UNIT 34: 2D ANIMATION

PRODUCTION

What is 2D animation? 2D animation is doing lots of drawings a little different every time. By

doing this looking at the picture it makes the image look like it’s moving. This moves at 24 frames per second and has been around for thousands of years.

History of animation

The 1st form of animation was found in cave paintings in Palaeolithic times over 17000 years ago. Animals such as such as tigers and wolves were drawn on the walls. However they drew the animals with lots of legs in different shades to make it look like the animal was running on the wall. Although it was at a standstill and not moving our persistence of vision sees all the legs and sees them moving. The are many other examples dating back almost as far as this such as pottery. People would make pots and have many different images on it telling a story. It would usually be a warrior with his bow or some sort of fighter.

Animation before film Before film and cameras were invented there were still inventions that

allowed us to see moving images. Or at least what our mind perceived as moving images. Before film there were many devices that we perceived to be a moving image however The zoetrope

The zoetrope was invented around 101 BC by the3 inventor William Horner. The zoetrope would display a number f images on the inside of it and as you spinned the zoetrope it would give the illusion that the picture is moving. What started out as a kid’s toy turned into the first movement of animation. The zoetrope consists of a cylinder with slits cut vertically in the sides. On the inner surface of the cylinder is a band with images from a set of sequenced pictures. As the cylinder spins, the user looks through the slits at the pictures across. The scanning of the slits keeps the pictures from simply blurring together, and the user sees a rapid succession of images, producing the illusion of motion. From the late 20th century, devices working on similar principles have been developed, named analogously as linear zoetrope’s and 3D zoetrope’s, with traditional zoetrope’s referred to as "cylindrical zoetrope’s" if distinction is needed. The zoetrope is still used to day in film and animation. For example the zoetrope is used in the newest toy story film to make them look like they are moving in a circle very fast.

The Thaumotrope

Despite the zoetrope lifting animation and allowing it to lift off the was another tool that helped even before the zoetrope and this was called a Thaumotrope. This nifty little bit of kit was the most simple object. This would work through your persistence of vision. Basically you have 2 pieces of circular paper. For example let’s say that the was a cage on one side and a bird on the other side. By flipping the paper fast enough it gives us the illusion that the bird is the cage. This is because of our perception of vision. This toy was made in the 19th century. In 2012 it was discovered that the early traces of the Thaumotrope were discovered on caves in France. The Thaumotrope was made by John Aryton Parris who lived in London in 1824.

Persistence of vision

Persistence of vision is the theory where an afterimage is thought to persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retinasistence of vision. This came in useful in animation because that is how the zoetrope and the Thaumotrope worked. This means that when you are looking at the next image on a Thaumotrope the first image is still in your retina so you see the first image on top of the second image. The theory was then disproved in 1912 by Wertheimer and concluded that a visual form of iconic memory was what is causing the image to stay in our head for 1 twenty fifth of a second not the persistence of vision.

Traditional animation

Traditional animation ran cinema and movement before computers. Traditional animation was things such as flip books, cell animation, roto scoping and even drawing on film strips. These are all forms of early animation that revolutionised animation into gaming films and much more.

Traditional 2D animation techniques

Flip Books Flip books A flip book is a collection of a variety of slightly different pictures of drawings. The pictures are

intended to be flipped over to give the illusion of movement and create an animated sequence from a simple small book without machine. But what started out as the flip book did eventually have machines working on the same basis.

The first flip book was made by John Barnes Linnet appeared in September 1886. A flip book is a number of pieces of paper. On each piece of paper is an image. That image will gradually change over time. This means when you flip each piece of paper it will give the illusion that the image is moving. These were and still are illustrated for children. These than excelled to not just a range of drawings but a range of photographs. He named them Kineograph. This meant motion picture. These were the first form of animation to show a linear sequence or a story. Flip books in 1894 began to excel by the use and invention of a mutoscopes. The mutoscopes was invented by Herman Casler. The mutoscopes worked on the same grounds as a flip book. The mutoscopes would hold 850 cards with images on them which would give you a viewing time of about a minute. The viewer would view the cards through a single lens that was enclosed by a hood. As each slide or image moved the next would take its place just like a flip book. Flip books have advanced so much since then. Now they are used in children’s books and much more. Vintage flip books can now be up to thousands of dollars dependent on how old they are.

