definition ◦ it is combination of two latin words ◦ pathos meaning disease ◦ logos meaning...
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Human biology and pathology
Definition ◦ It is combination of two Latin words
◦ Pathos meaning disease◦ Logos meaning study
Pathology is a branch of medicine that deals with the nature of disease.
the study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease
General pathology
General pathology◦ reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal
stimuli ◦ reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal
stimuli
Systemic pathology◦ alterations in specialized organs and tissues
that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs
Etiology (cause) Pathogenesis (mechanisms of its
development ) Molecular and morphologic changes
(biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body)
Clinical manifestations (functional consequences of these changes)
Basic Molecular Biology Basic Pathology* Principles and practice of molecular pathology* Molecular Biology of the Cell Concepts in molecular biology Concepts in genetics Understanding molecular pathogenesis* Clinical pathology* Introduction to Bio-Informatics Applied Comparative Pathology*
Course contents
Clinical proteomics and molecular pathology*
Integration of molecular and cellular pathogenesis*
Molecular pathology of human diseases* Molecular basis of diseases of pathology of
immunity* Infection and host response* Molecular mechanism of cell death*
Modern Drug Discovery Technologies Practical Histopathology and Mouse Models
of Human Disease Microbial pathogenesis* Modern Methods in Molecular Pathology* Molecular Pathology of Cancer* Biological Therapies Molecular diagnosis of Infection The human epigenome
DNA Extraction RNA extraction Blood group Test Blood Sugar test PAGE Histopathology ELISA Immuno Histochemistry
Lab Work
Nature of Injurious Stimulus Cellular ResponseALTERED PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULI; SOME NONLETHAL INJURIOUS STIMULI
•Increased demand, increased stimulation (e.g., by growth factors, hormones)•Decreased nutrients, decreased stimulation•Chronic irritation (physical or chemical)
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
•Hyperplasia, hypertrophy•Atrophy •Metaplasia
REDUCED OXYGEN SUPPLY; CHEMICAL INJURY; MICROBIAL INFECTION
Acute and transientProgressive and severe (including DNA damage)
CELL INJURY
Acute reversible injuryCellular swelling fatty changeIrreversible injury ➙ cell deathNecrosisApoptosis
Nature of Injurious Stimulus Cellular ResponseMetabolic Alterations, Genetic OR Acquired; CHRONIC INJURY
Intracellular Accumulations; CALCIFICATION
Cumulative Sublethal Injury over long life span
CELLULAR AGING
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
Synthesis of more structural proteins May be physiological
◦ Breast and uterus ◦ LVH◦ Skeletal muscle
Pathological ◦ Uterus under influence of estrogen secreted by
ovarian cancer
Hypertrophy
Vascular supply Diminished oxidative capability of the
mitochondria Altered protein synthesis and degradation
Limitations of the hypertrophy
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organor tissue, usually resulting in increased volume of the organor tissue.
◦ Hormonal (breast, uterine muscles)◦ Tissue loss (kidney, liver)
Mechanism of hyperplaia is by mitotic division
Hyperplasia
Normal myocyte
Hypertrophied myocyte
Adaptation Reversible cell injury
Cell death
Atrophy is reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number
Physiological ◦ Decreased workload◦ Inadequate nutrition◦ Aging
Pathological ◦ Loss of innervation◦ Loss of endocrine stimulation◦ Diminished blood supply
Atrophy
Increased degradation or decreased synthesis of cellular proteins
Hormones (insulin, thyroid hormones, glucodorticoids and prostaglandins)
Examples of atrophy Thymus atrophy Gonadal atrophy with age Starvation Disuse atrophy Denervation Diminished blood supply Pressure
Mechanism of atrophy
Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
an adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able to withstand the adverse environment
Metaplasia
Chronic irritation Chronic inflammation Vit A deficiency
Examples Epithelial metaplasia
◦ Columnar to squamous metaplasia (trachea, bronchi) .
◦ Atypical metaplasia.
Causes
Histology of trachea