รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร อรพิ�น เกิ�ดชู�ชู��นรองศาสตราจารย์ ดร ณั�ฎฐา เลาหกิ�ลจ�ตต

School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut’s University of Technology

Thonburi , Bangkok

Essential oils are interested in aromatherapy for healing, cleansing, preservative, and mood-elevating attributes.

Aromatic and medicinal plants are important for pharmaceutical, food and fragrance industries although they contain a small fraction of volatile oil.

Essential oils refer to the subtle, aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, bark and roots of herbs, bushes, shrubs and trees .

Chemically, in the essential oils that can derived to primarily composed of mono- and sesquiterpenes and aromatic etc.

Gramineae Labiatae Lauraceae Myrtaceae Oleaceae

Pinaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae Santalaceae UmbelliferaeUmbelliferae

Essential oils found in 108 families and > 2000

species.

http://www.nazflora.org/Dicots.htm

Eryngium foetidum(ผั�กิชู�ฝร��ง)

Centella asiatica (บั�วบักิ)

Angelica acutiloba(ต�งกิ�ย์)

Carum carvi(หอมป้$อม)

Apium graveolen(คื่��นชู&าย์)

Cuminum cyminum (ย์��หร&า)

Foeniculum vulgare (ผั�กิชู�ล'อม )

Coriandrum sativum (ผั�กิชู�)

UmbelliferaeUmbelliferae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbelliferae

CorianderKingdom: PlantaeFamily: UmbelliferaeGenus: CoriandrumSpecies: C. sativumBinomial name: Coriandrum sativum

All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking. All parts of the plant are edible used in cooking.

seeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iranseeds are used a carminative and a digestive aid the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iran

It helps to detoxify the body and to stimulate the spleen.

Coriander oil has a sweet, spicy, warm smell, is nearly colorless to pale yellow and has a watery viscosity.

The therapeutic properties of coriander oil are analgesic, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, carminative, depurative, deodorant, digestive, carminative, fungicidal, lipolytic, stimulant and stomachic.

Commercial UsedCommercial Used

Herrero et al., 2010

Essential oils Compound

Composition(%)

γ-Terpinene 14,42 β-Pinene 1,82 β-Myrcene 0.55 m-Cymene 1.27 Limonene .0.4 Linalool 37,65 Citronellal 1.96 Borneol 0.32

Terpinyl acetate 0.31

Citronellol 1.31 Citral 1.36 Geraniol 1.87

Essential oils compound Composition (%)

Eugenol 0.9 Undecanal 0.58 Myrtenyl acetate 0.43 Citronellyl acetate 1,36 Geranyl acetate 17,57 Caryophyllene 0.33 Curcumene 0.98 α-Cedrene 3,87 α-Farnesene 1.22 β-Bisabolene 0.8 β-Sesquiphellandrene 1.56 Others 7.16

Chemical composition of essential oil from Coriander .

LinaloolLinalool (37.65%) (37.65%)

γ-Terpinene γ-Terpinene (14.42%) (14.42%)

Geranyl acetate Geranyl acetate (17.57%) (17.57%) αα-Cedrene -Cedrene (3.87%) (3.87%)

53 compounds are detected

Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009Bhuiyan, et.al., 2009

The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be divided into 4 groups:

The complicated volatile compounds in essential oil could be divided into 4 groups:

Aliphatic compound

Benzene derivatives

Terpene derivatives

Others compound

http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/

In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

• Aliphatic aldehydes

n-octanal trans-2-hexanal

• Aliphatic aldehydes

n-octanal trans-2-hexanal

http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html

• Aliphatic Alcohol

cis-3-hexen-1-ol cis-2 -hexen-1-ol -1 octen-3-ol

• Aliphatic Alcohol

cis-3-hexen-1-ol cis-2 -hexen-1-ol -1 octen-3-ol

http://isostar.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/html/classes/Ligand_Acyclic_links_O_C_H_only.html

• Aliphatic ketones3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin)

diacetyl (2,3-butanedione)

• Aliphatic ketones3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin)

diacetyl (2,3-butanedione)

• Aliphatic estersC6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes

C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance

C12 : conifer notes

acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour

Ethyl acetate Benzyl acetate Linalyl acetate

• Aliphatic estersC6 alcohol-acetate : fruity notes

C8-12 acetate : blossom fragrance

C12 : conifer notes

acetate-ester : fatty-soapy odour

Ethyl acetate Benzyl acetate Linalyl acetate

Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula (C6H6 ) n

Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon with a continuous pi bond

1. Hydrocarbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

2. Benzenoid alcohol

Cinnamic-alcohol Cinnamaldehyde Phenylacetaldehyde

3. Benzenoid ketone

4 . Ester of aromatic alcohols and aliphatic acids

Benzylacetate Benzyl benzoate

Phenylethyl acetate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule.

Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula (C5H8 ) n. That may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Acyclic Mycrene

Monocyclic Menthol

Bicyclic Camphor

the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings.the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Acyclic Farnesene

Monocyclic Humulene

Bicyclic Vetivazulene

TricyclicLongifolene

The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenesmay be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations.

The molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenesmay be acyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32

Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32

Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48

Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48

Retinol :

Lanosterol :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene

http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/

The volatile oil composition may change from the natural odor depending on the extraction method (Anitescu et al, 1997).

Compositions Hydrodistillation Ethanol supercritical carbon dioxide

Linalool

Terpinene

Camphor

Limonene

α-pinene

γ-terpinene

C-terpinene

Coumarins

Geraniol

Geranyl acetate

Phenylpropanoids

P-cymene

Myrcene

Terpenolene

Camphene

Terpinolene

α- terpineol

Trans-sabinene hydrate

Citronello

n - Octanol

Anitescu et al, 1997Anitescu et al, 1997

The volatile oil composition may change

from the natural odor

depending on the extraction

method

Plant extracts ProductionMethods Final products notes

Enfleurage Enfleurage absolutes Suitable for extracts flavor of flowers

Expression Essential oilsNeed a high energy, suitable for extracts citrus peel, low yield

Solvent extraction

Concrete (crude extracts)a waxy, semisolid, dark-colored material free

from the original solvent Easy, simple, low energyAbsolutes

Free from wax and resinoids

Steam/hydro distillation

Essential oilsconcentrate hydrophobic liquid containing

volatile aroma compounds and rich of bioactive compounds

(aliphatic, terpene, benzene, others)

High yield compared with expression

Extraction

Flavor + fragrance ที่��สกิ�ดจากิพิ�ชู เร�ย์กิ “pomades, concretes, absolutes, resinoids or tincture

1.  Pomades ป้ระกิอบัด'วย์ไขม�นที่��ม�สารให'กิล��นหอมอย์�& เตร�ย์มโดย์ว�ธี� hot or cold enfleurage จากิดอกิไม'-   Hot enfleurage ว�ธี�เกิ&าแกิ&ในกิารเกิ0บัร�กิษากิล��นหอม โดย์น2าดอกิไม'หร�อส&วนต&างๆ ของพิ�ชู จ� &มใน wax เหลว + ร'อน-   Cold enfleurage ใชู'ไขม�นเป้4นต�ว adsorp volatile component ที่��ป้ล&อย์จากิดอกิไม' โดย์เอาดอกิไม'สดใส&ไว'ในชู�5นไขม�น ซึ่7�งไขม�นป้ระกิอบัด'วย์ lard + beef tallow ซึ่7�ง spread บันกิระจกิแกิ'วในภาชูนะป้9ด เป้4นว�ธี�ใชู'แที่นกิารสกิ�ดด'วย์ solvent

2. Concretes สกิ�ดส&วนต&างๆ ของพิ�ชู ด'วย์ solvent ชูน�ด non polar solvent (toluene, hexane, petroleum ether) เม��อระเหย์ส&วนที่��เหล�อจะม� volatile fragrance + non volatile รวมที่�5ง wax cpds.

Concrete ม�ล�กิษณัะเหม�อน pomades ไม&ละลาย์ใน alc ... ม�ข'อจ2ากิ�ดในกิารน2ามาใชู' perfume แต&ใชู'ให'กิล��นสบั�& Concrete สกิ�ดมาจากิดอกิไม' (กิ�หลาบั มะล� เป้4นต'น) ส&วนตางๆ ของพิ�ชู (lavender, violet leaf เป้4นต'น)

 3. Absolutes เตร�ย์มจากิ concrete ละลาย์ใน ethanol ตกิตะกิอนที่�� temp ต2�า กิรอง ระเหย์ EtOH ออกิ wax – free เร�ย์กิ absolute ... ละลาย์ได'ใน EtOH ใชู' perfume ingredients

