqfrka ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd wjYHu`. fmkajñka iydh ,ndfokak'

• ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug lKavdhï iQodkï lrkak'• f;; ueáj,ska ks¾udKh lr wjika lrk ld,h ld,Éfþo

2 lska o" j¾K lsÍug" miqj t

23

weuqKqu 5'2'1'1

.fõIK$ ld¾h Wmfoia m;%sldj

• lKavdhï i|yd imhd we;s lshùï m;%sldj fyd¢ka lshjd l%shdldrlïj, fhfokak'• .=re;=ud $.=re;=ñh mka;shg bÈßm;a lr we;s wdo¾Y Wkak; leghu fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh

lrkak'

• tys olakg ,efnk yev" udOH" j¾K" ;%sudk nj" ksudj iïnkaO j wjOdkh fhduqlrkak'

• lKavdhug imhd we;s äuhs fld< Ndú; lr ish¨fokdu o< igyka w¢kak'• lKavdhfuka f;dard.;a tla fyd| u ks¾udKh fyda tla tla ks¾udKfha id¾:l fldgi

tlalr tl ks¾udKhla lKavdhfï isiqjl= ,jd kshñ; m%udKhg w¢kak'

• lKavdhug imhd we;s ,E,a, u; w`.,a 1$2 l muK >k;ajhla isák f,ig ueá w;=rd.kak'

• tu ueá mqjrej u;g we|.;a Ñ;%h w;=rd mEka ;=äka fyda mekai,hlska we|.kak'• ,nd § we;s weUqï WmlrK ^Tools& fhdodf.k lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd iyfhda.fhka

wjYH ;eka u;= lr.ksñka wkjYH fldgia bj;a lrñka ks¾udKh lrkak'

• ish¨ lKavdhï ks¾udK úhf

24

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl wx." foia" úfoia f;dard.;a Ys,amSkaf.a

l,d ks¾udK" woH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßkay÷kd.;a l,d ks¾udK úpdrYS,Sj ridiajdohg ,la lrñkaiaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a ks¾udK ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'1 ( zztï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï w.huq˜


bf.kqï m, ( • tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj, ld,Sk jeo.;alu fidhdn,hs'

• úydr is;=jï yd ,sf;da uqøK jYfhka tï'id¾,siaf.aks¾udK y`ÿkd .kshs'

• kj ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ wdNdi úuidn,hs'

• ks¾udK wdY%s; j ixrpk l%u yd isoaOdka; ,laIK úia;rlrhs'

• tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,lalrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;% −isÿy;a l=ure yd uõ ìij −mshqï msg jeãu• weuqKqu 6'1'1'1 g we;=

25

• lshùï m;%sldj weiqfrka ld¾h m;%sldfõ we;s l%shdldrlfuysfh§ug issiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

^ñks;a;= 20 hs'&

mshjr 6'1'1'3 ( • isiqkaf.a ms

26

weuqKqu 6'1'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• j¾I 1880 cQks 25 jk Èk wïn,kaf.dv Wm; ,nñka 1955 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk wmw;ßka iuq.;a tï' id¾,sia ^ud,s.djf.a id¾,sia& fn!oaO Ñ;% l,dfõ kj mqkreohla

we;s l< Ys,amsfhls'

• gj¾ kD;H Yd,dfõ Ñ;% jia;% ilia l< ßpâ fykaßliaf.a ngysr Ñ;% l,d ffY,Sh,laIK tï' id¾,siaf.a fn!oaO Ñ;% ks¾udK i|yd wdNdih úh'

• tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a fn!oaO is;=jï ks¾udK" úydr is;=jï yd ,sf;da uqøs; is;=jïf,i fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels h'

• hg;a úð;lrKh ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ ckm%sh ù ;snQ ì%;dkH /ðkf.a rEm fjkqjg fn!oaOÑ;%" isxy, fn!oaO ck;dj w;r ckm%sh lsÍug mqfrda.dó jQfha tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshd h'

• Tyq úiska w`Èk ,o fn!oaO is;=jï 1923 § c¾ukshg hjd ,sf;da uqøs; l%ufhka msgm;a,nd .eksK' tjeks is;=jï 36 la úh' my; i|yka jkafka bka lsysmhls'

- isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh

- mshqï msg jeãu

- Ys,am oelaùu

- isÿy;a hfYdaOrd irK ux.,Hh

- isÿy;a l=ure yd uõ ìij

- ÿIalr l%shdj

- iSj,S uyry;ka jykafia

• tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshd úiska is;=jï we| we;s fn!oaO úydria:dk lsysmhla my;i|yka fõ'

- fld

27

isÿy;a l=ure yd uõ ìij ^,sf;da uqøs;&

• wmrÈ.$ngysr iajNdúljd§ Ñ;% ffY,sfha wdNdih wkqj rEm rpkh lr we;'• mqkreo hq.fha Ñ;% Ys,amSka w`Èk ,o ußh;=ñh yd fÊiq ì

28


l,d ks¾udK" woH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßka

y÷kd.;a l,d ks¾udK úpdrYS,Sj ridiajdohg ,la lrñka

iaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'


ls%hdldrlu 6'1'2 ( zzfida,shia fukaäia Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï w.huq'ZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • fida,shia fukaäia Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;% ks¾udK y÷kdf.k kïlrhs'

• kj ks¾udKd;aul is;=jï ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ wdNdiúuid n,hs'

• ks¾udK i`oyd mokï jq Ñ;% uQ,sldx. yd ixrpk isoaOdka;,laIK úia;r lrhs'

• fida,shia fukaäia Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK ri ú`Èñkawe.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • fida,shia fukaäia Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.a le,Ks úydr is;=jï- fyauud,d yd oka; l=ure oka; Od;=j jevu lrùu

- ix>ñ;a;d fufyKska jykafia Y%S uyd fndaêh jevu

lrùu

• weuqKqu 6'1'2'1 g we;==

29

• tla/ialr.;a f;dr;=re yd isiqkaf.a ms

30

weuqKqu 6'1'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• j¾I 1897 cQks 17 jk Èk y,dj; udoïfma k.rhg kqÿre uyjej § fida,shia fukaäiaWm; ,nd we;'

• le,Ks úydr ì;= is;=jï kj fn!oaO úydr Ñ;% ffY,shla y`ÿkajd §ug mqfrda.dó úh'• le,Ks úydrfha is;=jï ks¾udKh lsÍug wdNdih ù we;af;a" bkaÈhdfõ wcka;d"

t,af,dard yd Nd.a jeks ia:dkj, l,d ks¾udK yd ,xldfõ iS.sßh" ;sjxl ms

31

fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ure Y%S oj¾K rc iufha ^l%s' j' 301 -328& l,s`.= rg .=yiSj kï rc;=ud úiskaoñ;a;d f;rKska jykafia ch Y%S uyfndaêh Y%S ,xldjg jevu lrùu