In 1897 just after the mutoscopes the was the filoscope. This was the created by an English film maker Henry William Scott. The filoscope worked just the same as the mutoscopes however it was a lot smaller and hand operated. The main difference was you could place your own slides in the filoscope to produce a flip book that does not move about and is steady to help the illusion of a moving image.

E.G. if I drew a car on a piece of paper and kept drawing it in slightly differently every time on different pieces of paper and put them together you would have a flip book.

Draw on film animation Draw on film animation This is another technique that animators use. This is achieved by the footage is made by

drawing directly onto the film stock. This is different from every other form of animation were the images or objects are photographed frame by frame. This is the only form of animation that is not done this way. Drawn on film was invented in 1908 by an Italian artist Arnaldo Ginna. His idea was to merge is talent with art and the ever growing animation together by drawing on the film strip. In 1910 he made his first animation film using this technique. In 1912 Arnaldo and another man called Bruno Corra teamed up and started making films using this technique. They made 9 animated films with this technique.

Techniques Method 1: You start with a blank film stock and the other one with already developed film. On

the blank film stock the artist can now draw stamp or glue on the strip. These film stocks can be scratched burned or spilt on to give a better effect.

Method 2: You need to be in a dark room for this method using film stock that has not been exposed to light. Slowly it is exposed frame by frame. The artist then places their object onto a fresh stock and then with a small light beam exposes the outline of the object so it is visible when shown as a film.

Some artists and animators such as Len Lye took Draw on animation to the next level. Len lye was the first ever animator to use draw on animation when producing a film to the public. This film was a promotional video for the British post office. Len Lye then when on to make a number of films using this rare and obscure way of animating film. He ended up having his own film collection which are now in archives.

For example if I had my film strip and it was blank. If I drew on it in different places you would have splatters of paint or colour were ever you drew it directly onto the fil strip.

Cell animation

Cel animation The Cel animation process was created in Earl Hurd and John Bray in 1915. Cel animation was very important to the

advancement in animation. Also known as classical animation or hand drawn animation. What is an individual cell??? Is a short piece of transparent paper which objects usually characters are drawn on or painted on to use for

traditional animation. How it works? The image is drawn onto a transparent piece of paper which is then placed underneath another sheet of paper

were the background will be drawn on. The outline of the images is drawn on the front of the Cel while colours are painted on the back to eliminate brushstrokes. by doing this they could not get the characters proportion to the background wrong and it gives a much clearer image. Once the background was created. Then you would take a picture of every single time the character moves. These pictures are your frames. Obviously in 1915 the cameras were limited to what they could do so the images were often a bit fuzzy however Cel animation as excelled since then.

Cel animation consists of consists of 24 frames per second which is still the basic frame rate for any form of digital animation. In 1915 the frames would always be drawn by hand however still are today as well. Many Disney films such as Beauty and the beast were made by Cel animation. They are good things and bad things about Cel animation. Some of the good things are that you can draw free hand. This is good because it means that you can draw your characters whatever way you want. Also it looks classic because it is such an old form of animation and people often enjoy classic animation. Some disadvantages to Cel animation is that it can take a lot of time drawing up the characters and the back ground. In modern day Cel animation it can cost a lot of money as well

How it has advanced Going from Gertie the dinosaur which was the first ever animated film to today. Cel animation is still used today in

film. Disney to this day provides a number of Cel animation films dating back to 1951 with the film Beauty. To Mickey Mouse the phenomenon we all know and love. 2D animation is still used especially in Japan and Cel animation will never die out it will always be improved upon and altered. Cel animation also consists on your persistence of vision so in a way the Cel animation has stemmed from the zoetrope and Thaumotrope.

Rotoscoping Rotoscoping What is Rotoscoping and how does it work? Rotoscoping is another animation techniques in which an animator traces over footage

frame by frame for use of live action. This technique was invented by Max Fleischer who was a cartoonist a illustrator and a writer. He described this idea as ground breaking and something to change animation for ever. He came up with the idea for Rotoscoping in the early 1900 s and the first form of this was aired in 1915 with the animation of Koko the clown. He was helped by his Brother who offered to dress as the clown and perform choreographed movements.

Later cartoons with Rotoscoping In the early 1930 s they began making Gulliver’s travels which was then aired in 1939.