 4. Resinoids เตร�ย์มจากิย์างไม' (plant exudates) สกิ�ดด'วย์ solvent เชู&น methanol, EtOH, Toluene yield 50 – 95% product เหน�ย์ว ที่2าเจ�อจางเต�ม phthalates หร�อ benzyl benzoate เพิ��อป้ร�บัป้ร�งคื่�ณัสมบั�ต�กิารไหล และกิารน2าไป้ใชู' resinoid ป้ระกิอบัด'วย์ nonvolatile + resinoid cpds. ต&างจากิ oleoresin ซึ่7�งได'จากิ pepper, ginger, vanilla oleoresins ใชู' solvent สกิ�ดจากิ spices solvent ที่��ใชู'ข75นกิ�บัชูน�ด spices หร�อ supercritical CO2 เป้4นต�วสกิ�ด pepper + ginger oleoresins ม� volatile aroma + pungency

 5. Tinctures เป้4นสารที่��ละลาย์ใน alc. เตร�ย์มโดย์ Treat natural raw material ด'วย์ ethanol ผัสมกิ�บัน25า ซึ่7�ง solvent เหล&าน�5สามารถละลาย์สารที่��สกิ�ดได'จากิพิ�ชูชูน�ดต&างๆ Tinctures บัางคื่ร�5งเร�ย์กิว&า Infusion

Expression Distillation

-Hydrodistillation-Steam distillation- Simultaneous distillation extraction - Vacuum distillation

Solvent extraction - Enflurage- Liquid-liquid extraction - Soild-liquid extraction - Supercritical fluid extraction

Expression Distillation

-Hydrodistillation-Steam distillation- Simultaneous distillation extraction - Vacuum distillation

Solvent extraction - Enflurage- Liquid-liquid extraction - Soild-liquid extraction - Supercritical fluid extraction

Extraction methods

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil#Production

http://www.weloveshopping.com/template/e1/showproduct.php?shopid=221389&productid=CHH8

Advantage- Low cost- simple

Disadvantage- High energy- Long time

Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid

mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

Hydrodistillation

• Traditional method of extraction

Advantage -Easy separation

Disadvantage - Combustion of the sample - Degradation of volatile compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Hydrodistillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Hydrodistillation

Steam distillation

• distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive

Advantage- Easy separation- Easy operation

Disadvantage- Degradation of some analytes- Sample impurities-Expensive equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Steam_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Steam_distillation

Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE)

Advantage- Semi-volatile and heat- stable component - High recovery- rapid

Disadvantage - concrete- Degradation of volatile compound- Thermal degradation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

Vacuum distillation

•low temperature distillation

•Principle: pressure above mixture is reduced to less than its vapor pressure

Advantage- Prevention degradation

Disadvantage- Use strong instrument- Expensive- Weak volatiles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation

Enfleurage

• Enfleurage uses odorless fats that are solid at room temperature

Advantage• simple •Suitable for flower extraction

Disadvantage* long time of extraction* Not use a wide range of material

3. Solvent extraction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfleuragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfleurage

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)

Partition Partition

Extraction of a substance with

different densities

Extraction of a substance with

different densities

Advantage- Easy to separate- Extractions normally performed at room temperature

Disadvantage- Large volumes of organic solvents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction

Soild-liquid extraction

•Base on like dissolve like

•Use solvent to separate desired compound from solid sample•Use solvent to separate desired compound from solid sample

Soxhlet extractor

Advantage- Analyze in one extraction step

Disadvantage- Loss of certain compounds- The time for an average Soxhlet extraction ranges from 1 to 72 h.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

Supercritical fluids provide a higher solubility of the components of the volatile oil, as well as improved mass-transfer rates. Moreover, the manipulation of parameters as temperature and pressure leads to the extraction of different components.