• fuu is;=jñka ksrEmKh jkafka bkaÈhdfõ O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a ÈhKshl jQix>ñ;a;d f;rKsh úiska Y%S uyd fndaê Ydldjla ,xldjg /f.k tau iy isß,l

rc l< fojkmE;sia rc;=ud Èhg nei Y%S uyd fndaêh Ndr.ekSug iQodkïjk

wjia:dj fõ'

• úYd, ;,hla u; is;=ju iïmsKavkfha § we;sjk wNsfhda. ch .ksñka wod<m%ia;=;h ;,hg f.dkq lr .ekSfï § Ys,amSh yelshdj rEm" j¾K yd f¾Ld ixrpkh

u.ska uekúka m%ldY fõ'

• fuu is;=jñka ±lafjk rej,a kej b;d úia;rd;aul yev;, u.ska yd c,fhyspd,l iajrEmh ishqï f¾LdlrKh u.ska o b;d úis;=re f,i olajd we;'

• merKs idïm%odhsl Ñ;% l,dfõ ßoauhdkql+, f¾Ldjg kj Ôjhla tla lrñka yd iïm%odhsl ix.; j¾Kud,djlg wkq.; j w÷re ly" ÿUqre" fld

32

fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ure Y%S oñ;a;d f;rKska jykfia ch Y%S uyfndaêh Y%S ,xldjg jevu lrùu

33






ls%hdldrlu 6'1'3 ( —fcda¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huq˜


bf.kqï m, ( • fcdA¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK kï lrhs'• fcda¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï ms

34

• fcda¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ms

35

weuqKqu 6'1'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• wdishdfõ úYsIag Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jYfhka m%isoaêhg m;a fcda¾Ê lSÜ l%s'j' 1901 wfm%a,a 17jk Èk uykqjr wïmsáfha § isxy, n¾.¾ mjq,l Wm; ,eî h'

• uykqjr ;%s;aj úÿyf,ka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd we;'• Tyq 43 lKavdhug wh;a Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jk w;r f.da;ó úydrfha ì;=is;=jï o

ks¾udKh lr we;'

• kQ;k hq.fha m%ùK Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jk Tyq ;u is;=jï ks¾udKj,g yskaÿ l,d wdNdihyd hqfrdamfha meíf,da msldfidaf.a >ksljd§ Ñ;% ffY,sfha l,d wdNdih iys; j Tyqgu

wdfõKsl Ñ;% ffY,shla ks¾udKh lr.ekSu oelsh yels h'

• fldksljd§ yev;, Ndú; lsÍfuka udrfiakdfõ uqyqKqj, reÿre Nhxlr ú,dihuekúka biau;= lr we;'

• udr msßig ÿUqre" w`M" l`M jeks w÷re j¾K;a nqÿkajykafia i|yd w÷re ly" ,dÿUqre jeks j¾K;a fhdod .ksñka ;%sudk ,CIK iys; j is;=ju j¾Kj;a lr we;'

• rEm jgd mßmQ¾K;ajh yd ksudj fmkajk ks¾udKYS,S f¾LdlrKh Tyqg uwdfõKsl jQjls'

36

kdhsld Ñ;%

• fcda¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshd úiska kdhsld Ñ;% .Kkdjla we| we;'• fuu is;=jï f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajia u; lrk ,o Ñ;% ks¾udKhka h'• kdhsld is;=jï wkqrd.S núka hq;= m%ldYkhka jk w;r ta nj ±laùu i|yd mq`M,a weia yd

yd mq`M,a fof;d,a ksrEmKh lr we;'

• ks¾udKfha w,xlrKh fukau m%ldYk Yla;sh ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd o f¾LdlrKh uekúkaNdú; lr we;'

• fuu l,d ks¾udK i|yd wdNdi jYfhka ngysr >ksljd§ l,d ,laIK fuka u yskaÿo¾Ykfha ;ka;%hdk ,laIK o ,eî we;ehs úpdrl u;hhs'

• w`ÿre j¾K fukau meyeÈ,s §ma;su;a j¾K tlg ixl,kh lr j¾Kj;a lr ;sîu fuukdhsld is;=jïj,ska ±lsh yels h'

37






ls%hdldrlu 6'1'4 ( zzfâúâ fmakag¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • fâúâ fmakag¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK fidhd n,hs' • hqfrdamSh iajNdúljd§ iïm%odhkaf.a wdNdih Tyqf.a

ks¾udK wdY%s; j úia;r lrhs'

• ks¾udKj, Ñ;%uh .=Kdx. úuid n,hs'• fâúâ fmakag¾ Ys,amshdf.a Ñ;%j, iqúfYaIS l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • fâúâ fmakag¾ Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;% − ch.%dys f,i fcrefi,ug we;=,a ùu- fld

38

• fâúâ fmakag¾ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ms

39

weuqKqu 6'1'4'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• úYsIag Ñ;% Ys,amshl= f,i m%isoaêhg m;a fâúâ fmakag¾ j¾I 1900 § W;=re bkaÈhdfõwe,afudard ys § bx.%Sis cd;sl ñIkdß msfhl=g yd isxy, ujlg odj Wm; ,eîh'

• Tyq tx.,ka;fha frdah,a welvñfha Ñ;% l,dj ms

40

• cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;ss fuu is;=ju lekajih u; f;,a idhïudOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udKhls'

• Ñ;%fha olajk udkj rEm bßhõ ldhsl iqkaor;ajh olajk ,d,s;Hfhka hq;=j Ñ;%Khlr we;s w;r tajd ye`.Sï m%ldYkfhka hq;=j ksrEmKh flf¾'

• ;,h u; rEm ixrpkh lsÍfï § fmrìu" ueo ìu yd miqìu u; rEm msysgjñka Ñ;%hfha.eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK ksrEmKh lr we;'

• ;%sudk ,laIK iys;j jvd;a frdai meyehg yqre §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla Ndú; lr we;' • Ñ;%fha miqìu i|yd olajd we;af;a fcreiru ldka;drh fjkqjg ,dxlSh úh

41





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a l,dlD;s ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'5 ( zz;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • ;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ±l .; yels ia:dkkï lrhs'

• tu ia:dkj, we;s is;=jï kï lrhs'• Tyqf.a ks¾udK i`oyd ,enqKq wdNdi úia;r lrhs'• is;=jï i|yd fhdod .;a j¾Kj, iajNdjh úuid n,hs'• ;djä ;=frhsidñf.aa Ñ;% ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug

,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • ;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;%- iqÿ l=l=

42

mshjr 6'1'5'3 ( • wyUq f,i f;dard.;a isiqka lsysm fofkl=f.a ms

43

weuqKqu 6'1'5'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• ;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ 19 jk ishji w.Nd.fha hdmkfha ;djä m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ Ñ;%Ys,amsfhls'

• fudyq ol=Kq bka§h ;kacdjQ¾ (Thanjavur) is;=jïj, Ys,aml%u ks¾udK i`oyd Ndú; lr we;'• tfuka u hqfrdamd h:d¾:jdoh (Realism) yd fmrÈ. is;=jï ,laIK iïñY%Khla fudyqf.a

is;=jïj, lemS fmfka'

• hdmkfha k,aÆ¾ ys iÜgkdo¾ Ysj foajd,fha we;s ì;= is;=jï w;r iqÿ w;a we;s mQcl rej^fMh¾&" .Km;s rEmh" iqÿ l=l=

44

iqÿ w;a iys; mQcl rEmh yd .Km;s rEmh

• iÜgkdo¾ Ysj foajd,fha ±lsh yels fuu is;=jñka iqÿ w;a iys; mQclhl= .Km;sg mQcdmj;ajk wdldrh ksrEmKh lr ;sfí'

• ,d ÿUqre j¾K iu`.

