SDMAWorkshop:JudicialWatchReviewofVerdictbyAsianCivilSocietyGwangju,RepublicofKorea

17May2012

ConceptNote I.BackgroundIndependenceofthejudiciaryisvitalforconsolidatingdemocracyandprotectinghumanrights.Theroleandindependenceofthejudiciaryiscrucialinpursuingcorruptionandpreventingabusesbythelegislativeandexecutivebranches.Unfortunately,judicialbodiesforgothisresponsibilityinmanyAsiancountries,actinginsteadasapowerintheirownright.Itiscommonlyfoundthataselectfewelitelegalprofessionalsmonopoliseandabusejudicialpower,insodoingfailingtoendimpunityandcorruption. Assuch,itisindispensibleforcivilsocietytomonitorthejudiciaryinordertomakeitindependentandtransparent.TheRegionalWorkshoponJudicialWatchaimstoshareAsiancivilsocietysexperiencesandstrategiesinmonitoringjudicialbodiesandcomeupwithacommonmonitoringguideline. Duringthe2011GwangjuAsiaForum,humanrightsdefendersfromIndonesia,TimorLeste,Taiwan,CambodiaandSouthKoreasharedtheirexperiencesregardingjudicialmonitoringintheirowncountries.ThisopportunityemphasizedtheneedtodevelopacommonjudiciarymonitoringguidelineapplicabletoallAsiancountries,regardlessofdifferencesinlegalsystemsacrossborders. Amongvariousjudicialmonitoringstrategies,thereviewofverdictischosenasthisyearstheme.Thereviewofverdictconsistsofdeliveringcritiquesonjudicialverdictsfromcivilsocietysperspective.ThisremindsthejudiciarythatcivilsocietycanactivelymonitorjudicialbranchesanddeterminewhetherornottheyprotectandpromotethebasicrightsenshrinedintheConstitution.Also,thereviewofverdictshowstheimportanceofhavingjudicialofficersfromdiversesocioeconomicandideologicalbackgrounds.WeexpecttocomeupwithacommonmonitoringguidelineonthereviewofverdictforAsiancivilsocietythatreflectstheseprinciples.II.PastDevelopments 1)DemocracyinAsia:ProgressorCrisis?,1920May2010IdentifiedemergingtrendsandchallengesinprotectinghumanrightsanddemocracyinAsiaandconductedgroupdiscussiononmonitoringthethreegovernmentbranches.PSPDshareditsexperienceregardingjudicialbodymonitoring.2)NGOParallelMeetingtotheBaliDemocracyForum:AdvancingDemocraticGovernanceinAsia:ChallengesandWayForward,89December2010Conductedgroupdiscussiononruleoflawandindependenceofjudiciary.ParticipantsfromKoreaandIndonesiasharedtheirexperiences.3)RegionalWorkshoponJudiciaryWatchbyAsianCivilSociety,1617May2011Asafollowuptoprevioustwomeetings,participantsfromIndonesia,TimorLeste,Taiwan,CambodiaandSouthKoreasharedtheirexperiencesandstrategiesonjudicialbodymonitoring.

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4)RegionalConsultationonDemocratisationandPeoplesParticipationinAsia,67December2011ParticipantsdiscussedtheInstituteforDemocracyandElectoralAssistance(IDEA)guidelinesonassessingdemocracy.III.ObjectivesInlinewiththediscussionatthepreviousworkshops,thegeneralobjectivesofthisyearsRegionalWorkshoponJudicialWatchReviewofVerdictbyAsianCivilSocietyarethefollowing:

1) ToidentifydifferentlegalsystemsinAsiaandassesstheindependenceofthejudiciarybranchinrelationtopeoplesparticipation;

2) ToshareexperiencesandstrategiesonjudicialmonitoringinAsia;and,3) Todevelopacommonjudiciarywatchguideline.

Asasteptoachievetheaboveobjectives,thespecificobjectiveoftheRegionalWorkshoponJudicialWatchVerdictReviewbyAsianCivilSocietyisthefollowing:

1) TofinalisetheguidelineforreviewofverdictinAsia.IV.ProgrammeAgenda

JudicialWatchReviewofVerdictbyAsianCivilSociety

17May201211:3012:30 Session1:JudicialMonitoringanReviewofVerdict

PSPDwillshareitsexperienceinjudiciarymonitoringtoexplorewhatkindofcommonstrategymightbepossibleinAsia.Amongdifferentstrategies,PSPDwillexplainwhytheychoosethereviewofverdictasthefirstthemeofjudicialwatch. x Presenter:ProfessorSanghieHan(PSPD)

12:3013:30 Lunch13:3015:30 Session2:ReviewofVerdictSuccessandChallengesstoriesinAsia

CambodiaJusticeInitiative(Cambodia) LBHJakarta(Indonesia) JudicialSystemMonitoringProgramme(TimorLeste) JudicialReformFoundation(Taiwan) CampaignforJudicialAccountabilityandJudicialReforms

(India)

EachspeakerwillpreparetheirpresentationbasedontheDraftGuidelineforReviewofVerdictwhichisattachedtothisconceptpaper.Theywillsharetheirexperienceandthechallengesthattheyarefacingwhilereviewingjudicialverdictsintheirowncountries.x Moderator:PoengkyIndarti(Imparsial)

15:3015:50 Coffee/TeaBreak

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15:5017:20 Session3:PlanofActionParticipantswillcomeupwithcommonstrategiesonthereviewofverdictattheregionallevelandfurtherdiscussourplanforthe2012BaliDemocracyForum. x Moderator:AdilurRahmanKhan(Odhikar)

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Guidelineforreviewofverdict1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11)G No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)

1.1Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable?G AvailabletoeveryonewithoutlimitG AvailablebyrequestonlyG Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc)G Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,

howisitmadeavailablespecifically?)G Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable?G TheentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimitG Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.3Howistheverdictmadepublic?G AvailableviaInternetG AvailableinahardcopydeliveryG AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.4Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw)G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)G No(PleasegotoQuestions2)

1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic?2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21)G No(PleasegotoQuestion3)

2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict? 2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict?2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict?3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative?

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3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses?3.2Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323)G No(PleasegotoQuestion4)

3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable)3.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecase4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41)G No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)

4.1Towhomisthetrialopen?G ToeveryonewithoutlimitG Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoorsG TrialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigationG Others(Pleasespecify)

4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly?4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict?4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept?4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc)4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial?4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted?4.4Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1)G No

4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? 4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents.

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5.Others5.1Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases?G Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)G No

5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow?5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress?G Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis)G No

5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges?5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments?5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther.6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues?

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Cambodia Justice Initiative (Cambodia)

Guidelineforreviewofverdict1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11) X No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)

1.1Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable?G AvailabletoeveryonewithoutlimitG AvailablebyrequestonlyG X Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc)G Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,

howisitmadeavailablespecifically?)G Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable?G TheentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimitG X Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.3 Howistheverdictmadepublic?G AvailableviaInternetG AvailableinahardcopydeliveryG X AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.4 Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw)G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)G X No(PleasegotoQuestions2)

1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic?2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21)G X No(PleasegotoQuestion3)

2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict? 2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict?2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict?

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3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative? 3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses?No1.1 Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt?G X Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323)G No(PleasegotoQuestion4)

3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable)CriminalCodeArticles522and5233.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecaseNotyet4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt?G X Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41)G No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)

4.1 Towhomisthetrialopen?G ToeveryonewithoutlimitG Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoorsG TrialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigationG Others(Pleasespecify)

4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly?No4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict?No4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept?4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc)Informativechecklistonproceduralregularityratherthansubstantiveanalysisoffairtrial

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4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial?No4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted?Informativechecklistlikelyproceduralregularityratherthansubstantiveanalysisoffairtrial.Also,trialmonitorguidedbyitsowncodeofethicsoftrialmonitor4.4 Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings?G X Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1)G No

4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? Dependonwhatpressis.4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents.CriminalprocedurecodeArticle3165.Others5.1 Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases?G Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)G X No

5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow?5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress?G Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis)G X No

5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges?Nothing5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments?Nosuchcasehashappened5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther.No.LawyermaycomplaintoSupremeCouncilofMagistracy,butveryrare.6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues?

