p p p

540

( )

" "

110600 -

, 2000

621.771.073.08

: . . ., . .

( ): " " 110600 - / .. , .. . : , 2000. .

. , , .

110600 , , - .

. 13 . . 3. . 21.

(

, 2000

1.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

2.5.

3.

4.

5.

5.1

5.2.

6.

6.1.

6.2.

7.

7.1.

7.2.

7.2.1.

7.2.2.

8.

8.1.

8.1.1.

8.1.2.

8.2.

8.3.

8.3.1. .

8.3.2. .

8.3.3. .

8.4.

8.5.

8.5.1.

8.5.1.

8.6.

8.7.

1.

, . . , [1-5], , . .

:

- ;

- , ;

- ( ) , ;

- , , :

1.

, (1.1)

- ; - ; - ; - .

2.

EMBED Equation.2

. (1.2)

, , 5, , ,

10.

2.

, , .

2.1.

, (q = /B) (. 2.1).

. 2.1.

, - [1-3].

(2.1)

- , (; 0,1D3 - , 3.

(2.2)

( ) :

(2.3)

(. . 2.1) :

(2.4)

- .

:

- 4-

(2.5)

-

(2.6)

. (. . 2.1),

(2.7)

(. 2.2,),

(2.8)

(. . 2.2,) . I-I :

(2.9)

( - , 0.25-0.30 (1(.

(2.5) (2.6) .

. 2.2.

: -

;

-

2.1

1. 50-60600-6501.

50-70500-600

2. 55, 55, 60620-6802.

50, 55, 55, 60,

15580-650

680-700

3.

9, 92, 9, 9, 92800-10003.

-, -

-, -400-500

400-500

: =(0,6 ( 0,7).

2.1. 1400. (. .2.1), : D=0.85; L=1.4; A=2.15; d=0.6; l=0.75; d1=0.42. P=8000 . =450 *. =1.0 . - 15. (2.2)

(2.1)

(2.3)

(2.4)

, (2.5)

, (2.7)

(1.2), . 2.1 :

[n]=5, .. . , .

2.2.

[1-3]. , (, ).

[1,2] , . L (. 2.3). (2.2), L, (2.1). (2.3).

. 2.3.

, ( ).

(2.11)

( ) - ( ), /; - ( ), ; - ( =( ), . :

(2.12)

(2.13)

1 2 , R1 R2 - ( - ).

= (2,0 ( 2,15)105 , - = (1,1 ( 1,5)105 .

[], HRC: [](3( [](80HRC.

2.2. 1300 . (. . 2.3), : : D=1.32; D=0.37; L=1,3; d=0.8; d=0.22; l=0.8; =2.1.

=20000 , , =200 (. =1,1 . - 92.

(2.2)

(2.1)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(1.2), . 2.1

0.7(800 = 560 .

:

[n]=5, .. , .

(2.11), :

,

1082 .

92 410 =3(410=1230 . , [] .

2.3.

( ), ( , ..). , (i=1,2,3,...,n), (. 2.4). . , , , .

, (. . 2.4):

(2.14)

. 2.4.

...

(2.15)

...

.

(2.16)

, .

(2.17)

(2.5) (2.6).

(2.7) - (2.10).

(1.1) (1.2).

2.3. 4 (n=4). (. . 2.4), : D0 = 450, D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = 400, 1=210, 2=460, 3=710, 4=960, d=230, l = 250, A = 1300. (. . 2.2, ) , : d2=200; b=60; h =20. 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 1100. =80 *. - -65.

(2.14)

(2.15) :

(2.16)

(2.17)

, (2.6)

, (2.8)

(1.2), . 2.1. 500 0.7(500=350 .

:

, , [n] =5. .

2.4.

. , , . , , : , , , , +, -.

. 2.5.

, : 1=4000, 2=-3500, 3=3000. , , =200 (. -

(2.14)

(2.15)

(2.16)

(2.17)

, (2.5)

(1.2)

, [n] =5.

2.5.

. 2.6.

(2.18)

d - (. . 2.6).