45


l,d ks¾udK" wOH;k oDYH l,d lD;s yd ckudOH weiqßka


tajdfha iaj;ka;% ks¾udK i|yd Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( f;dard.;a foaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a l,dlD;s ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'1'6 ( ˜fmrsh;ïì iqn%uKshï l,dlrejdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • fmßh;ïì iqn%uKshï Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï ks¾udK olakg,efnk ia:dk yd tu is;=jï kï lrhs'

• Tyqf.a ks¾udK i|yd n,mEï ^wdNdi& we;s l< lreKqúia;r lrhs'

• Tyq ;u is;=jï i|yd fhdod.;a j¾Kj, iajNdjh .fõIKhlrhs'

• fm' iqn%uKshï Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIKwe.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • fm' iqn%uKshï Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;%- w.ia;sh¾ yd úkdh.¾ kï is;=ju ^bkqú,a

mrrdifialr ms,af,hd¾ fldaú,&

- we;d úiska j,a,s j t

46

• lshùï m;%sldj lshjd m%Yakj,g ms

47

weuqKqu 6'1'6'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• j¾I 1920'09'21 Èk hdmkh" k,aÆ¾ys Wm; ,nñka j¾I 2006 ud¾;= 15 Èk wm w;ßka

iuq.;a fmrsh;ïì iqn%uKshï fou< ck;dj w;r ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jq úYsIag Ñ;%

Ys,amsfhls'

• fou< ck;djf.a tÈfkod ðú; wjYH;djka iu. ne¢ wNs,dIhka bgq l< Ñ;%

Ys,amshl= f,i fmßh;ïì iqn%uKshï Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj,g iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla

ysñ fõ'

• Tyq hdmkfha Ôj;a fjñka iaj W;aiyfhka Ñ;% l,dj yeoErE Ys,amsfhls'

• bkaÈhdkq l,dlre rú j¾udf.a mqrdK ft;sydisl isoaê ksrEms; is;=jïj, ffY,sh

,laIK fm' iqn%uKshïf.a iss;=jï i|yd o wdNdi ù we;'

• rú j¾udf.a is;=jïj, ffY,sh i|yd bka§h ckm%sh ixialD;sfha m%ldYs; udOH jk

Ñ;%mg" le,ekav¾ yd fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% wdÈh ;=

48

w.ia;sh¾ yd úkdh.¾ kï is;=ju

• fm' iqn%uKshïf.a ks¾udK l< is;=jï w;r iqúfYaIS is;a;ula jk w.ia;sh¾ ydúkdh.¾ kï is;=ju bkqú,a mrrdifialr ms,af,hd¾ fldaúf, ys ±lsh yels h'

• fuu ks¾udKfhka w.ia;sh¾f.a flKaähg lmqgq fjiska meñKs úkdh.¾ ;Ügq l<ksid yg.;a ldfõÍ kÈhfha l;d mqj; wjia:d ;=klska hq;=j ksrEmKh lr we;'

• yqKq ì;a;sh u; ;,h ilia lsÍulska f;drj tku,a j¾K fhdod fuu is;=juks¾udKh lr we;'

• iajNdúl m%udKhg ks¾udKh ù we;s fuu is;=ju b;d wdl¾IKSh f,i Ndú; lrk j¾K úúO ;dkh ^Tone& fhdod.ksñka ;%sudk ,laIKj,ska hq;=j Ndú; lr we;'

'• rEm" ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j¾Kj, ;dkh ^Colour tone& u.ska f.dvkxjd we;s fyhskarEm jgd meyeÈ,s f¾LdlrKhla olakg fkd,efí'

• m¾hdf,dalkh ,laIK olajd we;s w;r fmr ìfï we;s rEmj, l%shdldrlïj,g WÑ;mßÈ yd tajd tla tla ;Sj% lrk wdldrhg miqìfï o¾Yk olajd we;'

• fldgia ;=klska hq;a fuu is;=jfuys tla tla fldgiska tlsfklg fjkia ye`.Sïm%ldYk olajhs' ta wkqj

m

49

we;d j,a,sj t

50





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( f;dard.;a úfoaYSh Ys,amSkaf.a l,dlD;s ridiajdoh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 6'2'1 ( zz,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ (Lenardo da Vinci) Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK

w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï kï lrhs'• Tyqf.a kj ks¾udKd;aul Ñ;% ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ wdNdi

úia;r lrhs'

• ixrpk l%u yd isoaOdka; ,laIK úia;r lrhs'• is;=jï i|yd fhdod .;a j¾K yd miqìï N+ o¾Ykj,

iajNdjh úuid n,hs'

• ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ Ys,amshdf.aa Ñ;% ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIKwe.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;%- m¾j; uia;lfha foajuEKsfhda

- wjika rd;%S fNdack ix.%yh

- fudkd,sid

• weuqKqu 6'2'1'1 g we;=

51

• lshùï m;%sldj lshjd f;areïf.k wjfndaOfhka ms

52

weuqKqu 6'2'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• mqkreo hq.fha ̂ Renaissance Period& ìysjQ fY%aIag;u Ñ;% Ys,amshl= f,i ,shkdfvdavdúkaÑ ye¢kaúh yels h'

• j¾I 1452 úkais ^ Vinci & kqjr Wm; ,o fudyq fjrlsfhda Ñ;% Ys,amshd hgf;a Ys,amyeoErE w;r Ñ;% Ys,amhg muKla fkdj .Ks;h" úoHdj" bxðfkare Ys,amh" ix.S;h" .Dy

ks¾udK Ys,amh fuka u ie,iqï Ys,amhg o oialï olajd we;'

• Tyqf.a ks¾udK i|yd .S%l frdau l,d ks¾udKj, uQ,sl l,d ,laIK yd úoHd;aul kjfi!kao¾h m%fõY mokï ù we;'

• ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑf.a is;=jï lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'1' m¾j; uia;lfha foaj uEKsfhda ̂Vergin of the rocks)

2' wjika fNdack ix.%yh ̂ The Last Supper&

3' fudkd,sid ̂Monalisa&

m¾j; uia;lfha foajuEKsfhda ^Vergin of the rocks)

• ,kavka cd;sl l,d.drfha m%o¾Ykh lr we;s fuu is;=ju j¾I 1483 - 1500 ld,h ;=<ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'

• m¾j; uia;lfha foajuEKsfhda is;=jfuka oelafjkafka ußh;=ñh wi,ska isák fÊiqì

53

• fuu ks¾udKfha foajuEKshkaf.a uqyqfKka oelafjk lreKdNrs; nj;a" orejkaf.afud,leá nj fuka u ye`.Sï m%ldYkh fmkaùug Ys,amshd f.k we;s W;aidyh

id¾:l ù we;'

• is;=jfuys miqìu me

54

fudkd,sid ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Monalisa&&&&&

• ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑf.a úYsIag ks¾udKhla jk fudkd,sid oekg m%xYfha Æj¾fl!;=ld.drfha uyck m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

• fuu is;=ju fmdma,¾ keu;s ,Shl f;,aidhï udOHfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'• *ekaisiaflda ðfhdafldkavd keu;s fj

55






ls%hdldrlu 6'2'2 ( zzuhsl,a wdkaðf,daf.a (Michaelanjelo) ks¾udK w.huq'ZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • uhsl,a wdkaðf,da Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï yd uQ¾;s kï lrhs'• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK" f;dr;=re tla/ia

lrhs'

• kj ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ Ys,am l%u úia;rlrhs'

• ixrpk l%u yd isoaOdka; ,laIK úia;r lrhs'• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK

we.hSug yd riiajdohg ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • uhsl,a wdkacsf,da Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK- msfhgd (Pieta)

- fâúâ (David)

- wdoï ueùu ̂The creation of Adam)


56


57

weuqKqu 6'2'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da l%s'j' 1475 b;d,sfha *af,drkaia k.rfha ldi,a lemaÍia kïia:dkfha oS Wm; ,eî h'

• Tyq Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï l,dj yd jdia;= úoHdj i|yd iyc olaI;djla oelajQ w;rmqnqÿ hq.fha ìys jQ úYsIag l,d Ys,amsfhl= f,iska ye¢kaúh yels h'

• Tyq úiska lsß.re`v udOHfhka lrk ,o úYsIag uQ¾;s my;ska ±la fõ'- msfhgd

- fâúâ

- fudafiia

- ñhhk jy,d

- ler,sldr jy,d

- ii jeks cq,shia mdma;=udf.a fidfydka f.h

- nDD.iays ußh uõ;=ñh

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da Ys,amshd isiaghska foõueÿf¾ w`Èk ,o is;=jïj,g wu;rj Y+oaO jQmjq, kñka lekajih u; f;,a idhï udOH is;=jula o ks¾udKh lr ;sfí'

msfhgd ^̂̂̂̂Pieta)

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da fuu uQ¾;sh ks¾udKh i|yd f;aud lrf.k we;af;a l=reisfhka bj;alrk ,o ñh .sh fÊiqia jykafiaf.a wm%dKsl isrer ußh uú;=ñh úiska Wl=f,ys

fydjdf.k isák wdldrhhs'

• — lsß.re`v˜ udOHfhka fk

58

fâúâ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^David)

• Yla;sh" ks¾NS;Ndjh" udkj ohdj yd ;dreKH hk .=Kdx. fuu uQ¾;sfhkauekeúka ksrEms; h'

• lsß.re`v udOHfhka mQ¾K Wkak; f,i ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu m%;sudj wä 14 w`.,a03 muK Wiska hq;= k.ak mqreI rejls'

• .%Sl-frdau uQ¾;s iïm%odhg wkqj udkj foayfha iqkaor;ajh" lvjiï nj yd ßoauhiajNdúl yd ;d;aúlj ksrEmKh lr we;'

wdoï ueùu ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ The creation of Adam)

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da úiska frdaufha isiaghska foõ ueÿf¾ fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%ufhkaks¾udKh lrk ,o úhka;, is;=jï w;=ßka jeo.;a ks¾udKhls'

• fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka foúhka jykafiaf.a rej fndfyda l%sia;shdks Ys,amSka úiskaksrEmKh fkdlrk ,o f,i idudkH ñksia rejl iajrEmfhka ks¾udKh lr oelaùuhs'

59

• fuu is;=jñka ksrEmKh jkafka foaj ¥;hska iu`. isák foúhka jykafia wdoï fj; we`.s,a, È.= lr isák w;r wdoï úiska foúhka jykafia fj; w; È.= lr isák

wdldrh hs'

• fuys § foúhka jykafiaf.a uy¨ iajrEmh iy wdoïf.a ;dreKH uekúka ksrEmKh lr ;sfí'

• Tyqf.a uQ¾;sj, oelsh yels Yla;s iïmkak yd cjiïmkak nj fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKfhys ouekúka oelsh yels h'

wka;su úksYaph ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ Last Judgment)

• frdaufha j;sldkq k.rfha isiaghska foõ ueÿf¾ w,a;drh msgqmi ì;a;sfha fuu is;=ju ks¾udKh lr we;'

• f,dj úYd,;u fm%iaflda isflda is;=ju f,i ie,flk fuh wä 48 x 44 m%udKfhka hqla; h'

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da úiska fuu Ñ;%h m%Odk fldgia 3 lg fnod th iaj¾.h" ukqf,djyd mrf,dj f,i ixfla;d;aulj ksrEmKh lr we;'

• Ys,amshdg wdfõKsl jQ iajNdúl yd ;d;aúl ffY,Sh ,laIK iys;j fuu Ñ;%hixrpkh lr ;sfí'

• tys § ñksia rEmj, ldhsl ,laIK yd l%shdldÍ ,laIK iu. ye`.Sï m%ldYkh uekúkaksrEmKh lr we;'

60






ls%hdldrlu 6'2'3 ( zzr*dh,a ikaisfhda (Raphael Sanzio) Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK w.huqZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • r*dh,a ikaisfhda Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï kï lrhs'• r*dh,a ikaisfhda Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï" f;dr;=re tla/ia lrhs'• is;=jï i|yd fhdod .;a j¾K yd miqìï N+ñ o¾Yk

úuid n,hs'

• kj ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ Ys,amSh l%u úia;rlrhs'

• ixrpk l%u yd isoaOdka; ,laIK úia;r lrhs'• r*dh,a ikaisfhdaf.a Ñ;% ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug

,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • r*dh,a ikaisfhda Ys,amshdf.a j¾K Ñ;%− we;ekaia .=rel=,h (School of Athens)− uefvdakd Ñ;%− ;Kmsáfha isák uefvdakd (Madonna of the Meadows)