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LBH Jakarta (Indonesia)

Guidelineforreviewofverdict1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11) G No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)

1.1 Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable?G AvailabletoeveryonewithoutlimitG AvailablebyrequestonlyG Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc)G Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,

howisitmadeavailablespecifically?) Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)

Thelawissayingthattheverdictshouldbereadinatrialwhichopenforpublic,andthecopyoftheverdictshouldbeavailabletothosewhoarerelatedtothetrial

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable?G TheentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimitG Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.2 Howistheverdictmadepublic?G AvailableviaInternetG AvailableinahardcopydeliveryG AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.4 Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw)G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)G No(PleasegotoQuestions2)

1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic? Article13(2)LawNo.48of2009ontheJudicialPower: Verdictshallonlybevalidandhaslegalpowerifitispronouncedinatrialwhichopenfor

public TheSupremeCourtDecisionNo.144/KMA/SKNIII/2007ontheAccesstoInformationinCourt: Kindsofinformationthatshouldbeannouncedbycourt,including:Finalcourtverdict.

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2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21)G No(PleasegotoQuestion3)

2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict? Yes2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict? Yes2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict? Yes3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative? 3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses? Incasesrelatedtominorities,judgestendtovictimisethevictim3.2 Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323)G No(PleasegotoQuestion4)

3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable)3.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecase4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41)G No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)

4.1 Towhomisthetrialopen?G ToeveryonewithoutlimitG Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoorsG TrialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigationG Others(Pleasespecify)

4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly? Bylaw,yes4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict?

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OnlyintheConstitutionalCourt,whiletheothercourt,likeSupremeCourtandcourtsbelowit,minorordissentingopinionsarenotincluded

4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept? Inwriting4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc) Courtrecordsarenotavailableforpublic4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial? Yes4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted? Yes,protocolisavailableforpublic.Objectiontoprotocolneverbeenaccepted4.4 Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings?G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1)G No

4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? Inmostcasefairenough,butnotalways.

4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents.Article13(1)LawNo.48of2009ontheJudicialPower:Everycourttrialisopenforpublic,exceptthelawruledotherwise.5.Others5.1 Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases?G Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)theMarsinahcasetrialG No

5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow?Notpubliclyknown

5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress?G Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis)somecases

relatedtocorruption,thelegislativebodyformingataskforceforthecasewhilethetrialstillinprogress

G No5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges? Bysubmittingalettertotheselectionpanel,butnotnecessarilyeffectontheappointment5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments?

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Yes.Thecourtrarelyresponds

5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther. Yes.TheJudicialWatchCoalition.6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues? ThejudicialbodiesunderthecoordinationofSupremeCourthavedevelopedsystemswhichcreatemorepublicaccesstothejudicialinformation,includingbutnotlimitedtothecourtsverdict.Thecourtclerksarealsoequippedbytechnologywhichsupportstheideaofaccesstocourtinformation.However,itdoesntseemwentwell.

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Judicial System Monitoring Programme (Timor-Leste)

Guidelineforreviewofverdict1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11) No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)1.1Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable? Availabletoeveryonewithoutlimit Availablebyrequestonly Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc) Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,

howisitmadeavailablespecifically?) Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)G Thelawsaidthatallcourtproceedingareopentothepublicinlimitedpubliccharacterand

circumstances.However,thelimitationonthepubliccharacterofaproceedingshallnevercoverthereadingofasentenceorthedecision.

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable? Theentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimit Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.3 Howistheverdictmadepublic? AvailableviaInternet Availableinahardcopydelivery AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt)G Others(Pleasespecify):Wecanalsoobtaintheverdictbysubmittingarequesttothecourt

1.4 Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw) Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)G No(PleasegotoQuestions2)

1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic?

Inarticle76(2)ofLawNo.13/2005ofTLsCriminalProcedureCodeonlimitationsonthepubliccharacterofproceedings,definesthat: Alimitationonthepubliccharacterofaproceedingshallnevercoverthereadingofasentenceorthedecision.

Inarticle132ofTLsCivilProcedureCode,statedthatthecivilproceedingsarepublic,unlessregulatedotherwisebylaw;

2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?

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Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21)G No(PleasegotoQuestion3)

2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict? Yes. 2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict? Yes. 2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict? Yes,itsoftentodothepressconferenceratherthandemonstration.3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative? Yes,theyare. 3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses? Yes,theydo. 3.2 Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt?

A. Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323)B. No(PleasegotoQuestion4)

3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable)InArticle283ofTimorLestesPenalCodeonCoercionagainstamagistratesaidthat: Anypersonwho,bymeansofviolence,threattocauseseriousharm,orbyanyothermeans,actsinsuchamannerastopreventajudgeorpublicprosecutorfromfreelyperforminghisorherduties,ispunishablewith1to4yearsimprisonment.3.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecaseNo. 4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41)G No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)

4.1 Towhomisthetrialopen? Toeveryonewithoutlimit Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoors

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TrialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigationG Others(Pleasespecify)

4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly?

Yes,itsacompulsory(Article83ofCriminalProcedureCode). 4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict?

ThereisnoexplicitdescriptiononminoropinioninTimorLestejudicialverdictpractice. 4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept?

Inwritingdocument.4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc);

Itsnotavailabletothepublic. 4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial?

Yes. 4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted?

Yes,theprotocolisprovidespublicly,butitsnotinregularbasis. 4.4 Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1) No

4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? Itsnotreallyclear,becausetheydocoveronlysomegeneralaspectofthecourtproceedings.4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents.Article75: Publiccharacterofproceedings(1).Acriminalproceedingisopentothepublicfromthetimetheindictmentispresented.5.Others5.1 Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases? Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)

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G No5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow?5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress? Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis)G No

5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges?

Troughthemediabyprovidinggeneralcommentandrecommendationand/orbysubmittingalettertothecompetencebodywhichinvolveintheappointmentprocess.

5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments?

Yes,wecan,butitsnotreallytakenintoconsiderationorlesseffectedtodecisionmakingprocess.

5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther.

Yes,theVictimSupportService(VSS)withinJSMP.Itsprovidesfreelegalassistancestohelpingthevictimsofgenderbaseviolenceaccessestocourtofformaljusticesystem.

6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues?

Currently,theMinistryofJusticeisdesigninganewsystemwhichcalled:IntegratedInformationofManagementSystem(IIMS),whichexpectedtoenablepublicaccesstorelatedcourtdocumentincludingthejudicialverdictandtoprovidespacetobothpartiesandinterestedgroupstoknowandtofollowupthecasesanditsprocessesduringthetrialprocess.

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Judicial Reform Foundation (Taiwan)

Guidelineforreviewofverdict1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry?

Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11) G No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)

1.1 Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable?

Availabletoeveryonewithoutlimit Availablebyrequestonly Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc) Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,

howisitmadeavailablespecifically?)G Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable? Theentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimit Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.2 Howistheverdictmadepublic? AvailableviaInternet Availableinahardcopydelivery AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt)G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.5 Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw) Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)G No(PleasegotoQuestions2)

1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic?2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?

G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21)G No(PleasegotoQuestion3)

2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict?

Yes,theycan.2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict?

Yes,itcan.

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2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict? Yes,theycan.3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative?

Generally,theyare.3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses? Sometimes,hedoesnot.3.2 Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323)G No(PleasegotoQuestion4)

3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable)3.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecase4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt?

Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41)G No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)

4.1 Towhomisthetrialopen? Toeveryonewithoutlimit Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoors.How

ever, the supreme courts trial generally is not open. TrialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigationG Others(Pleasespecify)

4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly? Yes,inprinciple.4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict? No.4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept? Itiskeptinfilesaswellasincounputers.4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc) (Idonotknowwhatprotocolexactlymeanshere.)4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial? Takingsimplenoteispossible,butnotallowtorecordsoundorvideo.4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted? (sameas4.4.1above)

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4.4 Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1)G No

4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? Generally,yes.4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents. Everyoneisabletobetheaudienceinthetrial.Ifthecourtroomisnotlarge

enoughtohaveallaudience,thentheticketwilldeliveronthefirstcomefirst servebasis.

5.Others5.1 Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases? Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)G No

5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow?5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress? Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis) G No

5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges? Noway5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments? Itcanfreelycomment,butthecourtmakesnoresponse.5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther. Yes,severalgroups,suchasTaiwanJudicialReformFoundation,TaipeiBar

Association.

