The War Ends

Suspicions European powers

were initially weary about US entry into WWI.

Doubted their ability to raise troops in time to matter.

Believed the ethnic diversity would make it hard for them to commit.

Why do you think this could cause a problem?

Issues at Sea Central Powers, unsure of what America’s entry

into the war would mean for them began to increase U-boat warfare.

Sank alarming # of merchant ships

Allies began to lose ships and supplies.

British and American ships created a convoy to protect their ships.

Convoy- ships sailing together to protect each other.

A Success!!

War on Land War on land was a different

story

Allies were exhausted from years of fighting

After the Russians pulled out Germany was able to send more troops to the Western Front.

All-out offensive by the Central Powers

“He [ Pershing] was a strict disciplinarian” - Gen. George C. Marshall

PM Clemenceau PM Lloyd George Supreme Commander Foch

Pershing faced down enormous pressure from Allied Leaders

Insisted on separate American command

Difficulties because U.S. troops were “green” and inexperienced

WORLD WAR I America was finally in – Europeans

celebratedMobilization

4 million men enter military service2 million went to France

1.4 million saw combat50,000 died in combat50,000 died of disease

U.S. Entry Breaks the Stalemate

Americans in France

1918, U.S. troops arrive in France in great numbers (General Pershing)

American troops had an independent role and also helped British and French troops

Strength & Energy of fresh U.S. troops broke the stalemate and turned the tide of the war toward the allies

Doughboys

American Soldiers

WORLD WAR IThe Home Front

$33 billion spent on war

$9 billion lent to Allies

~ $8.5 billion raised by taxes

~ $25 billion raised by Liberty Bonds

Second Battle of the Marne

Turning point of WWI

Last German offensive and first allied victory of 1918

250,000 Americans fought

German attack failed whenAllied counterattack led by French and American forces overwhelmed the Germans.

Battle of Cantigny First American offensive

of World War I

American 1st division captured the village held by the German 18th Army

French provided air cover

Succeeded taking 100 German prisoners

Alvin York Greatest American hero of WWI

Conscientious Objector

Appeal Denied

On October 8, 1918 York and 16 other men misread their map (which was French not English) mistakenly ended up behind enemy lines.

York silenced over 32 German machine gun nests total and took over 132 soldiers prisoner.

Congressional Medal of Honor

369th Infantry Regiment•Joined with the French army and served in several campaigns.

•Received the Croix de Guerre, a French award for bravery

Collapse of the German Front

German front began collapsing as the German people began to protest the war.

British naval blockades meant that the German people were starving and rioting.

In October 1918 the head of the German navy resigned and the German navy mutinied.

Kaiser Wilhelm II relinquished his power November 9, 1918.

General Erich Ludendorf, Quartermaster-General of the Imperial German Army

Prince Max

Kaiser Wilhelm II forced to flee

Spartacist Revolt -Communist revolution in Berlin and Bavaria

Chancellor Ebert declares Germany

a REPUBLIC

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,

1918

Death Toll of WarAllied Powers Central Powers

42 million served 23 million served

22 million casualties 15 million casualties

Peace At Last:Armistice Signed on Nov. 11,1918

Brokering Peace Wilson’s 14 Points

Promoting openness

Encourage independence

Support freedom

Freedom of the seas, free trade, and a move towards ending colonialism

League of Nations

“mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

Fourteen Points Make no secret diplomatic agreements

Allow freedom of the seas in peace and war

Remove as many economic trade barriers as possible between countries

Reduce stockpiles of military armaments to lowest point needed for domestic safety

Adjust colonial claims, giving more weight to the views of the colonized peoples

Evacuate and restore Russian territories seized during the war

Restore and protect Belgium’s sovereignty

Fourteen Points.. Cont Restore French territory and settle the debate over Alsace-Lorraine

Adjust Italy’s boundaries according to the nationalities of populations living there

Allow the people of the former Austro-Hungarian Empires to choose their own government

Redraw boundaries of Balkan states based on nationalities and historical allegiance

Separate the Ottoman Empire into independent countries according to the nationality; guarantee all nations access to the Dardanelles

Restore and protect Poland as a sovereign state with access to the sea

Establish an association of nations to promote collective security and to ensure peace.

Paris Peace Conference - 1919

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson informs Germany that they will be treated fairly at the Paris Peace Conference if they agree to an armistice and surrender

At the conference, PM Borden fights for Canada to have its own seat in the League of Nations rather than be represented by Britain

Germany Betrayed – France gets revenge

League of Nations is Created

President Woodrow Wilson had the idea of creating an international body that would work to prevent a war such as WWI from ever breaking out again.

This was the beginning of the League of Nations – and Canada had their own seat there

Though it was an American idea, they never joined

Treaty of Versailles Germany is forced to

sign the Treaty of Versailles, even though they received no input

Most angering was Article 231 – the War Guilt Clause – where Germany was forced to take the entire blame for the war

This meant that they would be forced to pay for all damages from the war

Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI The main points of the Treaty

[BRAT]  

1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war

2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war.

Versailles cont. .3.     Germany

was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.  

Versailles

4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

Germany is left in ruins… After the war Germany

was:

politically unstable (Kaiser Wilhelm flees country);

poor (reparations payments were 4oo billion and they were expected to pay it back by 1988

angry and betrayed

looking for a hero…

Sykes-Picot Agreement [1916]

•Agreement between Great Britain and Russia for disbursement of the Ottoman Empire after Russia’s leave from the war.

•Division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine.

•Britain had originally pledged to the Arabs they would have control over their own territories.

Sykes-Picot Agreement [1916]

•Agreement between Great Britain and Russia for disbursement of the Ottoman Empire after Russia’s leave from the war.

•Division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine.

•Britain had originally pledged to the Arabs they would have control over their own territories.

End of War Territorial Changes

Palestine… Who does it belong to?

1915 Britain had expressed a willingness to recognize the independence of the Arabs

Britain promised the establishment of a Jewish home in Palestine

Balfour Declaration [1917]Balfour Declaration [1917]

Foreign Office November 2nd,

1917Dear Lord Rothschild.

I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations {hopes} which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.

“His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate {assist} the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”

I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely,ARTHUR JAMES BALFOURBritish Foreign Secretary

League of Nations Mandates in Africa

League of Nations Mandates in Africa

New Nations &Territories After WW I

New Nations &Territories After WW I

End of World War I > Europe in 1919

http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/map01eu.htm

Irreconcilables Wilson was met with

extreme opposition when he returned to the states.

Toured the country trying to gain support for the treaty but Henry Cabot Lodge (opponent) trailed him verbally attacking him along the way.

Wilson collapses from a stroke that paralyzes half his body on the tour. Henry Cabot Lodge

Treaty Fails Lodge develops 14

reservations to the Treaty of Versailles.

Congress not happy with Article X which morally bound the US to aid any member of the League of Nations who is victimized.

Senate had to approve the treaty with Lodge reservations tacked on or it would fail.

Treaty Fails