− uefvdakd fv,d fiaoshd (Madonna Della Sedia) • weuqKqu 6'2'3'1 g we;=

61

• lshúï m;%sldj weiqßka m%Yakj,g ms

62

weuqKqu 6'2'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• mqk¾Ôjk hq.fha úiQ fY%AIAg Ñ;% Ys,amSka w;r r*dh,a ikaisfhda Ys,amshdg ysñjkafkaiqúfYaIS ia:dkhls'

• fudyq j¾I 1483 j¾Ifha § W!¾ìf.da keu;s k.rfha Wm; ,enqfõh'

we;ekaia .=rel=,h (School of Athens)

• we;ekaiays .=rel=,h r*dh,a úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o úYsIag ì;= is;=jula fõ'• fuh frdaufha iagekaid fv,d is.kapqrd (Stanza della Segnatura) keue;s f.dvke`.s,s

ì;a;shl fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uhg ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'

• jdia;= úoHd;aul wjldYh u; rEm iïmsKavkh lsÍu ms

63

uefvdakd Ñ;%

• r*dh,af.a ks¾udK w;r m%lg f;audjla jQfha uefvdakd fyj;a lkHd ußh;=ñh ydfÊiQ ì

64

uefvdakd fv,d fiaoshduefvdakd fv,d fiaoshduefvdakd fv,d fiaoshduefvdakd fv,d fiaoshduefvdakd fv,d fiaoshd (Madonna Della Sedia)

• ljdldr ;,hla u; we`o we;s fuu is;=jfuka ußh uõ;=ñhg ;=re`M ù isák fÊiq ì

65

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( foaYSh" úfoaYSh ft;sydisl Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK

l,djkays wkkH;d y÷kdf.k tajdfha l,d;aul ,laIK

ks¾udKlrKfha § Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( .ïfmd< hq.fha .Dy ks¾udK" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï wOHhkh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'1'1 ( —.v,dfoKsh úydrh˜


bf.kqï m, ( • .v,dfoKs úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK" uQ¾;s" leghï" kï lrhs'• .v,dfoKs úydrfha ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd

n,hs'

• ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%uúia;r lrhs'

• .v,dfoKs úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK we;=¿ l,d wx.j, l,d,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • .v,dfoKsh úydrh yd ine¢ j¾K PdhdrEm iS'ã' ;eá".v,dfoKs úydrh is;=jï yd leghï iys; mska;+r


66

• .v,dfoKsh úydrh ms

67

weuqKqu 7'1'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• ioO¾u;s,l úydrh fyj;a .v,dfoKs úydrh .ïfmd< hq.hg wh;a ks¾udKhls' • l%s' j' 1341-1351 ld,hg wh;a .ïfmd< hq.fha rc l< i;rjk nqjfklndyq rcqf.a rdcH

ld,fha§ O¾uls¾;S ysñhkaf.a wkqYdikdj mßÈ yd fiakdê,xldr weue;sf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka

fuu úydr ks¾udK lghq;= isÿ lr we;'

• fuu úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i lghq;= lrk ,oafoa ol=Kq bka§h Ys,amshl= jk.fKaIajrdpd¾h yd Tyqf.a wkq.dñl Ys,amSka h'

jdia;= úoHd ks¾udK

.v,dfoKsh úydrh - m%;sud úydrh

• fuu iqúfYaIS f.dvke.s,a, ;ks l¿.f,ka ksujd we;s w;r" uKavmh" wka;rd,h yd .¾N.Dyhhk m%Odk fldgia ;=klska iukaú; fõ'

• .v,dfoKs úydrfha uKavmh ;ks l¿.,ska ksujd we;' fuys mshiai me;,s h' mdofuyskgkakkaf.a iy jhkakkaf.a rEm fm

68

úcfhd;amdh

• úcfhd;amdh kñka y÷kafjk wä 12 la muK Wi wä;d,ula u; ys¢ nqoaO m%;sud i;rla;ekam;a lr we;s .,ska ksu jQ m%;sud .Dy 04la úydrh bÈßmsg .,a;,dj u; oelsh yels h'

• fuu .Dy ks¾udK wx.fha Èid wglg uqyqK,d we;a rEm 08la leghï lr we;' f.dvke.s,a,uOHfhys wä 40 la muK Wig ks¾udKh lr we;s ia;+mh mshiailska wdjrKh fõ'

• ia;+mh jgd we;s l=vd mßjdr ffp;H i;rls' tajd m%;sud .Dyhka y;frys mshiai u; f.dvk.d we;'

nqÿ ms

69




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( .ïfmd< hq.fha .Dy ks¾udK Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï wOHhkh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'1'2 ( —,xld;s,l úydrh˜


bf.kqï m, ( • ,xld;s,l úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK" uQ¾;s" leghï" is;=jïkï lrhs'

• ,xld;s,l úydrfha ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhdn,hs'

• ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%uúia;r lrhs'

• ,xld;s,l úydrfha ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • ,xld;s,l úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK" uQ¾;s" leghï" is;=jïwe;=

70

mshjr 7'1'2'3 ( • ms

71

weuqKqu 7'1'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• .ïfmd< hq.fha bÈjQ ,xld;s,l úydrh mekay,a., kï jQ .,a;,djla u; bÈlr we;'• y;r jk nqjfklndyq rc ld,hg ^l%s'j' 1341 - 1351& wh;a fuu f.dvke.s,a,

fiakdê,xldr wud;Hjrhdf.a Wmfoia u; ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'

• ,xld;s,l úydrfha ks¾udK Ys,amshd jkafka bkaÈhdfõ ia:m;srdh¾ kï Ys,amshd hs'

jdia;= úoHd ks¾udK - ,xld;s,l úydrh

• fuu .Dy ks¾udKh i|yd .fvd,a iy yqKq nodu fhdodf.k we;s w;r w;S;fha § th uy,a4lska hqla; úh'

• msg; ì;a;sfha ks¾udKh lrk ,o we;a rEm yd mekakqï l=¨kqq úydrhg w,xldrhla f.kfok jdia;= úoHd;aul wx. fõ'

• m%;sud .Dyhg iïnkaO lr i;r Èidfõ iuka" úNSIK" Wmq,ajka l;r.u yd .KfoúhkaWfoid idok ,o foajd, myla ^05& yd tajdfha foaj m%;sud olakg ,efí'

nqoaO m%;sud

• m%;sud .Dyfha we;s ys¢ nqoaO m%;sudfõ fofk;a újD; j fuka u" Öjrfha /

72

úúO ieris,s fudaia;r

iQúis nqÿjrekaf.a ks¾udK w;r

zfldaKd.u nqoaOZ

isõ yxi mQÜgqj

,xld;s,l rc uyd úydrh nqoaO m%;sud

73




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( .ïfmd< hq.fha .Dy ks¾udK Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï wOHhkh

lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'1'3 ( zzweïnelafla foajd,hZZ


bf.kqï m, • weïnelal foajd,fha .Dy ks¾udK yd leghï y÷kd.ksñka kï lrhs'