6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues? TheJudicialYuan(thehighestjudicialbody)recentlyisproposingtoadoptso

calledLaymanObserverTrialSystem.

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April 25 2012

CJAR (CAMPAIGN FOR JUDICIAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND REFORM, India)

GuidelineforreviewofverdictBACKGROUNDNOTE: INDIAHASACOMMONLAWTRADITION,WITHADVERSARIALLITIGATION.THEREISATHREETIERHIERARCHYINCOURTSDISTRICTCOURTS,HIGHCOURTS&THEAPEXCOURT,THESUPREMECOURT.INTHEDISTRICTCOURTS,THEREARECIVILANDCRIMINALCOURTS JUDGES. INDIAHASONLYALLOCATEDAROUND0.2%OFITSGNP(GROSSNATIONALPRODUCT)TOTHEJUDICIARY,ANDASACONSEQUENCE,THEADMINISTRATIONOFJUSTICEISEXTREMELYRESOURCECONSTRAINED.APARTFROMRESOURCECONSTRAINTS,THEMANAGEMENTALSOREQUIRESENORMOUSIMPROVEMENT. 1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry?

G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11) YESG No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)

1.1Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable?

G AvailabletoeveryonewithoutlimitG Availablebyrequestonly Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc) G Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,

howisitmadeavailablespecifically?) Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)

THELAWPROVIDESTHATVERDICTS/JUDGEMENTSBEPRONOUNCEDINOPENCOURTS,ANDFORLENGTHYJUDGMENTS,THATTHEOPERATIVEPORTIONBEPRONOUNCED/READOUTINOPENCOURT.

ASACOROLLARY,THEENTIREVERDICTISREQUIREDTOBEMADEAVAILABLETOTHEPUBLIC.

FURTHER,THESUPREMECOURT&HIGHCOURTSARECOURTSOFRECORD,I.E.THEIRVERDICTSHAVEPRECEDENTVALUE.THEREFORE,THEIRJUDGMENTS/VERDICTSAREALSOREQUIREDTOBEMADEAVAILABLETOTHEPUBLIC.

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VERDICTSOFTHESUPREMECOURT&HIGHCOURTSAREALSOPUBLISHEDINREPORTERSEVERYWEEK/MONTH.THESEAREAVAILABLEINCOURTS,LIBRARIES,ANDAREALSOAVAILABLEFORAPRICETOSUBSCRIBERSSUCHASLAWYERS.THEREAREEXCEPTIONSTOPUBLICHEARINGSTHESEAREINCAMERAPROCEEDINGS.THESEARETORETAINCONFIDENTIALITYOFTHEPARTIES,INTHEINTERESTOFADMINISTRATIONOFJUSTICE.HOWEVER,THEREAREBARRIERSTOIMPLEMENTATIONONBOTHTHEPUBLICHEARINGSANDPRONOUNCEMENTSINOPENCOURT,ASILLUSTRATEDBELOW:

EXAMPLE1.INTHENAMEOFSECURITY,ALLMEMBERSOFTHEPUBLICARENOTPERMITTEDFREEENTRYINTOTHESUPREMECOURTANDHIGHCOURTS.ENTRYPASSESAREREQUIREDANDSUCHPASSESARENOTGENERALLYAVAILABLETOMEMBERSOFTHEPUBLIC,ANDAREONLYISSUEDTOPARTIESTOTHEMATTER,WITNESSES,ETC. EXAMPLE2.VERDICTSARENOTPUBLISHEDONWEBSITESOFTHEDISTRICTCOURTSANDTHOSEOFMANYHIGHCOURTS.THEREISALSO,ADELAYINMAKINGTHEMAVAILABLEONWESBITESOFSEVERALHIGHCOURTS. EXAMPLE3.VERDICTSONWEBSITESOFHIGHCOURTSARENOTEASYTOFIND,ASTHESEARCHISDRIVENBYTHENAMESOFPARTIESANDADVOCATESINTHECASEORTHECASENUMBER.AFREETEXTSEARCH,ALTHOUGHOSTENSIBLYAVAILABLE,ISUSUALLYNONFUNCTIONAL.

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable?G Theentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimit Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)THEENTIREDECISIONISAVAILABLEINCLUDINGTHEOPERATIVEPORTION,SUBJECTTOTHEABOVEMENTIONEDBARRIERSINIMPLEMENTATION. HOWEVER,COURTPROCEEDINGSARENOTRECORDED,UNLESSARGUMENTSARESUBMITTEDBYWAYOFWRITTENSUBMISSIONS. THEJUDGEMERELYTAKESDOWNNOTESDURINGTHEPROCEEDINGSANDUSESTHEMTORECORDHIS/HERORDER.

G Others(Pleasespecify)

1.3Howistheverdictmadepublic?

AvailableviaInternet G AvailableinahardcopydeliveryG AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt) Others(Pleasespecify)

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THEPRACTICESVARY.ALTHOUGHUNDERLAW,EVERYVERDICTOUGHTTOBEMADEPUBLIC,THEENABLINGINFRASTRUCTURE/SYSTEMISNOTADEQUATETOENSURETHATTHISHAPPENSINARELIABLEMANNERACROSSTHEBOARD.INCASEOFTHESUPREMECOURT,ORDERSAREUPLOADEDONTHECOURTSWEBSITE.FEWHIGHCOURTSALSOUPLOADTHEIRORDERSONTHEIRWEBSITE,BUTMANYDONOT.COMMISSIONSSUCHASTHENHRC(NATIONALHUMANRIGHTSCOMMISSION)MAILSITSORDER.INDISTRICTCOURTS,ONEHASTOTYPICALLYAPPLYFORCERTIFIEDCOPIESOFTHEORDER.

1.4Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw)G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)G No(PleasegotoQuestions2)

1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic?

ORDER20OFTHECODEOFCIVILPROCEDUREMANDATESTHISFORCIVILMATTERSBYREADINGOUTTHEWHOLEOFTHEJUDGMENT/OPERATIVEPORTIONOFHEJUDGMENTIFLENGTHY.S353OFTHECODEOFCRIMINALPROCEDUREMANDATESTHISFORCRIMINALMATTERS.BYARTICLES129&215OFTHECONSTITUTIONOFINDIA,THESUPREMECOURT&HIGHCOURTSARECOURTSOFRECORD,BYVIRTUEOFWHICHTHEIRVERDICTSAREBINDINGPRECEDENTS.THEREFORE,THECONTENTSOFTHESEMUSTBEMADEAVAILABLETOTHEPUBLIC.

2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?

Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21) THELAWPERMITSCONSTRUCTIVECRITICISMOFVERDICTS.BUTINPRACTICE,SUCHCRITICISMISNOTTOLERATEDTOOKINDLY.CRITICISMISONLYACCEPTEDIFITISALONGTHELINESTHATTHEJUDICIARYWISHESTOHEAR.OFCOURSE,IFTHEVERDICTISAPPEALED,ITISCRITCIZEDBYTHEAPPELLANT. THATAPART,THEMOSTACTIVECRITICSOFVERDICTSCOMPRISECIVILSOCIETY/ACTIVISTS.THEMEDIAALSOCRITICIZESVERDICTSBUTINAMORETENTATIVEANDCAREFULMANNER.

G No(PleasegotoQuestion3)2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict?