They then began working on superman cartoons in the late 1940s. As cartoons advanced they then started to turn into over exaggerated comedy such as the looney tunes and Merrie melodies from Warner Bros. This advanced and kept being used all the way through the 1900 s with things like snow white in 19 37 and iron fan in 1941.

Rotoscoping in the modern day The animation technique of Rotoscoping is nearly a hundred years old, but the

advancements in technology and technique have made being a rotoscope artist today far different than 100 years ago. Today’s Rotoscoping artists work with computing Rotoscoping soft wear. The basic outline of modern Rotoscoping has been the same for 100 years. Modern Artists still trace the outline of the object onto the back ground. However you do not have to do this for every scene as the computer soft wear will do it for you and make the full process a lot easier.

Techniques for digital 2D animation

2D Bitmap graphics 2D bitmap graphics A Bitmap image is also known as a raster image. It starts off with a large grid with

loads of little squares inside the grid. These little squares are individual pixels. Colour is placed in each of these pixels to build up an image. If you look at the image from quite far away you will see a image. However if you press your eyes right up to the screen you will just see the pixels because you are so close.

Different images when using bitmap have different sizes. For example if an image is 250 pixels by 250 it means that it is 250 pixels up and 250 pixels across. If the picture is 100 pixels by 100 pixels the image will still look good. However if the image is 1000 by 1000 pixels the image will be blurry because often the is not a lot of colour to go round the full image. This often happens when you enlarge an image.

The problems with Bitmap images are they are not scalable to be larger images without blurring. Also the files they are on can be very big and finally bitmap images are not always easy to edit due to the amount of pixels you have in your image.

Despite these points they do have good points such as Bitmap is great for complex photos with a lot of things going on or if you are attempting to get a wide shot of a lot of scenery. Also most programmes such as final cut and other soft wears accept bit map however as I said earlier the images are difficult to edit.

2D bitmap files are often imported on these types of formats. Jpeg PSD PNG TIFF GIFF

Vector image Vector image You start with a square however it is without pixels you have 2 points usually. These are called anchor points.

The points are connected by lines that are called paths. The paths can have various shapes as the lie can loop and bend. The paths can be coloured and have different thickness dependent on what your trying to make your object look like in your frame. It’s also most as if you are making your images out of shapes you make with the paths.

The advantages of a vector image is the file size is usually quite small which means you can import the image easily across to different soft wear. They are scalable and can remain sharp because you draw the points yourself with your paths so you can have it as sharp or as blunt as you want it. Finally they are easy to edit unlike the Bitmap which is quite difficult to edit.

The only disadvantage for vector images is that it is not well suited to photo images. For example if you take a picture and want to edit it using vector points it is quite difficult. This is more for making your own images from scratch using animation. Vector images have different formats for saving files. When saving these files people often use formats such as

• PDF • EPS • AI • SVG

This is an imager of how vector images are used in animation.

Motion Capture Performance capture Performance capture also known as motion capture is the process of capturing the

movement of a person or object it is usually a person to transfer it into a physical presence in the film. How it works is you record the actions of a person on screen and the actions he does are animated to the characters actions. This is done using a green suit. In motion capture sessions, movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second to try and get the best movement for the animated character. Often directors will actually pick an actor to base the animated character around. E.G Peter Jackson selected Andy Circus to play Gollum and based Gollums face on the actors face. This technique was used back in 1978 for the first lord of the rings movie. The actor would do the movements in the green suit. Then the film was used as a guide to map out the movements of the animated character. This was originally done for hand by hand drawn animated character but now the characters are mapped out on screen at the same time the actor does his movements and it is edited in pre-production. This technique is often used in gaming as well. For example Football players will perform movements in motion suits to be produced on new football games.

Adobe Flash Player Adobe flash player Adobe Flash Player is software used to stream and view video, audio and

multimedia and Rich Internet Applications) on a computer or supported mobile device. Flash Player was originally created by Macromedia, but is now developed and distributed by Adobe Systems Inc. Adobe flash was created in 1996. Since its introduction adobe flash has become a popular and easy way to watch animate and edit your films or whatever they may be.

Macromedia was made in 1992. This was a American graphics development soft wear. Macromedia was then taken over by Adobe systems in 2005. And by 2009 had full control over macromedia and its products. Adobe flash had features never seen before such as Adobe could handle and allow Vector image and raster images also known as 2D bitmap graphics. Despite just using Adobe flash to play around with this soft wear had a lot to do with animation and had a lot of uses in the real world. E.G

• Interactive websites e.g. games websites • Create animation e.g. animated T.V shows • Advertisements e.g. T.V adverts • Audio and Video streaming e.g. Adobe would often have the rights to some

videos and you would have to install their soft wear to watch the video • Company presentation e.g. power points • 2D AND 3D games.