• weïnelal foajd,fha ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhdn,hs'

• ks¾udK i|yd mokï jQ wdNdi" udOH yd Ys,am l%u úia;rlrhs'

• weïnelal foajd,fha .Dy ks¾udK we;=¿ l,d wx.j, l,d,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weïnelal foajd,fha .Dy ks¾udK ,S leghï we;=

74

mshjr 7'1'3'3 ( • mka;sfha isiqka lsysmfofkl= wyUq f,i f;dardf.k Tjqkaf.a ms

75

weuqKqu 7'1'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• .ïfmd< hq.fha bÈjQ weïnelal foajd,h uykqjr Èia;s%lalfha Wvqkqjr ueo m

76

• mdrïmßl isxy, ieris,s fudaia;r w;r ±lsh yels iqúfYaIS l,ams; fudaia;r ks¾udKfndfyduhla weïnelal foajd,fha mfka, ,S leghï w;r ±l .; yels h' my;ska

±lafjkafka l,d;aul ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= l,ams; yd i;a;aj ks¾udK lsysmhls'

− fNareKav mlaIshd − ls÷re rEmh− we;al| ,sysKshd − kdß,;d− ierfmkaÈhd − yxi mQÜgqj− jDIN l=x[aPh − isxyhd

• weïnelal foajd, ,S leghï w;r iqúfYaIS ks¾udK jYfhka ie,flkqfha iuld,Skiudc cSú;h iïnkaO wjia:d ksrEmKh lrk leghï h' my; i|yka jk tu ks¾udK

lsysmhls'

− rnka jhkakd − u,a,j fmdrh− wYajdfrdaylhd − k

77

fk`Mu - fmalv ks¾udKhls ,shlï fudaia;rhla k

78




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( uykqjr hq.fha Wvrg iïm%odfha .Dy ks¾udK" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd

leghï wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'2'1 ( zzfixlv.,mqr Y%S o

79

mshjr 7'2'1'3 ( • isiqka lsysmfofkl=f.a ms

80

weuqKqu 7'2'1'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• Y%S ,dxlsl ck;djf.a uqÿka u,alvla n÷ jQ Y%S o

81





leghï wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'2'2 ( zzueoj, geïmsg úydrhZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • ueoj, úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK wx. yd is;=jï kï lrhs'• ueoj, úydrfha l,d ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd

n,hs'

• ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%u úia;r lrhs'

• ueoj, geïmsg úydr is;=jï ms

82

mshjr 7'2'2'3 ( • mka;sfha isiqka lsysmfofkl=f.a ms

83

weuqKqu 7'2'2'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• .,a lKq u; bÈl< úydrhla jk fyhska geïmsg úydrhla f,i y÷kajk ueoj,úydrh uykqjrg kqÿre ueoj, .%dufha msysgd we;'

• ueoj, geïmsg úydrh wä 01 hs w`.,a 08la Wia jQ .,a lKq 34la u; bÈlr we;' • ueo uykqjr iïm%odhg wh;a b;d ishqï yd úYsIag ksudjkaf.ka hq;= Ñ;% ks¾udK fuu

úydrfha ±lsh yels h'

• ueoj, úydrh ;=< olakg ,efnk l=vd ;Sre ixrpk is;=jï w;r cd;l l;d" i;ai;sh jeks ud;Dld úfYaI fõ' cd;l l;d w;r fjiaika;r cd;lh yd Wr. cd;lh

m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'

• is;=jï ks¾udK wdY%s; ±lsh yels m%Odk ,laIK- md¾Yaj o¾YS rEm

- ;sre Ñ;% ixrpkj, wLKav l:k l%uh

- oaúudk ,laIK iys; me;,s j¾K Ndú;h

- j¾K i|yd ly" fld

84





leghï wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'2'3 ( zzfo.,afodrej rc uyd úydrhZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • fo.,afodrej úydrfha l,d ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd n,hs'

• fo.,afodrej úydrfha is;=jï kï lrhs'• Ñ;% ks¾udK i|yd mokï jQ ffY,sh ,laIK yd Ys,am l%u

úia;r lrhs'

• fo.,afodrej úydr is;=jï ms

85


86

weuqKqu 7'2'3'2

lshùï m;%sldj

• f,ka úydr j¾.hg wh;a" uykqjr hq.fha is;=jï yuqjk iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls'• lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1747 - 1782& úiska fuu f,ka úydrh f.dvk.k ,§'• fojr.ïm, is,aj;a;ek fuys is;=jï we| we;s w;r" fldiaj;af;a is;a;r khsfoa yd

kS,.u mgnekaod fudyqg iydh ù we;s nj fmd; mf;ys i|yka fõ'

• .¾N.Dyhg we;=¿jk fodrgqj fomi we;s ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpk w;r fjiaika;r cd;lh ydiq;fidau cd;lh iqúfYaIS ks¾udK jYfhka ±lafõ'

• úfYaIfhka fjiaika;r cd;l l;dj ;=< .eí j we;s we,s we;= oka§u ±lafjk Ñ;%húYsIag ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,fla' we;=kaf.a icsù p,kh yd ßoauh ksremKh Bg

fya;= fõ'

• is;=jï ks¾udK wdY%s; ±lsh yels m%Odk ,laIK - ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpkj, wLKav l:k l%uh yd md¾Yj o¾YS rEm

- oaúudk ,laIK iys; me;,s j¾K Ndú;h yd miqìu i|yd w÷re r;= j¾Kh Ndú;h

- j¾K i|yd ly" fld

87





leghï wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'2'4 ( zzoUq¨ .f,a rE jreKdZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • oUq¨ úydrfha Ñ;% i|yd mdol jQ jia;= úIhhka yd is;=jïkï lrhs'

• oUq¨ úydrfha ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhdn,hs'

• Ñ;% ks¾udK i|yd mokï jQ ffY,sh yd Ys,am l%uúia;r lrhs'

• oUq¨ úydrfha Ñ;%j, l,d ,laIK w.hñka úia;r lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • oUq¨ f,ka úydrfha is;=jï iy uQ¾;sj, PdhdrEm• weuqKqu 7'2'4'1 g we;=

88


my; lreKq ms

89

lshùï m;%sldj

• l%s'j' 1 jk ishjfia § muK j,.ïnd rcq úiska ^jÜg.dñKs wNh& fuu f,ka úydrhlrjd we;' m%Odk jYfhka f,ka 05lska iukaú; h'