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ACADEMICSAREPERMITTEDTODOSOINTHEIRPERSONALCAPACITY.ONEAGAIN,THEREARERESTRAINTSIMPOSEDBYSOMEOFTHEORGANIZATIONSTOWHICHTHEYAREALIGNED. 2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict? THEYAREPERMITTEDTODOSO.HOWEVER,ITISEXPECTEDTHATITWOULDBEACONSTRUCTIVECRITICISMOFTHEVERDICT,ALONGTHELINESOFWHATTHEJUDICIARYWANTSTOHEAR.MEMBERSOFCIVILSOCIETYAREOFTENVICTIMIZEDIFTHEYDARECRITICIZECOURTVERDICTS, COMMENCINGCONTEMPTPROCEEDINGSAGAINSTTHEM,E.G.AUTHORARUNDHATIROYWASPUNISHEDFORCONTEMPT,FORCRITICIZINGACOURTORDERBYSAYINGTHATITSHOWEDADISQUIETINGATTEMPTBYTHESUPREMECOURTTOMUZZLEPUBLICDISSENT/OPINION,PRASHANTBHUSHAN,ADVOCATEANDCIVILRIGHTSACTIVIST,HADCONTEMPTPROCEEDINGSINITIATEDAGAINSTHIM,FORSAYINGTHATAROUNDHALFTHEJUDGESOFTHESUPREMECOURTARECORRUPT,THEPUBLICATION(EVENINGDAILY)MIDDAY,FOREXPOSINGTHETHENCHIEF JUSTICE,FORTHENEXUSTHATHEHADWITHAMALLDEVELOPERINAMATTERTHATBENEFITEDHISSONS.2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict? THEYCAN,BUTONCEAGAIN,THEYARESUBJECTTOTHEABOVEMENTIONEDTREATMENT.3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative? 3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses?MOSTPARTIESAPPEARTHROUGHADVOCATES/COUNSEL,SOTHEOPPORTUNITYTOINTERACTDIRECTLYWITHTHEJUDGEISLIMITED,EXCEPTTHROUGHCOUNSEL.SOMEJUDGESDOBEHAVEINAPROPERMANNERTOWARDTHELITIGANT,BUTSUCHJUDGESAREFEWANDFARBETWEEN.MOSTJUDGESAREIMPATIENTANDARENOTVERYGOODLISTENERS.MANYAREALSONOTCOMPETENTTOHANDLETHEMATTERBEFORETHEM.BESIDES,THEIRSENSITIVITYTOTHELITIGANTSPROBLEMSANDAPPLICATIONOFTHELAW,ISALSOLIMITED. EVENTHOUGHTHEREISNOBARTOPETITIONERSAPPEARINGINPERSON(UNLESSTHEPARTYISEXTREMELYOBSTRUCTIVE),THEJUDGEPREFERSTOHAVEMATTERSREPRESENTEDTHROUGHADVOCATE/PLEADER,ASTHEYFINDTHATMUCHEASIER/SIMPLERTODEALWITH.THUS,THEJUDGESINTERFACEISLIMITEDTOTHEADVOATESINTHEMATTER. 3.2Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt?

G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323) YESG No(PleasegotoQuestion4)

3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable) ARTICLES129&215OFTHECONSTITUTIONOFINDIAAREPROVISIONSDEALINGWITHTHEPOWERSOFTHESUPREMECOURT&HIGHCOURTTODEALWITHCONTEMPTOFTHEMSELVES.THECONTEMPTOFCOURTSACT,ISASPECIALSTATUEDEALINGWITHCONTEMPTOFCOURTS. S12,S14,S15OFTHECONTEMPTOFCOURTSACTARECLAUSESRELATINGTOPUBISHMENT.

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THESUPREMECOURTRULESALSOCONTAINPROVISIONSTOREGUALTECONTEMPTOFITSELF. THEPENALTYIFTHEACCUSEDISFOUNDGUILTYOFCONTEMPT,ISFINEAND/ORSIMPLEIMPRISONMENTFOR6MONTHS.HOWEVER,NOWADAYS,THESUPREMECOURT&DELHIHIGHCOURTFAREXCEEDTHEIRAUTHORITYANDPOWERSININVOKINGTHEIRCONTEMPTJURISDICTION,ANDTRYTOTAKEAWAYTHEPOWERTOAPPEARINCOURT,ARGUE,ETC.,INEFFECT,TAKINGAWAYTHEVERYRIGHTTOACCESSJUSTICE. 3.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecaseAUTHORARUNDHATIROYWASPUNISHEDFORCONTEMPT,FORCRITICIZINGACOURTORDERBYSAYINGTHATITSHOWEDADISQUIETINGATTEMPTBYTHESUPREMECOURTTOMUZZLEPUBLICDISSENT/OPINION.THISPERTAINSTOTHECASEDEALINGWITHTHENARMADABACHAOANDOLAN,RELATINGTODAMSINGUJARAT.4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt?

G Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41) YESG No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)

4.1Towhomisthetrialopen?G Toeveryonewithoutlimit Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoors MOSTCASESAREHELDINOPENCOURT,EXCEPTFORSOMEWHICHAREHELDINCAMERAFORREASONSOFCONFIDENTIALITY/PROETCTIONOFTHEPARTIESINTHELARGERINTERESTOFTHEADMINISTRATIONOFJUSTICE.REVIEWPETITIONSINTHESUPREMECOURTOFINDIAAREDECIDEDBEHINDCLOSEDDOORS,I.E.BYCIRCULATIONBEFOREJUDGES.THEYARENOTDECIDEDINOPENCOURT.

G Trialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigation Others(Pleasespecify)

4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly?INTRIALS,UNDERS281OFTHECODEOFCRIMINALPROCEDURE,THEEXAMINATIONOFTHEACCUSEDISREQUIREDTOBEINTHELANGAUGEOFTHECOURT,ANDTHELANGUAGEOFTHERECORDINTHELANGUAGETHATTHEACCUSEDISEXAMINEDIN,I.E.INALANGUAGETHATHEUNDERSTANDS.FURTHER,ANINTERPRETERISSUPPOSEDTOBEPROVIDED.THESUPERIORCOURTSDONOTCONDUCTTRIALS,ASTRIALSARECONDUCTEDBYTHEDISTRICTCOURTS.THESUPERIORCOURTSTHESUPREMECOURT&HIGHCOURTSREQUIREDOCUMENTSTOBETRANSLATEDINTOTHELANGUAGEOFTHESUPERIORCOURTS,WHICHISENGLISH.PROCEEDINGSINTHESUPERIORCOURTSARECONDUCTEDINENGLISH,ANDUNFORTUNATELY,PEOPLEWHOARENOTFLUENTINENGLISH,ARECUTOFFFROMWHATISGOINGON.NOINTERPRETERISPROVIDED,THELITIGANTSIMPLYHASTOENGAGEALAWYERWHOSPEAKSINALANGUAGE(ENGLISH)THAT(S)HE,OFTEN,CANNOTEVENFOLLOW.

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4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict? YESMAJORANDMINOROPINIONSAREPROVIDED. 4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept? COURTRECORDSAREKEPTINPAPERFILES. NOWADAYS,THEYARETRYINGTOSCANANDMAINTAINEFILESORELECTRONICRECORDS.COURTSAREMANDATEDTOMAINTAINRECORDSASFOLLOWS:COURTSOFRECORDSHAVETOKEEPTHEIRRECORDSFOR2YEARS,ANDTHEIRJUDGMENTSINPERPETUITY.TRIALCOURTSHAVETOMAINTAINTHEIRRECORDSFOR7YRS.4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc)INCRIMINALCASES,ALLEVIDENCEISRECORDED,ANDINCIVILCASES,ALLDEPOSITIONSARERECORDED. HOWEVER,ORALPROCEEDINGSOFTHECOURTARENOTRECORDED.THEONLYRECORDIFANY,ISTHATOFWRITTENARGUMENTS/SUBMISSIONSINCASETHOSEAREPROVIDEDBYTHEPARTIES.THEJUDGEMAKESHIS/HEROWNNOTESANDMAKESUSEOFTHEMTOWRITETHEORDER/VERDICT,WHICHISTHEONLYPUBLICRECORDOFWHATHAPPENEDINTHECOURT.4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial? ONLYNOTESAREALLOWED,NOSOUNDRECORDINGORVIDEOISPERMITTEDDURINGTRIAL. WEHAVE,BYWAYOFANAPPLICATIONINAPUBLICINTERESTLITIGATION,SOUGHTTHATCASESBEVIDEORECORDED.THATAPPLICATIONISPENDINGHEARING.4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted? EVIDENCEOFWITNESSESISAVAILABLE,HOWEVER,THEREISNOWRITTENRECORDOFPLEADERSUNLESSSUBMITTEDINWRITTENSUBMISSIONSFORM.THESECANBEAPPLIEDANDOBTAINEDHOWEVER,THEREMAYBEAFEEANDREQURIEMENTTOSHOWBONAFIDESINTERSET.INCASEOFDISSATISFACTION,THEREISAPROVISIONFORAPPEAL.HOWEVER,THEREHAVEBEENCASESWHENATRIALHASBEENREOPENEDE.G.INTHECASEOF JESSICALAL,INWHICHAWOMANWASSHOTINPUBLIC,BUTWHERETHEMURDERERWASANINFLUENTIALPERSON,ITWASPUBLICPRESSURETHATFORCEDTHECOURTSTOREOPENTHETRIAL.THESEARERARE,BUTTHEREISINCREASINGPUBLICPRESSUREWHENTHEREAREGLARINGLAPSESINVERDICTS.

