web viewthe blood vessels connected to the heart are: left atrium - superior venacava, inferior vena...

Practical Zoology ManualPractical Zoology Manual

For

__________________________________ XII standard ` B`

______________________ Higher Secondary______________________ Higher Secondary School, School,

Puducherry .Puducherry .

PRACTICAL ZOOLOGY MANUAL (Subject: BIO-ZOOLOGY. Subject Code: 104.)

I N D E X

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2Prepared for XII ` Biology`.


Ex. No. 1 Entamoeba histolytica

Identification: Entamoeba histolytica .

Zoological notes:

It is an endoparasitic protozoan, worldwide in distribution.

Its infestation causes amoebic dysentry or amoebiasis.

The mature, active adult organism is called as trophozoite.

They are 20-30 microns in diameter.

It has clear ectoplasm and granular endoplasm with a nucleus.

The endoplasm has food vacuoles containing bacteria and host cell nuclei.

Trophozoite usually lives in the lumen of the intestine also invade the mucous and sub-

mucous of intestinal walls.

Gradually trophozoite gets encysted which contains mass of glycogen and chromatin

bodies.

The infection takes place by ingestion of cyst causes amoebiasis.

We can prevent amoebiasis by personal hygiene.



Ex. No. 2Tapeworm – Scolex

Identification: Tapeworm -Scolex :

Zoological notes

1. Taenia solium is a pork tapeworm inhabits in the human intestine.

2. The head of taenia or Scolex is attached to the wall of the intestine.

3. The scolex is just the size of a pin’s head.

4. Terminal region of scolex bears the cone shaped Rostellum,

5. At the base of rostellum there is a double row of chitinous hooks.

6. The rostellar hooks are 28 in number.

7. The scolex bears 4 cup shaped suckers or acetabula.

8. Head is followed by a slender neck.

9. The neck is followed by the body or strobila.



Ex. No. 3Mature Proglottid of Taenia Solium

Identification: Mature Proglottid of Taenia Solium.Zoological notes:

Taenia solium is a hermaphrodite worm. The body or strobila is made up of many segments called proglottids.

Each proglottids has both male and female sex organs.

The anterior proglottids of the body are younger. The Mature proglottids contain fully developed organs of both sexes.

Mature proglottids have numerous testes.

The ovary is single bilobed structure.

The testes are connected by fine tubules with a single large sperm duct.



Ex. No. 4

Red Blood Corpuscles or Erythrocytes

Identification: Red Blood Corpuscles or Erythrocytes. Zoological notes:

Human Red Blood Corpuscles or Erythrocytes are circular, Bi-concave, discoidal and non-nucleated cells.

RBCs’ size are normally uniform. Its diameter is 7.2 microns.

The thickness is 1 micron at the center and 2.2 microns at the margin.

RBC is made up of stroma.

Haemoglobin gives red color to this cells.

Normal count in adult male is 4.2 – 5.8 million per cubic mm.

In female 3.6 – 5.2 million per cubic mm.

Decrease in RBC level is anaemia.

Increase in RBC level is called as Polycythemia.



Ex. No. 5White Blood Cells or Leucocytes

Identification: White Blood Cells or Leucocytes. Zoological notes:

Human White Blood Corpuscles or Leucocytes are nucleated, colorless cells.

WBCs’ size ranges from 8 to 15 microns.

Normal WBC count is 5000 million per cubic mm

They are classified into Granulocytes and Agronulocytes.

The granulocytes contain granular cytoplasm, lobed nuclei and fine chromatic granules.

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and basophils are granular.

Agranulocytes have no granules in cytoplasm.

They are Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

Decrease in WBC count leads to leucopenia. Increase of WBC results Leukemia.



Ex. No. 6Mammalian Brain L.S.

Identification: Longitudinal Section of Human Brain L.S.i. The Brain is located in the cranial cavity. ii. It is divisible into fore brain, mid brain and hind brain.iii. Fore brain comprises diencephalon and the cerebrum. iv. The Mid brain connects the fore brain with hind brain. v. Hind brain comprises cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.vi. The cerebrum is associated with intelligence, memory, emotions, learn-

ability from experience.vii. Cerebellum maintains muscle tone and pasture of the body. viii. The medulla oblongata controls autonomous activities such as circulation

and respiration.