Reverchon and De Marco, 2006

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

- Dense gases

- Critical temperature & pressure

- Resemble both liquids & gases

Critical properties of various solvents

Reid et al., 1987

Super Critical CO2 Extraction Super Critical CO2 ExtractionDISADVANTAGE

Boiling point, Artifact formation partial loss of extracted volatiles

ADVANTAGES

Easy to remove, Not harmful, odorless, tasteless, non flammable, Inexpensive in high purity, moderate condition = 310C 74 bar , no degradation ---->labile flavor compounds selectivity, aroma & flavor-->resemblance to original material

SOLUBILITY UNDER LIQUID CO2

1. MW < 500 daltons2.Low - medium MW of halocarbon, aldehyde, keton, ester, alcohol, ether2.Low MW , non polar, aliphatic hydrocarbons -- 20 carbons4. Polar organic -- low solubility5. Polar groups -- OH, COOH, N decrease solubility 2.Chorophyll, carotenoids, amino acid, fruit acid --->insoluble2.Alkaloids, phenols, aniline compounds ----> poor solubility

The application of liquid CO2

HOP, OLEORESIN, Basils, VANILLA, ONION OIL, CITRUS OIL, APPLE JUICE, PEAR, COFFEE, ORANGE, Coliander

FLAVOR, FRAGRANCE, AND COLORANTS

CONCERN HEALTH AND

ENVIRONMENT

Consumer demand, new, improved, natural, high quality

FRAC

TIO

NAT

ION

DEODERIZATION

TOTAL EXTRACTION

TRIPLE POINT CRITICAL POINT

LIQUID

SOLID

SUPERCRITICAL REGION SUPERCRITICAL REGION

GAS

Temperature (˚c)

Pres

sure

(bar

)

Pc = 73.8 bar Tc = 31.1 ˚c

Laohakunjit .,2010

Factor affecting on quality of extract by SFE

Particle size

Temperature

Pressure

Time

Pourmortazavi et al., 2007 and Bensebia et al., 2009

2. Continuous Solvent Extraction2. Continuous Solvent Extraction

Beverage sample

Solvent (Ether) Holes at the bottom of the tube

Condenser

Water Bath

Persicaria odorataPersicaria odorata Common name : Vietnamese coriander Thai name : Pak-Paeow Family : Polygonaceae Usually use for culinary herbs

Author Method of extraction

Type of extracts Result

Zheng, and Wang (2001)

extracted with 15 mL of phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0)

Crude extracthas a total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of 3.09± 0.12 and 22.30±0.68 respectively

Starkenmann, et al (2006) Hydrodistillation Essential oil

The Persicaria odoratahas a strong coriander leaf odor due to it’s high content aliphatic aldehydes.

Nanasombat And Teckchuen (2009)

Methanol extract Crude extract

Polygonum odoratum or Persicaria odorata has an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica And also has an antioxidant activity, and Total phenolics compounds of 315.4 ± 18.8 and 52.0 ± 0.0 (µg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mg dry extract)

Suaeda maritimaSuaeda maritima Common name : Annual sea blite Thai name : Cha-kram Family : Amaranthaceae Include in halophyte plant group Salt content in the tissues is very high -> can act as antimicrobial agent

Author Method of extraction Type of extracts Result

Agoramoorthy, et al.(2008) Whole Dry plant Whole dry plant

Total phenolic of 23.5 ± 4.2 µg/mL

Radical scavenging activity >250 (3343.0 ± 902.8) µg/mL

Kumar, et al. (2009) Methanol extract Crude extractShow inhibition activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Streptococcus lactis

Bobbarala, et al. (2009)

Solvent (methanol) extraction with soxhlet apparatus

Crude extract Show an antifungal activity and MIC value of 10-20 and ± 80 µmg/ml

Wannu, et al. (2010).

Solvent extraction(petroleum ether and ethanol)

Crude extract

Could inhibit the growth of bacterial strains; B. cereus, L. mesenteroid, L. plantarum and S. aureus which their inhibition zone were 13.25, 16.00, 19.55 and 15.65 mm, respectively.

Piper sarmentosumPiper sarmentosum Common name : Wild betel Thai name : Cha-plu Family : Piperaceae Culinary and medicine herbs

Author Method of extraction

Type of extracts Result

Chanwitheesuk, et al. (2005) Methanol extraction Crude extract

The highest antioxidant activity was detected in G. inodorum, followed by P. sarmentosum and M. arvensis, respectively.

Zaidan, et al (2005) Methanol extrcation in sohxlet apparatus Crude extract Piper sarmentosum showed anti bacterial activity

against S.aureus

Vagashiya, et al. (2007)

Methanol extract, for 24 h Crude extract

The study demonstrated the efficacy of Piper sarmentosum, P. argyrophillum, P. longum, P. betle as a antiinflammatory agents

Chieng, et al. (2008) Hydrodistillation Essential oil Essential oil has an antitermite activity against larvae of Artemia salina

Taweechaisupapong, et al. (2010).