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4.4Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings? Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1) YESTHEPRESSISALLOWEDTOREPORTONCOURTPROCEEDINGS.HOWEVER,INORDERTOCURTAILTHAT,THEREISACONSTITUTIONALBENCHMATTERBEINGHEARD. THISMATTERHASBEENTAKENUPBYTHESUPREMECOURTTOCONSIDERWHETHERTHEREOUGHTTOBEREGULATIONS/GUIDELINESISSUEDTOTHEPRESS/MEDIAWHILEREPORTINGCOURTPROCEEDINGS,ANDWHATTHESEREGULATIONSOUGHTTOBE.THEPROFESSEDAIMISTOAVOIDANYPREJUDICETOTHERIGHTSOFTHEPARTIES.THECONSTITUTIONBENCHISALSOCONSIDERINGWHETHERITWILLBEAPPROPRIATETOFRAMECERTAINGUIDLEINESSOTHATTHEMEDIADOESNOTIMPACTFAIRTRIALINANYCASE.

G No4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? BROADLY,WHILETHEPRESSDOESNOTCOVERCOURTPROCEEDINGSINAVERYINFORMEDMANNER,OREVEN,INAFAIR/BALANCEDMANNER,OVERALLITEVENSOUTTOGIVETHEPUBLICAGENERALIDEAOFWHATISGOINGONINATRIAL. THEREARESOMEPUBLICATIONSHOWEVER,THATDOCOVERPROCEEDINGS,ANDTHEJUDGMENTANDITSCONSEQUENCES,INAFAIRANDBALANCEDMANNER.INGENERAL,THEPRESSISFAIRLYSENSATIONALISTANDBIASED,WITHLITTLEANALYSIS,ORCHECKINGOFFACTS.IFTHEYPUTINALITTLEMOREEFFORT,ITWOULDHUGELYIMPROVEREPORTING.HOWEVER,ASMENTIONED,ITBALANCESOUTANDTHEPRESSHASPLAYEDAVERYPOSITIVEROLEINCERTAINTRIALSBYAWAKENINGTHENATIONALCONSCIENCE.ATRIALWASREOPENED,ESPECIALLYWHEREINFLEUENTIALANDMONEYEDPEOPEZECRIMESINCLCRIMESAGAISNTWOMEN,CORRUPTION,ETC.4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents. INDIAISACOUNTRYTHATFOLLOWSTHEPRINCIPLESOFCOMMANLAW,ANDALLTRIALSAREMEANTTOBEFAIRPUBLICTRIALSBYVIRTUEOFINDIAHAVINGSIGNEDANDRATIFIEDTHEUNIVERSALDECLARATIONOFHUMANRIGHTS,ANDINTERNATIONALCOVENANTS(INTERNATIONALCOVENANTFORCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTS).THECODEOFCIVILPROCEDURE(CPC)ANDTHECODEOFCRIMINALPROCEDURE(CRPC)MANDATEAFAIRTRIALASDOESOURCONSTITUION. 5.Others5.1Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases?G Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)YES,OCC

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G NoYES,THEREAREAFEW,FOREXAMPLE,THEFILMNOONEKILLEDJESSICA. BUTINGENERAL,THEEFFORTISTOPRESENTAFINCTIONALISEDVERSIONOFCOURTPROCEEDINGS,ANDNOTSPECIFICCOURTTRIALS. THEREWASATELEISIONDOCUMENTARYNAMEDALLRISEYOURHONOURTOPORTRAYTHEDISMALFUNCTIONINGOFTHECOURTS. 5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow?THEREARENOPUBLIC/OPENREACTIONSFROMTHEJUDICIARY.BUTINGENERAL,THEJUDICIARYTENDSTOPROTECTITSELFFROMANYCRITICISM,ANDTRIESTOATTACKANDMUZZLEANYPORTRAYALOFITSELFINAPOORLIGHT.5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress?G Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis)G No

5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges? THEREISNOPROVISIONFORCIVILSOCIETYTOINTERVENEINTHEAPPOINTMENTOFJUDGES.EVENTHELEGALPROFESSIONCANNOTPLAYADIRECTROLE.THESYSTEMOFAPPOINTMENTOFJUDGESISOPAQUEANDNONTRANSPARENT.MOSTOFTEN,ONEDOESNOTEVENCOMETOKNOWWHOISGOINGTOBEAPPOINTEDASJUDGE,UNTILTHEAPPOINTMENTISOVERANDANNOUNCED.THECONSTITUTIONOFINDIA,PROVIDESFORAPPOINTMENTOFJUDGESBYTHEGOVERNMENTINCONSULTTATIONWITHTHEJUDICIARY.ARTICLES124&217OFTHECONSTITUTIONPROVIDEFORAPPOINTMENTOFJUDGESOFTHESUPREMECOURT&HIGHCOURT.HOWEVER,THROUGHAJUDGMENTOFTHESUPREMECOURT,THEJUDICIARYUSURPEDTHATPOWERUNTOITSELF.INDIAISACOUNTRYWHEREJUDGESAPPOINTTHEMSELVESTHROUGHANOPAQUESYSTEMWITHLITTLEACCOUNTABILITY.THEREHAVEBEENATTEMPTSTHROUGHCIVILACTIONTHROUGHATTEMPTSATIMPEACHMENT,COMPLAINTSTOTHESUPREMECOURT,ETC.,WHEREINELEVATIONTOTHESUPREMECOURTHASBEENCONTESTED/CHALLENGEDBASEDONTHEMISCONDUCTOFCANDIDATEJUDGES. CIVILSOCIETYHAS,INACASE,EVENATTEMPTEDIMPEACHMENTOFAJUDGE,WHO,FINALLY,HADTORESIGNBECAUSEOFPRESSUREBROUGHTABOUTBYCIVILSOCIETYTHROUGHMEDIA.THISWASJUSTICEDINAKARANOFTHEKARNATAKAHIGHCOURT.CIVILSOCIETYHASALSOTRIEDTOINFLUENCEPUBLICOPINIONBYHOLDINGSEMINARSANDDISCUSSIONSANDPROPOSINGSYSTEMICREFORMINAPPOINTMENTOFJUDGES,ANDALSO,BYPROVIDINGINPUTSONJUDICIALACCOUNTABILITYLEGISLATIONS. 5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments?

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CIVILSOCIETYISNOTENCOURAGEDTOCOMMENTONDECISIONSTOAPPOINTJUDGES. EVENIFCIVILSOCIETYDOESCOMMENTONSOMEDECISIONS,ITSVOICEISGENERALLYIGNORED,ANDITISONLYWHENAVOIDANCEISINESCAPABLETHATAHASTYDECISIONTOHOLDBACKTHATAPPOINTMENTISTAKENINRARECASES.THESEAREEXTREMELYRAREEXCEPTIONS,ANDENORMOUSPUBLICPRESSUREHASRESULTEDINTHERESIGNATIONOFAJUDGEJUSTICEDINAKARAN,ALTHOUGHHEHADBEENRECOMMENDEDFORELEVATION.5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther. IFTHEREISVICITMIZATIONINTERMSOFJUDICIALPROCESS,ITCANBETAKENUPINAPPEAL.SIMILARLY,TRANSFERSOFCASESCANBESOUGHTONGROUNDSOFBIAS. THEREARESEVERALGROUPSCIVILSOCIIETYGROUPSTHATSUPPORTSUCHVICTIMS.THEYPROVIDELEGALSUPPORTORAIDTOCERTAINGROUPS/PEOPLEWHOAREVICTIMIZEDINTHEABOVEMENTIONEDMANNER,SUCHASTHEHOMELESS,MARGINALIZEDORABUSEDWOMEN,ECONOMICALLYDEPRIVEDGROUPS,ETC.6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues?RECENTLY,INFEWCASES,THEREHAVEBEENTRANSFERSOFCASESFROMONESTATETOANOTHERFORFEAROFSTATEINFLUENCEE.G.FROMGUJARATTOBOMBAYINTHEBESTBAKERYCASE,FROMTAMILNADU,INACASERELATINGTOCHARGESAGAINSTTHECHIEFMINISTEROFTHATSTATE.

