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+ Announcements Fri 11/29, 6pm Sagip Tulong Fundraiser @ WORLD BEAT CENTER (2100 Park Blvd, San Diego, CA 92101) - $5 donation Fri 12/6, 6pm Candlelight Vigil @ UDW (4855 Seminole Drive, San Diego, CA 92115) Finals Study Guide posted on course website Schedule for remaining weeks: Th 11/28: NO CLASS HAPPY THANKSGIVING! T 12/3: Homebound, Ch 7 Th 12/5: Homebound, Ch 8 T 12/10: Homebound, Ch 9 Slide 2 + Making Home Building (Transnational) Community in San Diego Slide 3 + Forces of Homelessness racialized and gendered perceptions deny home & belonging in both the Philippines and US little brown brothers to little brown monkeys anti-miscegenation acts, alien land laws, & de facto segregation keep manongs homeless transnational home making as survival strategy Slide 4 + transnational homes & families Filipinos were transnational even before they left their homeland English education system, popular culture, American commodities & businesses, military presence returning home can provide validation and social status denied in U.S. (87) one is always Filipino in the US, but one becomes American in the Philippines remittances & familial obligations simultaneously empower and take a toll on immigrants I left my family to be a good mother connections to Philippines demonstrate an insistence on being home bound rather than homeless (97) Slide 5 + Filipino San Diego: Pre-1965 transition of Filipino community from mostly agricultural laborers to enlisted Navy San Diego the aviation capital of the world Since the early 1900s, widespread use of racially restrictive zoning covenants kept poor and nonwhite residents out of the most desirable areas of San Diego and confined them in what came to be called Southeast San Diego (100) Active recruitment by US bases Sangley Point Naval Base (Cavite) & Subic Naval Station (Zambales) stringent naval entrance requirements but shared experince of occupational downgrading 1970 80% of Filipinos were in steward training Market Street & the Gaslamp = historic Manilatown small but dynamically united community Slide 6 + Filipino San Diego: Post-1965 1965 Immigration Act triples size of community and by 2000 community is roughly 121,000 increased regional, professional, class, and generational differences increasing geographical dispersion of the post-1965 Filipino community, with many professional immigrants settling in suburban neighborhoods beyond the reach of their compatriots who lack comparable economic means (120) north of the 8 versus south of the 8 proliferation of Fil Am community associations regional, professional. cultural, issue-based, identity-focused, etc divisions within community, status-seeking practice and resistance to racist homogenization Slide 7 + Masculinity & Race because of racialization, Filipino men are assigned feminized domestic labor in navy just as race is a social formation so is gender; the two are entwined but not equivalent Like other men of color, Asian American men have been largely excluded from white-based cultural notions of the masculine (128) asexual nerd and over- sexual primitive: Asian masculinity as always the other of white masculinity Slide 8 + Military Masculinities As domestic servants, Asian men became subordinate not only to privileged white men but also to privileged white women (129) complexities of race, class, gender not all men benefit from patriarchy immigrant men can respond by asserting masculinity & dominance in other contexts or by undoing patriarchy (131) Ex. option 1: some Filipino men return home& flaunt naval paycheck Ex. option 2: working to de-stigmatize domestic labor within own families Slide 9 + Military Wives Prior to 1965 most Filipinas were naval wives either in islands or following husbands to US the prolonged absence of their husbands saddled most women with a disproportionate share of household tasks as well as a life without the company and assistance of their husbands. Yet this arrangement simultaneously gave the women more independence and increased their authority over family governance (142) revised gender divisions of labor = naval husbands using steward skills to care for family (145) Slide 10 + Filipina Professionals & Femininity post-1965 women comprise the clear majority among U.S. immigrants family reunification growth of female-intensive industries male agricultural labor force of 20 th cent. versus female labor force of 21 st service, microelectronics, textiles, health-care naval male immigration economic power & marriageability medical female immigration economic power & independence Slide 11 + Changing Gender Roles & Family Structures female-first immigration reverses gender roles Filipina women as bread-winners dual-earner parents = rotating shifts of labor and child care persistence of womens double burden expectation of elder children to care for younger employment of lower class women to care for domestic space These life accounts tell us that the pursuit of the American dream, even when successful, entails physical and psychic costs, the majority of which are borne by the wives and children of these families (156)