Hydrodistillation and ethanol extract

Essential oil and concretes

Piper sarmentosum ethanol extract has only antifungal activity for C.albicansMBC of Piper sarmentosum against A. actinomycetemcomitans and C.albicans are 2.5 and 1.25 mg/ml respectively.

Kondo, et al. (2010).Ethanol and water extraction (maseration)

Crude extractionPiper sarmentosum ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against Vibrios and Shigella with the MIC value 0.625->5 and >5 mg/ml respectively.

Application of essential oil in chicken meat

ResearchResearch Type of plant extractType of plant extract Purpose of usePurpose of use

Lemay, et al (2002) Mustard oilAntibacterial agents in raw chicken meat against Eschericia coli, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Lactobacillus alimentarius

Oral, et al (2009)Oregano essential oil Antibacterial agents against Psychrotrops

bacteria, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Yeast, Pseudomonas enterobactericeae

Irkin and Esme (2009)

bay leaf (Laurus mobilis L.) essential oil (0.5% v/w) with modified atmosphere (MAP) (20%CO2/80%N2) and vacuum packaging stored at 4°C

To control Listeria monocytogenes and Eschericia coli ground chicken breast meat

Giatrakou, et al (2010) Chitosan and Thyme oil Preservatives on ready to cook chicken product

Fratianni, et al. (2010) Thyme and Balm oil Preservatives on chicken breast meat

Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010)

Coriandrum sativum oil in various concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%)

To controlling Campylobacter jejuni in raw meat in various storage temperatures

Several type of plant has been use for preservatives in chicken meat

No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel

No report about the application of essential oil or plant extract from Vietnamese coriander, annual sea blite and wild betel

Sample preparationSample preparationExtraction process

HydrodistillationHydrodistillation

Dry sample : 500 grFresh sample : 1000 grTime : 24 h.

Essential oilEssential oil(dry and fresh sample)(dry and fresh sample)

ResidueResidue

72 hour extraction 72 hour extraction (2(2ndnd extraction) extraction) 22ndnd extracts extracts

ResidueResidue

absolutesabsolutes

Wax washing Wax washing processprocess

Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction

Dry sample : 20 grComposition : (1:2 w/v ratios)

24 hour extraction 24 hour extraction (1(1stst extraction) extraction) 11stst extracts extracts

EthanolEthanol AcetoneAcetone Petroleum Petroleum etherether

Physical, chemical, and Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysisbiological activity analysis

Physical, chemical, and biological activity analysis

AnalysisPhysical properties :- Percent of yield extraction- Optical rotation- Color - Refractive index.Chemical properties : - Volatile compounds analysis- Total phenolics compoundsBiological activities :- Antibacterial activity- Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) values- Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods)

The best plant The best plant extractsextracts

Application into the raw chicken Application into the raw chicken meatmeat

Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :1.1.30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 2.2.DB-5ms capillary column. DB-5ms capillary column. 3.3.The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directlyppm concentration) was injected directly4.4.The injector and detector temperatures were 230The injector and detector temperatures were 230ooC and 250C and 250ooC respectively. C respectively. 5.5.The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 70 o oC C then 10then 10ooC/min. to 140C/min. to 140ooC, and then 5C, and then 5ooC/min. to 240C/min. to 240ooCC

1.1. Sample concentration : 100 ppmSample concentration : 100 ppm2.2. Volume injection : 1 µLVolume injection : 1 µL

Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85%

RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

Volatile compound analysis

No.

Volatile compound RIa

% of Compositi

on No.

Volatile compound RIa

% of Compos

itionFres

h Dry Fresh Dry

1. eucalyptol1051

0.31 - 14.

alpha,-curcumene 1490

3.16

4.49

2. undecane1108

- 0.14 15. eremophillene

1508

6.89

4.20

3. 1-nonanol1174

- 0.09 16.