Ex. No. 7Eye Model

i. The eye is a photo receptor organ made of three layers.ii. The outer white layer is Sclera which forms as cornea in front. iii. The middle layer is choroid. iv. The inner layer is retina comprises rod and cone cells.v. The eye lens is transparent and biconvex which has the power of

accommodation.vi. Iris gives color to the eye. vii. In retina the rods are responsible for scotopic vision. viii. The cones control the photopic vision.



Ex. No. 8.Human Ear (Internal Structure)

i. The ear is a phono receptor organ.ii. In the ear, physical vibrations are detected and converted into electrical

signals.iii. The middle ear has three ossicles called malleus, incus and stapes.

iv. Malleus: Handle of the malleus has contact with inner surface of the ear drum.

v. Head of the malleus is attached with Incus.vi. Stapes: On one side it attaches with Incus, the Other side fits into the

Oval window.vii. Oval window leads to the inner ear, and communicates with the

vestibule of the inner earviii. The inner ear has sensitive cochlea and the vestibules.

Ex. No. 9



Mammalian Kidney L.S.

i. Kidneys are paired structures present in the lumbar region. ii. Each kidney is dark reddish, bean shaped structure.iii. In a longitudinal section, the outer dark region is cortex, the paler inner

region is the medulla.iv. The medulla region contains many pyramidal structures called the renal

pyramids.v. Each kidney contains numerous tubules called nephrons which are the

functional units of the kidney.



Ex. No. 10.Nephron ( Structure of a Nephron)

i. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneyii. Each nephron consists of Malphigian capsule and uriniferous tubule.iii. At the malphigian capsule, glomerular filtration takes place.iv. Uriniferous tubule reabsorbs useful substances from glomerular filtrate. v. Uriniferous tubule leads to collecting tubule. vi. Many collecting tubules unite together to form duct of Bellini

Ex. No. 11.



Heart Model - Internal structure

i. Heart is a muscular, conical and pumping organ situated in the mediastinum.

ii. The heart has four chambers, the upper two chambers are called atria and the lower chambers are called the ventricles.

iii. The aperture between Right atrium and right ventricle is guarded with tricuspid valve.

iv. The aperture between left atrium and left ventricle is guarded with bicuspid valve.

v. The Blood vessels connected to the heart are: Left Atrium - Superior venacava, Inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, Right atrium - Four pulmonary veins, Left Ventricle - Aorta, Right Ventricle- Pulmonary artery.

vi. Relaxation of the heart muscles is called diastole, Contraction of the heart muscles is Systole.

vii. Heart beat is said to be myogenic origin



Ex. No. 12.Stethoscope



i. The stethoscope helps to find normal versus abnormal heart sounds and to diagnose valve functions.

ii. The stethoscope can indicate fluid in lungs in case of pneumonia and pulmonary edema.

iii. It can diagnose diseases like bronchitis and pleuritis.iv. The stethoscopes are also used to compare the movements in the normal

versus overactive or underactive intestinal tract.v. The stethoscopes are also used along with the sphygmomanometer.

Ex. No. 13Sphygmomanometer



i. It is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.ii. The blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of

arteries.iii. Blood pressure is measured when a person is in relaxed and resting

condition.iv. The normal blood pressure value is 120/80 mm mercury.v. Relaxation of the heart muscles is called diastole measures 80 mm/Hgvi. Contraction of the heart muscles is Systole measures 120 mm/Hg.

Ex. No. 14.An Eye drop bottle having antibiotic fluid



i. An eye drop is to be administered strictly according to the prescription issued by a qualified doctor to specific persons.

ii. Eye drops are available for infections, alleregic reactions, inflammations, glaucoma and other illnesses.

iii. Certain eye drops may have adverse effects and allergic reactions in some people.

iv. Special precautions are to be taken while using this eye drop bottle.v. The Tip of the dropper should not be touched.