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GGGGGGGGUGGGGOSGSGGPUGGGGUGGWUYLGGGGGSGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGU

GGVGGGGGGGGGGGVGGUG GGGGGGGGGG GGUGGSGGGGGGGGGGUG GGGVGGGGGGGUGGGGGVGGUGGGGGGGGGGG

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UGGGGGUGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGUGG G XUG G G G G G G G GGUGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGG G YUG G G G G G G G UG G G G G G G G G UGG G ZUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUG

GGGGGGGGGZGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGUG

GGGUGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGUG

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GGGGGGGUGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGUGGSGGGGGGUG

GGGOvGYWPGGGGGSGGGGGGGGGUGGGOzGZ\ZPGGUGGXY`GYX\GGGGSGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGUG

GGGGG GOG PGUGGGGGGGGUGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUG

GGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGUG

- 79 -

GGGGGGGGUGGGGGG GGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGOhGyPGGGSGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGOwGiPGGGGGGGGGGGUG G OtPGGGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGGGGGU

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUG G

GOPGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGOPUG G GGGGG G G G SG G G G G OPGGGGGUGG GGGGGGGGGOGGGGGGGPGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGUG

- 80 -

GGXY`GYX\GGGGGSGGUGGGGSGXYSGX[SGX\GGGGGUGGGGGGGUGGGGGGG ]GGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGSGGGGSGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGU

GGGOhGyPGGGSGGGGGGGGGG G G G G UG G G OnPGGGGGGOuGiGhPGGGUG

- 81 -

GGGGVGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGU

GGGY_XGGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGUGGGGGUGGG OG PG GGGSGGGGGGGG GUGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGU

GGGGUG

GGGGGUGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGUGGGYGGSGGGGGGUG XGGGG^GGGUG

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GGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGSGGGGGUGGGGGSGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGGU

GGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGUG

GGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGSGGGGGUGGGGGGGUGGSG G G G G UG G OqG sPGSGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUG

GGGGGGUGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGSGVGGGGGVGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGG

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GGGGGGGGGGGGU

GGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGUGGGGGSGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUG

GGGGGGUGGGGGGGGOGGGGPGGGGGUGOjwjPGOjywjPGGGGGGUG

GGGGGOuGGG qPGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGG{}G

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G GGGOhG G G G PGUG

GGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGGGU

GGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGUGGXY[GYX^GGGGGGUGGGGGGGGUGGGGGSGGGGGGUG GG GGGGGGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGSGGGGGGGGUGGOrPGGOkPGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGG

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GGGU

G G G G G G G G G UGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGUG

GGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGGGGUGGGGGGGGUG GGSGGGGSGGGGGGGGGGGGUG

G G G OG PG G G G G G GUG GG iG iG GOnPGGGGO{G uPGGGGGGGUG

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May 7 2012 Jinyoung Lee (PSPD, Korea Republic)

Guidelineforreviewofverdict1.Isthejudicialverdictmadepublicinyourcountry?

Yes(PleasegotoQuestion11)

No(Pleasesharethereasonandgotoquestion15)1.1Towhomistheverdictmadeavailable?

Availabletoeveryonewithoutlimit

Availablebyrequestonly

Availableonlytopeoplewhoarerelatedtothetrial(plaintiff,prosecutors,lawyersetc)

Availableinalimitedmanner,usuallytomembersofacademiaorofthepress(Inthiscase,howisitmadeavailablespecifically?)

Others(Pleaseexplainthewayinwhichtheverdictsmadeavailable)

1.2Towhatextentistheverdictmadeavailable?Whatpercentageofthewholeverdictismadeavailable?

Theentiredecisionisavailablewithoutlimit

Thefinalrulingsonly(eg.Supremecourtorhighcourtdecisiononly)

Others(Pleasespecify)

Irespondedthatthetextsofcourtdecisionsareopento'thegeneralpublicwithnolimitsattached'inthepreviousquestion.But,not'all'thetextsareopentothe'all'people'withnolimitsattached.'Inprinciple,athirdpersonwhoisnotdirectlyinvolvedinthetrialcanhaveaccesstotextswhosedetailedinformationsuchasnameoftrialparticipantsandcertainplacesaredeleted.Furthermore,onlysmallportionoftherevisedtext,5percentofthetotaltextdescribingcourtruling,areavailableonlinewithnostringsattached.Whoeverwantstoreachtheremaining95percentmustknowthecasenumberandpaysmallamountofcommissiontothecourt. 121.Howmuchpercentdoesopentexttakeinthetotalnumberofcourtrulingdocuments? Asmentionedabove,only5percentofthetextsisavailableonlinewithnolimitsattached.Casenumbersandcommissionpaymentarerequiredtoobtaintheremaining95percentofrecordsoncourtdecisions.However,therequestcanbeasignificantconstrainttoresearchersandattorneyswhosearchforcourtjudgementsbyyearandcases. Asanexception,peoplecanonlyhaveanaccesstothecollectionoftherevisedtextviathreedisplaydevicesinSupremeCourtLibrarylocatedatSupremeCourt.However,itlacksaccessibilityandonlyallowsvisitorstoreadthetexts.1.3Howistheverdictmadepublic?AvailableviaInternet

Availableinahardcopydelivery

AvailableonlybyvisitingtheCourt(eg.Onsitereadingorphotocopyatthecourt)

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Others(Pleasespecify)

1.4Arethereanylegalregulationsrelatingtomaketheverdictpublic?(Criminalorcivillaw)Yes(PleasegotoQuestion151)

No(PleasegotoQuestions2)1.4.1Pleasewritedowntherelatedarticlesofthelawthatarerelatedtomaketheverdictpublic? Article162ofCivilProceedingsAct(RequestforPerusalofLitigationRecord,andforDeliveryofCertificates) Apartyorathirdpersonvindicatingtheinterestsmay,undertheconditionsasprescribedbytheSupremeCourtRegulations,filearequestwiththejunioradministrativeofficer,etc.ofacourtforaperusalandcopyingoflitigationrecordsandadeliveryofanauthenticcopy,certifiedcopyorabridgedcopyofthejudicialdocumentsorprotocol,oradeliveryofacertificateofmattersrelatingtothelitigation. AsstipulatedbySupremeCourt,apartytryingtoprotectrights,conductresearches,andsupportpublicinterestsmayfilearequestwiththejunioradministrativeofficer,etc.foranapprovaltoreadrecordsfinalrulingsonlawsuits.Yet,thedefenserecordsforbiddentoreleasetothepublicareanexception. Article592ofCriminalProcedureLaw(ReadingandMakingacopyofFinalJudgementRecords)Anyonetryingtoprotectrights,conductresearches,andshieldpublicinterestscanmakearequesttoProsecutionServiceforanapprovaltoreadandmakecopiesoffinaljudgementrecords.

Lawrevisionin2011orderedjudgementsincriminalandciviltrialtobepostedonlinefrom2013and2015respectively.Newstipulationisasfollows. Anyonecanreadthetextsoffinalrulingsviaelectronicmeansincludingtheinternetandotherelectronicdataprocessingsystembutalsomakecopiesofthem. 2.Isitallowedtocriticisetheverdict?Yes(PleasegotoQuestion21)

No(PleasegotoQuestion3)2.1Canacademicspubliclycommentontheverdict? Yes2.2Cancivilsocietypubliclycommentontheverdict?Yes2.3Cancivilsocietyorcitizensorganiseapressconferenceorademonstrationtocriticisetheverdict? Yes.However,theyarebannedtostageralliesorprotestswithin100metersofthecourt.3.Arethecourtproceedingsauthoritative? 3.1Doesthejudgebehaveinapropermannertowardthedefendant,plaintiffandwitnesses?