(2.19)

. (2.20)

(1.2)

2.5. 250. d=0.120 , (=0.15 (. . 2.6). 20

800 . =160 , =3.6 (.

(2.18)

10416.7 = 10.4 .

(2.19)

138888.9 = 138.9 .

(2.20)

. 139.3 .

(1.2)

5.74.

- 5, .

3.

. , , , , , , , .

, , . , , , , (n(=5.

,

(. . 2).

( ) .

(3.1)

- ; .

(1(:

(3.2)

(3.3)

- , ; - (.. ).

:

(3.1) =0.85(1.0:

(3.4)

, .

n, [n], 2(3, ..

.

3.1. . 2.3. ,

= 248.6

= 32.9 .

, 1 0.6. :

- (3.2)

- (3.3)

- (3.4)

, ,

=2(3.

(10 ( (12(.

4.

25, 35 500(550 .

, (

) , (. 4.1) . Q,

( 4.1 )

d - ; a - ; f - , . 4.1.

Q Rmax (. . 4.1).

( 4.2 )

( 4.3 )

y - ( Q) ; b - ; h1 - .

. 4.1.

() () ()

( 4.4 )

- .

(1.1) (1.2),

5.

4.1

0.004 - 0.008

0.01 - 0.08

0.001 - 0.005

0.002 - 0.005

4.1. 3200 (. . 4.1,), : 2.645,

=0.8, 1.955, 0.69. 25 550 . =0.337 2. d=620 . . Rmax=15,5 .

(4.1), . 4.1 f=0.0035:

0.0064. (4.3) :

0.2 .

(4.4)

46.0 .

(4.2)

0.2 + 46.0 = 46.2 .

(1.2)

[n] = 5. , .

5.

.5.1. , .

. 5.1.

5.1

, . 5.1.

5.1

,

50600 - 650

40 - 40750 - 1000

50 - 50850 - 1100

, , - , (. . 5.1). , , .

, :

(5.1)

d - ; - ; - ; - , 0.15(0.30 ; ( - ; ( - . ( ) . :

(5.2)

S - .

. (5.3)

(=, (5.4) - , 0.05(0.15 .

(5.5)

- . , , .

(5.6)

4-

(5.7)

(1.2).

5.1. 2500 , 40 1000 . 10177-82 (. . 5.1), : d=0.56, =0.5392, =0.535, S=0.012, =0.549. =17.5 . =0.2 ( ), =0.1 ( ).

(5.3) (5.4) =0.007 . (==0.0997 .

, , (5.1)

1.14 (.

(5.5)

=36.4 .

(5.6)

76.6 .

(5.7)

99.2 .

10.1.

, .

5.2.

, , 9-4 10-3-1.5 , . 5.2.

5.2

,

(, )

()

9-4400-500270-300

10-3-1.5500-600300-360

, , , .

(5.8)

- ; - (. . 5.1).

, , m - , S: .

(5.9)

- ( ); - , (. . 5.1).

(5.10)

- (. . 5.1).

(5.11)

, , , . . 5.2. (1.2).

5.2. () 1700. 10177-82 (. .5.1), : =0.29, =0.30, =0.24, =0.20, =0.23, S=0.020, =0.0125. - . 9-4. =1.5 .

(5.8)

, , .

(5.9)

=9.9 . (5.10)

=39.8 .

(5.11)

=400 =270 (. .5.2):

-

-

=40.4;

-

=10.1;-

, , .6.

. : (.6.1,), , (.6.1,).

, , .

. 6.1.

6.1.

(. . 6.1,) ( ) . , (2(:

( 6.1 )

( 6.2 )

S - ; - ; - .

(1.1) :

.

, 2.0-2.5 , .

6.2.

(. . 6.1,). N Q,

( 6.3 )

- ; f - , 0.10-0.15; - , , 1.25. N(f .

,

( 6.4 )

- ; - .

(1.1) , =2.5(3.0.

6.1. 800 .

450 . (. . 6.1,), :

0.170,

0.252,

0.085. =7.0.

(6.1)

164.0 .

(6.2)

154.2 .

(1.1), 0.7(450=315 , [n]=2:

,

.

