Chapter 6

Warm-up

“Golden Age” what do you think when you see this!

How are the values of society expressed through literature?

Greek Art of the Golden Age

Golden Age: Greece entered a new era of cultural progress, wealth and power.

Acropolis center of the original city-state

Bronze statue was nearby (goddess Athena)› Parthenon white marble temple built in

honor of Athena

Parthenon

Greek Art of the Golden Age

Myron & Phidias- two of history's greatest sculptors.

Myron: The Discus Thrower Phidias: created the statues of Athena/

his greatest statue was Zeus at the Temple of Olympia.

Praxiteles (prak.sit.uhl.eez) sculptures more lifelike and natural in form and size.

Greek Art of the Golden Age

Art expressed Greek life in different ways:› First art glorified human beings› Second art of the golden age symbolized

Greeks’ pride in their city-states› Third Greek art expressed Greek beliefs in

harmony, balance, order and moderation.› Fourth Greek art expressed the Greek

belief in beauty and usefulness.

Warm-up

What is philosophy? What is the difference between

philosophy and science?

Philosophers and Writers of the Golden Age

Philosophy the study of basic questions of reality and human existence.

Socrates: taught that education was the key to personal growth. › Students train themselves to think› Greeks didn’t like how he questioned

people and his ideas› They found Socrates guilty and executed

Socrates

Philosophers and Writers of the Golden Age

Plato: wealthy young aristocrat and greatest of Socrates' students .

Plato founded the Academy a special school in Athens for teaching philosophy.

Theory of Forms- believed that all material things were imperfect expressions of perfect and universal ideas or forms.

The Republic- long dialogue describing Plato’s view of the perfect society.

Philosophers and Writers of the Golden Age

Aristotle: Plato’s students He founded his own school in Athens

› He believed every area of study should be studied logically.

› “Ethics” ( Aristotle’s book)

› What common issues did Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle study? How did their ideas about government differ?

Mathematics, Medicine, Science

Pythagoras- philosopher who believed that everything could be explained in terms of mathematics.

Hippocrates- considered to be the founder of medical science. › Studies based on observation, experiment

and experience and helped to collect medical knowledge in a usable form.

› He believed that rest, fresh air and a good diet was the best cure.

Mathematics, Medicine, Science

History:› Herodotus first historian of the Western

world. › Called the father of history

Thucydides became famous for his History of the Peloponnesian War.

Why was the approach of history developed by Herodotus and Thucydides important?

Greek Theater

Many of the literature styles were first developed by the Greeks. › Dramas- plays containing action or

dialogue and involving conflict and emotion. Always wrote poems in poetic form (Greeks)

› Tragedies- main character struggled against fate, or events.

› Sophocles- defended many traditional Greek values/ famous play Oedipus Rex. (a tragedy)

Greek Theater

Euripides- another great play writer during the Golden age. Wrote the Trojan Women, he also questioned old beliefs and ideas.

Greek comedies made fun of ideas and people, included both tragic and humorous figures. › Aristophanes wrote Clouds he poked fun at

Socrates for his theories.

Alexander the Great

After Golden Age Greece entered a period of struggle.

New era of Greek progress began/ new culture would form

Macedon was a kingdom in the Macedonian region of north Greece. › Lived in villages› 359 BC Philip II of Macedon became king› Philip studied Greek ways

Alexander the Great

Philip II› Philip organized his infantry into phalanxes › Phalanx- rows of soldiers standing shoulder

to shoulder/ heavy spears › Wanted to restore order in Macedon› Orators- public speakers, Demothenes

Demothenes led Athenian opposition to Philip.

Philip led an army in 338 BC he defeated Thebes and united Greece under his rule.

Alexander the Great

Philip: › Organized the cities into a league and

planned to invade Persia. › Philip was assassinated › 20 year old son Alexander took over

Alexander the Great

Alexander studied from Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Alexander crushed a rebellion after his father death , and set out to conquer the world

331 BC Alexander completely destroyed Persia. Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt and

Mesopotamia Wanted to bring the known world under one

empire He got all the way to parts of northern India Soldiers didn’t want to go further

Alexander the Great

Alexander led his army to the Indian Ocean and divided troops › Part of army traveled west by sea/

explored the Persian Gulf and sailed inland to meet Alexander at the city of Susa

› 323 BC discontent had begun to spread through the empire.

› Alexander became ill in Babylon and died June 323 BC

Alexander the Great

Hellenistic World › Greek culture spread › Alexander named many cities after himself › Each of these towns had Greeks and

Macedonians › United Persia by marring Persian

noblewomen and his army was to marry Persian women too

› During his time a new age called Hellenistic culture

Alexander the Great

Hellenistic culture- combined ideas and values drawn from the Mediterranean and Asia

Break up of Alexander’s empire› 301 BC three generals divided Alexander’s

empire into three main kingdoms Macedon, Egypt and Syria 200 BC Roman legion invaded Macedon Romans over time conquered most of the

Hellenistic empire.

Hellenist Culture

Greek Culture spread, Barbarians were not Greek bias anymore. Greek culture spread

People became more GREEK

Hellenist Culture

Religion and Philosophy › Zeno established the Stoic philosophy in

Athens in late 300 BC › Believed that divine reason directs the

world. People should accept their fate without regard for pleasure, wealth or social status.

› Epicurus- founder of Epicurean philosophy, aim of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

› The Kings of the Hellenistic time encouraged practice of ruler-worship

Hellenist Culture

Science › Euclid- contributed the development of

geometry › Archimedes- Calculated the value of pi, the

ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Hellenist Culture

Astronomy and Geography › Aristarchus correctly believed that the

earth and other planets moved around the sun but he failed to convince others.

› Eratosthenes- calculated the distance around the earth with amazing accuracy Finding the angle of the sun’s rays from

different points on the globe.