• foaj rdc f,k• uyd rdc f,k• uyd w¨;a úydrh• mYaÑu úydrh• fojk w¨;a úydrh

• oUq¨ úydr f,ka ixlS¾Kfha úYsIag is;=jï iy uQ¾;s /ila yuqfõ'• uyd rdc f,k hkqfjka kï lr we;s f,fka ie;fmk nqoaO m%;sud we;=¿ fndaêi;aj yd

rcjrekaf.a m%;sud /ila oelsh yels h'

• oUq¨ úydr is;=jï uykqjr hq.hg wh;a jk w;r wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a hehs ie,flkis;=jï fldgila o oel.; yels h'

• oUq¨ úydrfha ì;= is;=jï we£fï f.!rjh ysñjkafka kS,.u is;a;r mrïmrdjg h'• uykqjr hq.hg wh;a oUq¨ is;=jï my; f,i j¾. l< yels fõ'

− fndaêi;aj pß; wjia:diQúis újrKh

cd;l l;d

−−−−− nqoaO pß;fha úúO wjia:dudrmrdch

rkaldis w;=rd fÊ;jkh mqcd lsÍu

− ft;sydisl isÿùïúchd.uk

uyskaod.ukh

Y%s uyd fndaêh jevu lrùu

t

90

• úhka;,fha úYd, m%foaYhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ is;=jï lr we;s udr mrdch is;=jul%shdldß bßhõj,ska hq;= jQ m%ldYkhla iys; iqùfYaIS ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,fla'

• udr mrdch is;=jñka nqÿka jykafia N+ñ iam¾Y uqødfjka ksrEms; h' fuu wjia:dfõuyS ldka;dj nqoaO;ajh ikd: lsÍug idlaIsfjñka fmdf

91




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( bka§h ft;sydisl l,d ks¾udK ms

92

mshjr 7'3'1'3 ( • isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj,ndfokak'

• tu wkdjrK ms

93

weuqKqu 7'3'1'2

lshùï m;s%ldj

bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh fuifmdfÜñhdkq" ñir jeks mQ¾j ft;sydisl Wiia YsIagdpdr yd

iu ;;a;ajfha ,d ie,lsh yels h' mqrd úoHd{ Y%Su;a fcdaka udI,af.a úYajdih jQfha

fuu YsIagdpdrh l%s'mQ' 3250 - 2750 w;r ld, jljdkqjg wh;a nj h' tu YsIagdpdrfha

iaj¾Kuh ld,h l%s'mQ' 2500 - 1500 w;r jYfhka bkaÈhdkq mqrd úoHd{hska úiska olajhs'

fuu YsIagdpdrh fudfykafcdodfrda yrmamd YsIagdpdr jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs'

yskaÈ NdIdfjka —fufydka - fcd odfrda˜ hkq u

95

r;= je,s .,ska l< ljkaO ñksia rej

udkj foayfha iqkaor;ajh b;d ishqï f,i yd ug is,sgq f,i olajd we;s ljkaO ñksia

rej bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrfhka yuq jQ Wiia l,d lD;shls'

.%Sl iïNdjH lD;sj, uQ¾;suh ,laIK olakg we;' uQ¾;sh ukdj TmuÜgï lsÍfuka uia

ms`vqj, iajNdúl;ajh fmkakqï lr we;'

w`.,a 4 ^fi'ó'10& muK Wi h' r;= meye;s yqKq .,ska ksujd we;s fuh mQ¾K Wkak;

uQ¾;shls' fuh fidhd f.k we;af;a yrmamdfjks'

fuu uQ¾;sfhka wfrday mßkdy mqreIhl=f.a ,laIK ksrEmKh lrhs' k.ak rejla jk

fuh Ysjf.a uQ,do¾Y ks¾udKhla jYfhka y÷kajhs' Bg fya;= jYfhka uQ¾;sfha w;a

y;rl idOl olajhs'

ysi w;a md fkdue;' ysi iy w;a md fjk u fldgia jYfhka ;kd ;sfnkakg we;s nj

fmfka' fuu fldgia iúlsÍu i|yd isÿre Ndú; fldg we;s nj oelsh yels h'

w¿ je,s .,ska l< ljkaO ñksia rej

yrmamdfjka yuqjk fuu ljkaO ñksia rej mQ¾K Wkak; Ys,am l%uhg w¿ je,s .,ska

ks¾udKh lr we;'

Wi fi'ó' 10 ls' jï ll=, by

96

bkaÿ ksïk YsIaGdpdrfha uQød

bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh wdY%s;j uqød 2000 lg wêl ixLHdjla yuq ù we;'

fjf

97

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( foaYSh yd úfoaYSh ft;sydisl Ñ;%" uQ¾;s leghï yd .Dy ks¾udK

l,djkays wkkH;d y÷kdf.k tajdfha l,d;aul ,laIK iaj;ka;%

ks¾udKfha oS Ndú;hg .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( Bðma;= yd .%Sl l,dlD;s wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'4'1 ( zzBðma;= uQ¾;s yd Ñ;% ks¾udKZZ


bf.kqï m, ( • Bðma;= uQ¾;s yd is;=jï kï lrhs'• Bðma;= l,d ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd n,hs'• ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%u

úia;r lrhs'

• Bðma;= l,d ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • Bðma;= Ñ;% yd uQ¾;sj, j¾K PdhdrEmuQ¾;s - iamskalaia ̂ Sphinx&

,shkakd ^Scribe &

fk*¾áá ^ Nefertiti &

Ñ;% - óvïys md;a;fhda ^Geese of Meidum &

l=re¨ ovhu ^Fowling Scene&

• weuqKqï 7'4'1'1 g we;=

98


my; lreKq ms

99

• khs,a .x.dOdrh mokï j jHdma; jQ f,dalfha bmerKs u YsIagdpdrhla jk Bðma;=YsIagdpdrh l%s' mQ' 3000 - 30 w;r ld, mrdihg wh;a fõ'

• Bðma;=j mdrdjrekaf.a n, mrdl%uh f,djg lshdmdk iqúYd, msróv" .Dy ks¾udK" Ñ;%uQ¾;s wd§ l,d ks¾udK i|yd moku jQfha Tjqka oeä f,i úYajdi l< urKska u;=

wd;auh ms

100

,shkakd fyj;a ial%hsí (SCRIBE)

• ,shkakd fyj;a ial%hsí ̂ Scribe& uQ¾;sh Bðma;= uQ¾;s l,dfõ merKs hq.hg wh;a ks¾udKhls' • ial%hsí kñka y÷kajk uQ¾;s lsysmhla u Bðma;= l,dfjka yuq ù we;;a" oekg m%xYfha Æj¾

fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;s fuu ial%hsí rej Bðma;= uQ¾;s l,dfõ úYsIag ks¾udKhls'

