class structures grew more complex during this time period low social mobility social status...
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Social Classes and Gender Relations in the Classical
World
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Class Structures
Grew more complex during this time period
Low social mobility Social status
generally inherited
Political Elites (rulers and their advisors)
Aristocracies (families of high birth who helped run government and whose wealth was based on land
ownership)
Religious Elites
Merchants, Traders
Artisans, Craftspeople
Unskilled labor, Servants, Cultivators
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Agricultural society with typical features of
huge gap between landed gentry and the peasants, esp. in terms of access to culture and language
In general, social status was inherited Tight family organization helped economic and
social views of political life
China
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China
Scholar-Gentry Status based on control of land and
bureaucratic positions in the gov. Often inherited
Ordinary Citizens Peasants, some had land and some
worked for landlords All peasants had to work a
designated number of days per year on public projects
Underclass Merchants, traders Non-Han Chinese on borderlands Slaves (although not as many asRome)- Artisans
Scholar- Gentry
Ordinary, but free, citizens
Underclass
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India
Caste system Varna- Sanskrit word for
color and used by Aryans to distinguish classes
By 1000 BCE 4 major classes (see right)
600 BCE – 600 CE caste system becomes more complex and each caste divided into jati (birth groups) and there is no movement between classes
Family life also emphasized the them of hierarchy and tight organization
Brahmins – priests and scholars
Kshatriya – Warriors and Gov. officials
Vaishya – Landowners,
Merchants, Artisans
Shudra – peasants, laborers
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Greece
Sparta Citizens vs. non-
citizens Beyond that
everyone was pretty equal (wore simple clothing to show this)
Distinctions based on military prowess and athleticism
Athens Also distinguished between
citizens and non-citizens However, Athenians okay
with luxury so clear urban-based aristocracy developed
Farmers lived outside the city Reforms led to spread of
democracy to all free male citizens but deepened division between free men and slaves
30% of population enslaved
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Aristocrats controlled land that was worked on
by tenant farmers Elite = Patricians and Commoners= Plebians Patron-Client relationship
Patrons were wealthy people Clients served them in return for protection
Rome
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Patriarchial systems dominated all classical
civilizations where men were seen as protectors of women
These systems were accepted and legitimized by religious and cultural thought
You need to look at the legal rights of women to determine how much freedom they actually had
Gender Relations
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Families run by older men and male children
favored All women legally subordinate to men Supported by Confucian values Political positions for men Marriages arranged according to family ties Some women in elite families were educated in
the arts, writing, and music Peasant women were cooks and house cleaners
for men
Gender in China
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Dominance of husbands and fathers Arranged marriages Lawbook of Manu – 1st Century BCE
“women must never be independent” “When women are honored the gods are
pleased” Women, however, were celebrated in stories
and theory was much harsher than practice
Gender in India
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Spartan women free and equal with men and
encouraged to be physically fit. Women also didn’t live with their husbands and often ran the city.
Athenian women had much less equality Elite women confined to the home Peasant women had more freedom because of farm
chores Women did have citizenship (which could be passed
on to sons) No political rights, or rights to own property or
business
Women in the Mediterranean