7-epi-alpha-selinene 1537

- 2.59

4. decanal1212

7.32 4.47 17. ledol

1550

5.99 -

5. decanol1274

- 3.34 18. nerolidol

1564- 3.6

76. undecanal

13110.58 0.57 1

9. globulol1587

0.95 -

7. n-decanoic acid 1358

0.21 - 20.

caryophyllene oxide 1601

2.04

5.64

8 1-Nonene1374

- 2.02 21. cubenol

1640

0.08 -

9. beta-elemene1401

0.64 - 22.

eupatoriochromene 1664

21.71

20.94

10. dodecanal

1417

19.96

18.72

23. drimenol

1790

4.74

4.34

11.

beta-caryophyllene 1441

11.07

11.40

24.

Hexahydro farnesyl acetone 1842

- 0.60

12.

allo-aromadendren 1456

0.49 - 25. isophytol

1945

0.39

0.17

13.

alpha.-caryophyllene 1476

12.57

11.62

26.

n-hexadecanoic acid 1959

0.91

0.99

Essential oil

a Retention indices calculated based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

Volatile compound analysis

Starkenmann et al, (2008) mentioned the major compounds of this plant are decanal and caryophyllene.

No. Volatile compound RIa% of Composition

Petroleum ether Acetone Ethanol

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

1. beta-pinene 981 - - 8.06 16.55 13.10 -

2. beta-cis-ocimene 1025 - - - - 1.61 -

3. 3-carene 1037 - - - 2.08 - -

4. ocimene 1050 - - 17.90 36.46 26.44 -

5. decanal 1208 18.43 12.09 7.73 4.64 4.42 -

6. methyl hydrocinnamate 1278 - - - - 2.57 -

7. ethyl dihydrocinnamate 1351 - - 1.77 4.24 2.71 -

8 copaene 1388 - - - 8.52 6.00 -

9. dodecanal 1409 53.12 38.36 27.14 8.06 7.21 11.35

10. caryophyllene 1435 5.42 8.07 6.26 6.49 7.07 11.01

11. cyclododecane 1471 6.13 6.47 - - - -

12. 1,1-diethoxydecane 1472 - - 8.10 - - 19.03

13. germacrene d. 1495 - - 2.40 3.06 - -

14. 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol 1505 - - 5.78 4.81 9.16 10.70

15.dehydro-cyclolongifolene

oxide 1657 8.21 16.48 - - - -

16. eupatoriochromene 1657 - - 5.52 - 8.00 19.49

17. neophytadiene 1834 2.88 5.30 4.71 5.09 6.08 -

18. ethyl hexadecanoate 1989 5.80 13.24 4.62 - 5.61 28.43

Plant extractVolatile compound analysis

Annual sea blite

Physical properties

Extraction methods Refractive index Optical rotation Color appearance

Ethanol 1st 1.363 -21.10 o Clear dark green and yellow

Ethanol 2nd 1.363 -22.85 o Clear dark green and yellow

Petroleum ether 1st 1.364 -19.80 o Clear light yellow

Petroleum ether 2nd 1.363 -15.95 o Clear light yellow

Acetone 1st 1.363 -21.50 o Clear light green

Acetone 2nd 1.363 -20.05 o Clear light green

Hydrodistillation-Dry - - -

Hydrodistillation-Fresh - - -

The physical properties in refractive index, optical rotation, color appearance were not different with vietnamese coriander results.

Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :Analyzed using GC-MS system, equipped with :1.1.30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 µm film thickness, 2.2.DB-5ms capillary column. DB-5ms capillary column. 3.3.The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 The carrier gas was helium at flow rate 0.56682 ml/min, and 1 µml of sample (100 ppm concentration) was injected directly.ppm concentration) was injected directly.4.4.The injector and detector temperatures were 230The injector and detector temperatures were 230ooC and 250C and 250ooC respectively. C respectively. 5.5.The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40The running methods were splitless mode, pressure: 3 psi, oven temperature: 40 o oC C then rate 8then rate 8ooC/min. to 100C/min. to 100ooC, then rate 15C, then rate 15ooC/min. to 180C/min. to 180ooC, and the last rate 12C, and the last rate 12ooC/min. to C/min. to 280280ooCC

1.1. Sample concentration : 1000 ppmSample concentration : 1000 ppm2.2. Volume injection : 0.5 µLVolume injection : 0.5 µL

Compared with WILEY257 and NIST library use a % quality match greater than 85%

RI calculation based on n-alkane standard (C10-C20)

Volatile compound analysis

The End

Assoc. Prof.Dr. Natta Laohakunjit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orapin Kerdchoechuen