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Therehasbeensomeimprovementsbutalotofjudgesstillpresideovertrialsinanauthoritativeandoverbearingmanner. AccordingtoareportannouncedbyacivicgroupcalledTheGoodLawin2010,judgesignoredortalkeddowntoparticipantsin14percentoftrials.(ThecivicgroupmonitorscourtstomakeitsassessmentontrialsduringtheNationalassembly'sannualinspectionofgovernmentministriesandagencies.)4,307peoplemonitoredtrialsatSeoulHighCourtfromJuly2009toJuly2010.Inaddition,thereportsaidsomejudgesdidnotlistentothefulltestimoniesofparticipantsandinterruptedthem(22.9%),werelatefortrials(11.6%),andnoddedoffduringtrials(4%). Accordingto2011AssessmentonJudgesreleasedbySeoulBarAssociation,afewproblematicbehaviorsbyjudgeswerereported. Presidingjudgesturnedtheirbackonanattorneyandadefendantwhoweremakinglasttestimonybymovingtheirchair. Ajudgeseriouslyunderminedfairnessofatrialbytalkingtooneoftheparticipantswhowasamanagerofabank.Thejudgesaid,"Iamoneofthepeopleborrowingmoneyfromyourbank.How'syourbranchmanagerdoing?" Apresidingjudgethrewpreparatorydocumentstoaparticipantandrebukedhimorher,saying,"Ifyoudon'tunderstand,askotherswhoknowmuchaboutwritingthedocument." Ajudgetoldaparticipantoftrial,"Asyouhavebeenbeatenfor20year,keepyourselfbeatenforyearsaheadaswell." SeoulBarAssociationoffersitsmemberlawyerstoassessjudges.395memberlawyersevaluated939judgesnationwidein2011andthereportanalyzed2555evaluationsofthememberlawyers.3.2Istherealawoncriminalcontemptofcourt?Yes(PleasegotoQuestion321to323)

No(PleasegotoQuestion4)3.2.1Whataretherelatedarticlesorclauseofthecontemptofcourt?(Pleaseincluderelevantpenaltyifitisapplicable) Article138ofCriminalLaw(ContemptofCourtortheNationalAssembly)ApersonwhooffendscourtorcausesdisturbanceinornearthecourtroomorNationalAssembly'smeetingroomaimedatinterruptingcourt'sjudgementorhinderingparliamentarydeliberationsubjectstoimprisonmentlessthan3yearsorpenaltylessthan$700. UnlikeContemptofCourt,acourtcanorderaround20dayinadetentioncentrewithouttrial.(Article61ofCourtOrganizationLaw).3.2.2Arethereanycasesinthepastthatcontemptofcourtisappliedtotheverdictcriticsmadebycivilsociety?Ifyes,pleaseincludedetailsofthecase Noproblematicoccasionoccurred.(Noonewasindictedforcontemptofcourtin2011.)

Asapunishmentfornotimplementingcourtorder,thereisnochargesunderthecontemptofcourtinanabstractform,butitislimitedtospecificinsultanddisturbance.4.Isthetrialheldinanopencourt?Yes(PleasegotoQuestion41)

No(Pleasewritedownthereason.Then,pleasegotoQuestion44)4.1Towhomisthetrialopen?

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Toeveryonewithoutlimit

Generallyopenexceptsomespecialcases,wheretrialsareheldbehindcloseddoors

Trialsareonlyopentorelatedpeopleincludingfamilyandpartiestothelitigation

Others(Pleasespecify)

Inprinciple,criminaltrialsareopentothegeneralpublic.(Article27oftheConstitution).However,releaseofstatementsmadebyvictimscanbeprohibitedtoprotecttheirprivacyandsafety.(Article2943ofCriminalProcedureLaw)4.2Incasethelitigantsspeakinadifferentlanguagetotheofficiallanguageofthecourt,areinterpretationandtranslationservices(includingsignlanguages)providedopenly? IntheeventthatanypersontakingpartinpleadingsdoesnotspeakKoreanlanguages,orhasanyimpedimentinhearingorspeaking,thecourtshallhaveaninterpreterconductingtheinterpretation:Provided,Thatthecourtmaymakethepersonhavingthesaidimpedimenttoaskquestions,ortomakestatements,inwriting.(Article143ofCivilProceedingsLaw) Thepresidingjudgeofajudgemay,whenheexaminesadefendantinlightofhisage,gender,nationalityoranyotherfactor,allowapersonwhohasareliablerelationshipwiththedefendanttositincompanywiththedefendant.(Article2762ofCriminalProcedureLaw)4.3Incasethetrialiscomposedofthreeormorejudges,areminoropinionsalsoincludedintheverdict? ThedocumentoffinaljudgementmadeinacourtotherthanSupremeCourtorConstitutionalCourtonlycontainsthefinalconclusion,notdissentingorminorityopinionsamongthejudges.Also,itislegallyprohibitedtodisclosehowthejudgesreachedanagreement. 4.4.Howarethecourtsrecordkept? Alltheprotocolofpublictrialshallbepreparedonthedateofpublictrial.(Article51ofCriminalProcedureLaw).4.4.1Howistheprotocolforthewrittenpublictrial?(Pleaseincludewhatcontentsmustbeincluded,whetherinvolvedpartiesconsentisrequiredetc) Courtstaffmemberswhotookpartinthetrial,forexamplecourtdeputydirector,writetrialreport. Details:Dateandnameofthecourt,participantsofthetrial,whetherthetrialwasopentothepublicornotandthereasonwhyitwasheldinclosedsessionifitwasnotopentothepublic,readingofastatementoffactsconstitutingtheoffensecharged,rightsofadefendantandotherdetailsrelatedtothetrialprocedures. Thetrialreportmustbemadeimmediatelyafterthetrial.Also,thereportmustbereadinthenexttrialtonotifythemainpointsoftheprevioustrial.4.4.2Isitpossibletotakenote,recordsoundorvideoduringthetrial? Unlessthereisanyextraordinaryreasonotherwise,everycourtshall,uponamotionfromapublicprosecutor,adefendant,oradefensecounsel,assignastenographertotakestenographicnotesofahearinginthecourt,inwholeorinpartormakeaudioorvideorecords(includingthose

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withsoundrecorded;hereinafterthesameshallapply)ofahearingbyusinganaudioorvideorecordingsystem,andmayalsoorderexofficiototakesuchnotesormakesuchrecording,ifdeemednecessary.(Article562ofCriminalProcedureLaw)4.4.3Istheprotocolforthepublictrialavailabletopublic?Areanyobjectionsorcriticstotheprotocolaccepted? Prosecutor,defendantorattorneyisabletorequestcorrectionorraiseanobjectionoverthedetailswrittenintrialreports.Inthiscase,reasonsformakingtherequestorobjectionaswellasjudge'sopinionsregardingthedemandsmustbeaddedinthereport.4.4Isthepressallowedtoreportonthecourtproceedings?Yes(PleasegotoQuestion4.4.1)

No

Presscannotvideotapeordirectlyreportonthetrialproceedings.Reportersusuallydelivernewsbyattendingtrialsinpersontowritenotesorbyreferringtopressreleaseprovidedbythecourtduringorafterthetrial.

4.4.1Doespresscovercourtproceedingsinafairandbalancedway? Mediaemphasizesdifferentpartsofthejudgementormakedifferentassessment(whichcanbeeitherpositiveornegative)accordingtoitspoliticalview. Forinstance,ProsecutionServiceindictedanumberofprotesterswhoattendedarallyagainsttheSouthKoreaU.S.FreeTradeAgreementin2008andmostofthetrialswerehandledbySeoulCentralDistrictCourt.OneofjudgesrequestedtheConstitutionalCourttodeliberateontheconstitutionalityofthebanonnighttimerallies.Conservativemediaoutletsunleashedastringofharshcriticismonthejudgeeveryday.Whatisworse,theconservativepressremainedsilentontheinterventionofthethenchiefjusticeofSeoulCentralDistrictCourtinthetrialandcontinuedtomakelopsidedreportstoblamethejudgewhoraisedtheissue.Asaresult,thejudgewhoaskedfortheConstitutionalCourttoreviewtherelevantarticlesteppeddownwhereastheChiefJusticewasappointedasSupremeCourtJustice.Consequently,sucheffortsseriouslyunderminedjudicialindependence.4.5Istherealegalframeworkrelatedtoopennessofpublictrial?Ifyes,pleaseincludeabriefdescriptionofitscontents. (ThethirdclauseofArticle27oftheConstitution)Allcitizenshavetherighttoaspeedytrial. Theaccusedhavetherighttoapublictrialwithoutdelayintheabsenceofjustifiablereasonstothecontrary.5.Others5.1Hasthereeverbeenatelevisiondramaormoviebasedonrealcourtcases?Yes(Pleasespecify.PleasegotoQuestion5.1.1)

No

In2007,Aformerprofessorshotacrossbowatajudgeforaverdictagainsthim,inasuithefiledtobereinstatedinhisjob.Thecourtdubbedtheincident'terroragainstjudiciary'andfoundhimguiltyincriminalcourt.Afilmentitled'ABrokenArrow',isbasedonthisstoryandreleasedintheatersearlythisyear.Themoviedrew3millionviewersnationwideandpromptedimmensepublicattention.