Ex. No. 15



Antiseptic Lotion

i. The antiseptics are agents that inhibit the growth of microbes such as bacteria and viruses.

ii. Antiseptics are used to prepare the skin before operation to achieve surgical cleanliness.

iii. Antiseptics are also used for abrasions and cuts.iv. The most commonly used antiseptic solutions contain chloroxylenol, a

bactericidal chemical which is used in wound disinfection, operation theaters and hospital wards.

Ex. No. 16

Bifocal spectacles



i. The spectacles are commonly used for correcting refractive errors.ii. The deviations in focal length system of the eye causes short sighted and

long sighted conditions. Such errors can be corrected by bifocals.iii. In bifocal, The upper part lens is meant for distant vision and the lower

part for near visioniv. The lens pieces may be kept adherent to each other or they may be

fused together. v. The lenses are usually made up of crown glass.



Ex. No. Name of the Test Date Remarks1 Benedict’ test ( Test for Glucose)2 Iodine test ( Test for Starch)3 Saponification test ( Test for Lipid)4 Ninhydrin test ( Test for Protein)5 Phenol Red test ( Test for Urea)6 Nessler’s reagent Test ( Test for Urea)

7Find the presence of Glucose and Starch in the given samples I, II and III.

8Identify and Report the presence of Protein or Lipid in the given sample A.

9Identify and report the presence of Urea in the given samples B and C.

TEST FOR GLUCOSE: { BENEDICT’S TEST }



Aim: To find the presence of Glucose in the given samples I, II and III by Benedicts test

Reagents required: Benedict’s solution.

Procedure and TSample

Procedure Observation Result

I 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent is added. This mixture is heated and cooled.

Appearance ofBrick Red color

Presence of

Glucose is

confirmed

II 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent is added.

No appearance ofBrick Red color

Absence of Glucose

III 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent is added. This mixture is heated and cooled.

No appearance ofBrick Red color

Absence of Glucose

Result: The given Sample I contains Glucose.



TEST FOR STARCH: { IODINE TEST }

Aim: To Find the presence of Starch in the given samples I, II and III by Iodine test

Reagents required: Iodine solution.

Procedure and Tabulation:

Sample Experiment / Procedure adopted Observation Inference

I 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.

With this 2 or 3 drops of Iodine solution is

added and mixed well.

No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Starch

II 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.



No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Starch

III 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.



Appearance of Dark Blue

color

Presence of Starch is confirmed

Result: The given Sample III contains Starch



Test for Lipid {Saponification test}

Aim: To Find the presence of Lipid in the given sample A by Saponification test.

Reagents required: 5% NaOH Solution.


Sample Procedure Observat

ion Result

A1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With

this 1 ml of 5% NaOH solution is added and

mixed well.

Appearance of White Soapy solution

Presence of Lipid is confirmed

Result: The given sample A contains Lipid .



Test for Protein {Ninhydrin test}

Aim: To Find the presence of Protein in the given sample A by Ninhydrin test.

Reagents required: Ninhydrin reagent.


Sample Procedure Observat

ion Result

A

1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.

With this 2 or 3 drops of Ninhydrin reagent is

added and mixed well. This mixture is

heated to boil and cooled down to room

temperature.

Appearance ofBlue color

Presence of Protein is confirmed

Result: a) The given sample A contains Protein.



Test for Urea {Phenol Red test}

Aim: To Find the presence of Urea in the given samples B and C by Phenol red test.

Reagents required: Phenol red solution, Horse gram powder.Procedure and Tabulation:Samp

le Experiment / Procedure adopted Observation Inference

B 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.

With this 2 grams of Phenol red solution is

added. It is followed with the addition of a

pinch of horse gram powder.

Appearance ofDeep Brown or

Red color precipitate

Presence of Urea is confirmed

C 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.

With this 2 grams of Phenol red solution is

added. It is followed with the addition of a

pinch of horse gram powder.

No characteristic change

Absence of Urea

Result: The Urea is Present in the Sample B.

TEST FOR UREA: { NESSLERS REAGENT TEST }

Aim: To Find the presence of Urea in the given samples B and C by Nessler’s reagent test.Reagents required: Nessler’s reagent., Horse gram powder.Procedure and Tabulation:Sampl

e Experiment / Procedure adopted Observation Inference

B 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this of a pinch of horse gram powder is added. It is followed with the addition 2 drops of Nessler’s reagent.