, (1.1) . , , 2.

6.2. , 6 800. =7.0 . () =0.03 ,

=250 (. . 6.1,). - 2.

f=0.15.

(6.3)

0.40 .

(6.4)

282.9 . 6

560 [n]=2 (1.1)

.

, (n(=2 , , ,

7.

25, 35 .. = 500(600 ; = 400(450 .

, , . , , [1,2]. .

7.1.

, , , (. 7.1).

: (. . 7.1, I-I,), ( II-II), ( III - III,) ( IY-IY . 7.1, ). . 7.2.

. 7.1.

. 7.2.

:

, (7.1)

(7.2)

, (7.3)

. (7.4)

(. . 7.2,)

, (7.5)

-,

(7.6)

, (7.7)

,

(7.8)

(7.9)

II-II (. . 7.2).

, (7.10)

(7.11)

. (7.12)

III-III (. . 7.2):

(7.13)

(7.14)

(7.15)

(7.16)

(7.17)

IY-IY (. . 7.2):

(7.18)

(7.19)

, (7.20)

. (7.21)

. 7.3 .

, . 7.3. , , - .

:

- (. . 7.3,)

(7.22)

- (. . 7.3,)

(7.23)

- (. . 7.3,)

(7.24)

- ; - ; r - . (. .7.1-7.3):

(7.25)

(7.26)

(7.27)

, - .

:

(7.28)

(7.29)

(7.30)

(1.2). 10.

7.1. 2000 . .7.4. 35.

17 .

, , (7.1)-(7.21)

I-I

0.8 ,

1.2 (. . 7.2 7.4):

2,

4,

,

3.

. 7.4.

4,

3. IY-IY

0.8 ,

1.0 (. . 7.2 7.4):

2,

4,

,

3.

(7.26) (. . 7.2 7.4): -

.

-

,

(7.23)

(. (7.29-7.30):

,

,

. (1.2),

:

,

10. .

7.2.

, (. 7.5,) (. 7.5,). :

, , ( ),

.

. 7.5.

, ( ), .

7.2.1.

7.2.1.1. . , , (. (. . 7.5, . 7.6). . . 7.6.

, (7.31)

- ; J1 J2 - ; - .

. 7.6.

(7.34)

(. . 7.6)

, (.- ).

(1.2) 10.

. , , . =0. , , , ( = 0.

:

(7.35)

- ,

=1.25 - , .

- 10.

7.2. 650. . 7.7. 25. 4.0 .

. 7.7.

III-III

0.6 ,

0.7 ,

0.4 ,

0.29 ,

0.22 (. . 7.2 7.7):

2,

3,

,

EMBED Equation.2

4,

3. (7.25) r=0 (. . 7.2 7.7):

.

,

, () . (. . 7.7)

. (7.31), ( =0.002 :

.

(7.32-7.34):

,

,

.

(1.2),

:

, . .

=10. , . (7.35) ,

; 30

1100 :

.

, .

. 7.8.

: -

; -

7.2.1.2. . , (. . 7.8). . 4 ,

(. . 7.8,), (. . 7.8,).

, , , ..

, -

.

( ) .

(7.36)

- .

( I-I, . . 7.8, )

(7.37)

- ;

- .

(7.38)

; Q - ,

, (. . 7.8,).

Q . , (, Q=0. , (=0, Q

(7.39)

( Q . .

(7.40)

- ;

- ;

- ;

- . Q ( ( ), 0.

( ) .

(7.36), - (7.34). . (7.35).

(7.1) - (7.25).

, , (. 7.9).

. 7.9.

(1.2) .

7.3. , 25. . . 7.10, 7.2. - 25.

4.0 .

.

, , 7.2.

I-I:

0.209 2,

0.275 ,

0.00527 4,

0.0192 3.

II-II:

0.152 2,

0.20 ,

0.00203 4,

0.0101 3.

1.42 , = 0.3 .

(7.36)

.

(7.40) Q, (=0.003 , =1.925

2.875

0.143.

. 7.10.

(7.41)

26.3 ,

(7.42)

.

:

7.0,