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5.1.1Whatwasthereactionofthejudicialbodiesregardingthisfilmortelevisionshow? Afterthereleaseofthemovie,court'sunilateralandarbitrarywayofproceedingtrialsemergedasasocialissue.Itreaffirmedhighpublicdistrustofjudiciary.Inresponse,SupremeCourtsaidthefilmisbasedonafiction,seekingboxofficehitandmisleadingfactoftheincident.TheSupremeCourtdistributedmanualstojudgesacrossthenationwhoareinchargeofdealingwithmediacoverage.SeoulCentralDistrictCourtheldaneventaspartofanefforttolistentothepublicopinionbutunderwentcriticismforendingupasaoneoffevent. 5.2Isitpossibleforthelegislativebodytoconducthearingsorinvestigationonthemattersdirectlyrelatedtoatrialwhileitisstillinprogress?Yes(Pleasegivesomeexamplesincludingjudicialbodysreactiononthis)

No

Lastyear,theNationalAssemblyembarkedoninvestigationintothebreakdownofnonmonetaryinstitutionsincludingsavingsbanks.However,theNationalAssemblyfacedmanydifficultiesbecausetherewasnoforciblewaytosummonwitnesseswhorefusedtoparticipateduetootherscheduleslikeotherinvestigationortrial.Also,itwashardtofindthefactofcasesduetothelackofcooperationfrominvestigationagenciesincludingProsecutionService.5.3Howdoescivilsocietyinterveneintheappointmentprocessofthejudges? TheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourtisappointedbythePresidentwiththeconsentoftheNationalAssembly.TheSupremeCourtJusticesareappointedbythePresidentontherecommendationoftheChiefJusticeandwiththeconsentoftheNationalAssembly.JudgesotherthantheChiefJusticeandtheSupremeCourtJusticesareappointedbytheChiefJusticewiththeconsentoftheConferenceofSupremeCourtJustices.(Article104oftheConstitution).Civicsocietydoesnothavemanylegalchannelsensuringitsparticipationinappointingjudges. TheSupremeCourtJusticeNominationAdvisoryCommitteeortheJudgesAppointmentCommitteerecommendscandidatesforSupremeCourtJusticeanddiscussesnominationofjudges.Althoughcivicgrouppersonnelcanbeamemberofthetwocommittees,theChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourthastherighttoappointthecommitteemember. InrecommendingcandidatesforSupremeCourtJustice,anindividual,acorporatebody,oragroupareinstitutionallyallowedtorecommendthemostappropriatecandidateandcollectopinionstodeliverunanimousviewontherecommendationsmadebytheSupremeCourtJusticeduringacertainperiod(Article6oftheSupremeCourtJusticeNominationAdvisoryCommitteeAct). Theviewsexchangedduringthedesignatedperiodarenotreleasedtothepublic.Therefore,civicsocietyseparatelyannouncesitsowncriteriaforidealSupremeCourtJusticeandpubliclyrecommendscandidatesforthepositions.5.3.1Cancivilsocietyfreelycommentonthedecisiontoappointjudges?Howdoescourtrespondtothesecomments? IndesignatingSupremeCourtJusticeandConstitutionalCourtJustice,confirmationhearingsareheldtogainapprovalfromtheNationalAssemblyandcivicsocietytakespartintheprocess.CivicsocietysendsitsownquestionnairemadetoassesscandidatesortoaskforNationalAssembly'sapprovalforattendingthehearing.Civicsocietyhasconstantlypointedoutthatmanyretiredjudgesandpublicprosecutorsgoontobecomelawyers.Thepointmadebythecivicsocietyplaysanimportantroleinevaluatingthecandidates'legalethics.

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5.4Arethereanygroupstosupportvictimsofthejudiciarysystem?Ifyes,pleaseexplainfurther. Therehasbeenagrowingnumberofpeoplethatshowtheirdistrustandraisequestionsontheoveralljudicialproceduresaftertheyaredissatisfiedwithunilateral,uneventrialorinvestigation.Theyhavecreatedseveralgroupsofvictimssufferingfromjurisdiction.Theyhavecontinuedtostageaonemanprotestinfrontofcourtorinvestigationagencybuildingsorfileacivilcomplaint.6.Whataretherecentactivitiesofjudicialbodiesregardingaboveissues? TheSupremeCourtandtheSouthKoreangovernmenthaverevisedcriminalacttoensuredefenserightsofdefendantsanddueprocesssince2004.Aspartofthesameeffortwhichoutstandinglyexpandscitizens'participationinjurisdictionprocedure,jurysystemsuggestedbycivicsocietyhasbeendiscussedandlegislated.Inregardstothereleaseofthetextillustratingcourtrulings,thebillreflectingcivicsociety'sstancetodisclosefulldocumentpassedtheNationalAssemblylastyear.

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G

G

G

- 95 -

G

G

G

G

- 96 -

G

G

G

G

G

GG

G

G

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G

G

G

G

G

G

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G

G

G

G

G

- 99 -

G

G

G

G

G

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G

G

G

G

- 101 -

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

- 102 -

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List of Participants GG

*organized in alphabetical order # Country Full Name Organization

1 Bangladesh Mr. Adilur Rahman Khan Odhikar

2 Bangladesh Mr. Ahmed Swapan Mahmud VOICE

3 Burma Ms. Khin Ohmar Burma Partnership

4 Cambodia Mr. Panhavuth Long Cambodia Justice Initiative

5 India Mr. Lenin Raghuvanshi People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights

6 India Ms. Indira Unninayar Campaign for Judicial Accountability & Judicial Reform

7 India Mr. Prashant Kumar Campaign for Judicial Accountability & Judicial Reform

8 Indonesia Mr. FebiYonesta LBH Jakarta

9 Indonesia Ms. Poengky Indarti Imparsial

10 Indonesia Mr. Wendy Andhika Prajuli Initiatives for International Dialogue (IDSPS)

11 Korea Republic Mr. Chanho Kim The May 18 Memorial Foundation

12 Korea Republic Mr. Deepak Prasad Bashyal The May 18 Memorial Foundation

13 Korea Republic Ms. Heejeong Kim The May 18 Memorial Foundation

14 Korea Republic Ms. Mihoko Yamamoto The May 18 Memorial Foundation

15 Korea Republic Mr. Youngjeong Kim The May 18 Memorial Foundation

16 Korea Republic Ms. Gayoon Baek People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

17 Korea Republic Ms. Huisun Kim People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

18 Korea Republic Mr. Jaegun Lee People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

19 Korea Republic Ms. Jinyoung Lee People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

20 Korea Republic Ms. Mihyeon Lee People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

21 Korea Republic Mr. Sang hie Han People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

22 Korea Republic Ms. Sangmi Lee People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

23 Korea Republic Ms. Sunmi Lee People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

24 Korea Republic Mr. Taeho Lee People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

25 Korea Republic Mr. Yang Chihchiang People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

26 Korea Republic Ms. Youngmi Yang People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

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27 Korea Republic Mr. Seungwon Lee Soengkonghoe Univ., Democracy and Social Movements Institute

28 Malaysia Mr. Wong Chin-Huat Monash University Malaysia

29 Nepal Mr. Krishna Gautam Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC)

30 Pakistan Mr. Rashid Rehman Khan Human Rights Commission of Pakistan

31 Singapore Mr. James Gomez Thammasat University

32 Sri Lanka Mr. Niran Joshua Anketell Inform Human Rights Documentation Centre

33 Taiwan Mr. Chuan-yueh Chen Judicial Reform Foundation

34 Taiwan Mr. Wen-Lung Cheng Judicial Reform Foundation

35 Timor- Leste Mr. LuisdeOliveiraSampaio Judicial System Monitoring Programme

36 Regional Mr. Sayeed Ahmad Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)

37 Regional Mr. John Liu Yn Tynn Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)

38 Regional Mr. Yap Swee Seng Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)

39 Regional Ms. Giyoun Kim Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)

40 Regional Ms. Sejin Kim Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)

41 Regional Mr. Isagani V. Abunda II Initiatives for International Dialogue (IID)

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