No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Urea

C 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube.

With this of a pinch of horse gram powder is

added. It is followed with the addition 2 drops

of Nessler’s reagent.

Appearance ofReddish

Brown or Pink precipitate




Result: The Urea is Present in the Sample C.

Q.1: Find the presence of Glucose and Starch in the given samples I, II and III.

Aim: To Find the presence of Glucose and Starch in the given samples I, II and III by Benedicts test and Iodine test respectively.

Reagents required: Benedict’s reagent, Iodine solution.

Procedure and Tabulation:TEST FOR GLUCOSE: { BENEDICT’S TEST }

Sl. No.


1 I 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent is added. This mixture is heated and cooled.

Appearance ofBrick Red

color

Presence of Glucose

is confirmed

2 II 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent is added. This mixture is heated and cooled.

No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Glucose

3 III 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent is added. This mixture is heated and cooled.

No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Glucose

Result: The given Sample I contains Glucose.

TEST FOR STARCH: { IODINE TEST }Sl. No.


1 I 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 or 3 drops of Iodine solution is added and mixed well.

No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Starch

2 II 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 or 3 drops of Iodine solution is added and mixed well.

No characteristic

changeAbsence of

Starch

3 III 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 or 3 drops of Iodine solution is added and mixed well.

Appearance of Dark Blue

color

Presence of Starch is

confirmedResult: The given Sample III contains Starch..



Result: a) The given sample I contains Glucose. b) The given sample III contains Starch.

Q.2: Identify and Report the presence of Protein or Lipid in the given sample A.

Aim: To Find the presence of Protein or Lipid in the given sample A by Ninhydrin test and Saponification test respectively.

Reagents required: Ninhydrin reagent, 5% NaOH solution.


Sample A


1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 or 3 drops of Ninhydrin reagent is added and mixed well. This mixture is heated to boil and cooled down to room temperature.

Appearance ofBlue color

Presence of Protein is confirmed

Sample A

Test for Lipids {Saponification Test}

1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of 5% NaOH solution is added and mixed well.

No appearance of White Soapy solution

Absence of Lipid

Result: The given Sample A contains Protein.

Result: The given sample A contains Protein.

0r

Sample A


1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 or 3 drops of Ninhydrin reagent is added and mixed well. This mixture is heated to boil and cooled down to room temperature.

No appearance ofBlue color

Absence of Protein

Sample A

Test for Lipids {Saponification Test}

1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 1 ml of 5% NaOH solution is added and mixed well.

Appearance of White Soapy solution

Presence of Lipid is confirmed



Result: The given Sample A contains Lipid.

Result: The given sample A contains Lipid .

Q.3: Identify and report the presence of Urea in the given samples B and C.

Aim: To Find the presence of Urea in the given samples B and C by Nesslers reagent / Phenol red test.

Reagents required: Nesslers reagent / Phenol red solution, Horse gram powder.

Procedure and Tabulation:TEST FOR UREA: { PHENOL RED TEST }

Sl. No.


1 B 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 grams of Phenol red solution is added. It is followed with the addition of a pinch of horse gram powder.

Appearance ofDeep Brown or

Red color precipitate


2 C 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this 2 grams of Phenol red solution is added. It is followed with the addition of a pinch of horse gram powder.


Absence of Urea

Result: The given Sample B contains Urea. Result: The Urea is Present in the Sample B.

TEST FOR UREA: { NESSLERS REAGENT TEST }Sl. No.


1 B 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this of a pinch of horse gram powder is added. It is followed with the addition 2 drops of Nessler’s reagent.


Absence of Urea

2 C 1 ml. of sample is taken in a clean test tube. With this of a pinch of horse gram powder is added. It is followed with the addition 2 drops

Appearance ofReddish Brown

or Pink precipitate




of Nessler’s reagent.Result: The given Sample C contains Urea.

Result: The Urea is Present in the Sample C.


web viewthe blood vessels connected to the heart are: left atrium - superior venacava, inferior vena...

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