• yqKq .,ska l

101

Bðma;= Ñ;% ks¾udK

• Bðma;= Ñ;% ks¾udK fidfydka f.j,a jk msróv yd foajia:dk ;=< o oelsh yels h' • oaúudk nj" md¾Yj.; nj fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKhkaf.a oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIK h' • j¾K fh§fï § o fndfyda úg me;,s l%uhg j¾K fhdod we;' • l,ams; ixl,am fukau" ck Ôú;fha úúO isoaê" rcjreka" ìfidajreka" yd iene¢ isoaê ñir

.Dy ks¾udK ;=< oelsh yels úh'

• Bðma;= is;=jï w;r igyka lr we;s yhfrd.a,smslaia (Hieroglyphics) fyj;a rEmdlaIr f,aLklrKfha m

102

l=re¨ ovhu ^ FOWLING SCENE &

• l=re¨ ovhu Ñ;%h l%s'mQ' 1580;a 1350;a w;r ld,fha kj rdcOdks hq.hg wh;a hhs ie,fla' • fuh ;Síiaj, fknduqka (Nebamun) fidfydka .efnka yuq ù we;s j¾K l< is;=jula fõ' • is;=jfuka oelafjkafka Bðma;= jxYdêm;sfhl= jQ fknduqka khs,a kÈfha Trejl ke.S ;u w;

we;s N+urx.h Ndú; lrñka l=re,a,ka ovhï lrk wdldrhhs' Tyqf.a tla w;l w,a,d.;a

mlaISka ;sfofkls' is;=jfuys ±lafjk ldka;d rEm Tyqf.a ÈhKsh yd Nd¾hdj f,ig woyia

flf¾'

• memsria m÷re w;r mlaISka oelafjk w;r ta wi< jQ ovhï n

103




ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( Bðma;= yd .%Sl l,dlD;s wOHhkh lrhs'

ls%hdldrlu 7'4'2 ( .%Sl uQ¾;s ks¾udK


bf.kqï m, ( • .%Sl uQ¾;s ks¾udK kï lrhs'• .%Sl l,d ks¾udKj, ft;sydisl miqìu fidhd n,hs'• ks¾udKd;aul ffY,sh i|yd mokï jQ udOH yd Ys,am l%u

úia;r lrhs'

• .%Sl l,d ks¾udKj, l,d ,laIK we.hSug ,la lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • .%Sl uQ¾;sj, j¾K rEm-- úkia ä fuf,da (Venus de Milo)

- ljfm;a; úislrkakd ̂Discobolus)

- y¾ñia iy vfhdkSiia ̂ Hermes and Dionysus)

- we;Skd foj`.k ̂Athena Parthenon)

- ,eTl=ka ̂ Laocoon)

• weuqKqï 7'4'2'1 g we;=

104

mshjr 7'4'2'3 ( • iqÿiq l%ufõohka Ndú; lr ms

105

weuqKqu 7'4'2'2

lshùï m;s%ldj ùkia § fuf,da (Venus de Milo)

m%xYfha Æj¾ fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s ùkia ä fuf,da m%;sudj .S%l iïNdjH

hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIK iys; ks¾udKhls'

fow;a leã ì£ we;s fuu lsß.re`v m%;sudj" l%s' j' 1820 § fïf,da Èjhsfkka fidhd .;a;ls'

ju;g .;a levm;ska ish rEimqj krUk ldka;djl ksrEmKh jk nj úpdrl woyihs'

ldka;djlf.a iqkaor;ajh fuka u kdßfoayfha ,d,s;H iajNdjh uekúka olajd we;s fuu

uQ¾;sh .%Sl uQ¾;s ks¾udK w;r w.%.kH ks¾udKhla f,i ie,flhs'

rEmfha n| jgd we;s jia;%fha /

106

ljfm;a; úislrkakd ^Discobolus)

ljfm;a; úislrkakd uQ¾;sh .%Sl iïNdjH hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIKhka iys; lD;shls'

fuu uQ¾;sfhka ksrEmKh jkafka lj fm;a; úislsÍug iqodkï jk l%Svlhl=f.a bßhõjls'

l%Svd bßhõjg wkql+, j msßñhl= i;= ldhsl cjh" Yla;sh" p,kh fuka u isref¾

iunr;dj yd ßoauh b;d úYsIag f,i fmkakqï lrk ks¾udKhls'

udxY fmaYS l%shdldr;ajh iys; l%Svl bßhõj uekúka ksrEmKh lr we;s fuu uQ¾;sh

lsß.re`v udOHfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'

l%s' mQ' 450 g muK wh;a ljfm;a; úislrkakd uQ¾;sfhys uq,a lD;sh f,dalv udOHfhka

ks¾udKh lr ;sfnkakg we;ehs úYajdi flfrk w;r th uQ¾;s Ys,ams —uhsrka (Myron)ZZ f.a

ks¾udKhls'

107

y¾ñia iy vfhdkSiia ^Hermes and Dionysus)

l%s' mQ' 330-320 ld,hg wh;a fuh .%Sisfha T,sïmshdfjka yuq jQ mQ¾K Wkak; úYsIag .%Sl

uQ¾;shls'

.%Sl iïNdjH hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= fuh ma/laisfg,aia ^Praxiteles) keu;s

uQ¾;s Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'

fuu uQ¾;sh wä 7 w`.,a 1 la Wiska hqla; jk w;r lsß .re`v udOHfhka ksujd we;'

y¾ñia ;u ol=Kq mdohg nr§ jï mdoh oKysiska kjd isák w;r Tyq úiska vfhdkSiia

kï orejd ju;ska jvdf.k isáhs'

y¾óiaf.a refjys ol=Kq w; ì| we;s w;r b;sß jQ fldgiska th by

108

we;Skd foj`.kf.a rej ^Athena Parthenon)

fuu m%;sudj l%s' mQ' 5 ishjfia úiQ mSähia ^Phidias) kï Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lr we;'

iïNdjH hq.hg wh;a fuu m%;sudj wä 48 la muK Wiska hq;= h'

oejfhka ksujd rkska yd we;a o

109

,eTl+ka uQ¾;sh ^Laocoon)

,eTl+ka uQ¾;sh .%Sl fy,ksia;sla hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIK iys; ks¾udKhla f,i

ie,fla'

fuh lsß.re`v udOHfhka ksu l< l,d lD;shls'

±jeka; uqyqÿ i¾mfhl=f.ka fíÍu i`oyd msfhl= yd mq;=ka fofofkl= .kakd W;aidyh

fuu`.ska ksrEmKh fjhs'

mshdf.a uy¨ nj;a" mq;=kaf.a ;dreKHh;a u;=fldg olajd we;s fuu uQ¾;sfhka uy¨ mshdf.a

ffO¾h iïmkak nj;a" Yla;sh;a" i¾mhdf.ka .e

Ñ;% l,dj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s10tim118.pdffuu ;d¾lslrk ls%hdj,sfha ish¨ u úihhkaf.a...

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