Pioneers of animation

Joseph plateau

Joseph plateau Joseph plateau was the first pioneer and the father of animation.

He was born on the 14th of October 1801 in Brussels in Belgium. In 1829 joseph submitted his doctoral thesis and became a physicist. In 18 35 he became a physics teacher at Gent university. This is where he began his research and his contribution to animation started.

Contribution to animation Joseph began his research by creating a 27 page book on what

colours and different sights effect was on the retina. Joseph started working with images and thought about the movement of images to test his theory he invented a prototype kicked animation into go!. This was called a Plateau’s phenakistiscope named after him whom he invented in 1932. This device worked under these grounds When the two disks rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows and the images created an animated effects/This eventually lead to the motion that is cinema.

Norman McLaren

Norman McLaren was born on the 11th of April 1914 and died 27th of January 1987. He was Scottish born and Canadian successful animator and a film director at the same time. He worked on a number of areas of animation such as drawn on film and abstract film. He won Oscars which included the best documentary in 1952 for the documentary neighbours. In 1969 he won a BAFTA for best animated film Pas De Deux. McLaren was born in Stirling in Scotland. In his teen years he studied set design at Glasgow school of Art. His early experiments with film included scratching or painting on the film stock. He did not have access to a camera so he created film without one. He created his first published fil which was called 7 till. McLaren used pixilation effects, superimpositions and animation when making the film. Despite the use of a camera in this film Mclaren used his mastered techniques of drawing on film. This was possibly the reason he won a Oscar because it was so different/

Eadweard james Muybridge

This man was an English photographer well known for his studies in animation and movement of images. He was known for his invention of the Zoopraxiscope in 1879.This was another form of animation tool such as the zoetrope and the Thaumotrope.

Before his photography and ground breaking invention of the Zoopraxiscope he was a successful book seller. When he was on a coach to san Francisco the coach crashed and left him with severe head injuries. This was because on impact his body was thrown out of the coach and hit his head on a rock. He ended up in New York where he received treatment for a year before he set sail back to England. Despite this awful tragedy he says he would have never got the idea for the Zoopraxiscope if he hadn’t been on that bus.

This was considered the first ever piece of kit or machinery to display and project a film to show the film and later on enlarge it. The way it worked was the image was displayed on the glass disk and then rotated in fast cycles to display what was actually motionless animation however looked like it was a moving image. Originally on the glass disks the drawings were only silhouettes however as time advanced animators who were using this machine began to start drawing in full figures to make their films more enjoyable and more surreal. Then in 1890 even more advancements began to take place people began to print the outline onto the glass disk and then just paint in the full object depending on what it was.

The was however a down fall to this device and that was the size of it. It was very large and was difficult to transport around and set up when wanting to view something through it. Also it was only able to be viewed in dark environments due to the light reflecting of the lens the image would be very bright and very hard to see.

Emile Reynaud Full name is Charles Emile Reynaud. He was born December 8th 1844 in France. His

father was a medal engraver and his mother was a school teacher so they did not have a lot of money in the family so his parents took care of his education. From his father he learned precision mechanics and from this he went on to teach physics and natural science from 1873 to 1877. His mother taught him to draw and paint which came in quite useful in his animation career.

Charles was responsible for the first animation cartoon. Pauvre Pierrot in October 1892. This was made up of 500 different motionless still paintings. This was a large success in France and even other country’s nearby. Later in 1876 he invented his own animation tool called the Praxinoscope. In the same year he also launched his cartoon in his own theatre he had built up called the Musee Gurvin.

The Praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was

invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Emile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. This however improved upon the Zoetrope because instead of it having little viewing slots it had inner circle mirrors so the reflection o the mirrors was more still and would not move about. Also by using the mirrors the movement would be faster and this would make the image less distorted. However this would not have happened without the zoetrope.

The Lumiere brothers The Lumiere brothers Augusta Marie and Louis Nicolas Lumiere were born around the

same time. Augusta was born on October 19th 1862 and Lois was born on the 5th October 1864. The brothers were born in Besancon, France and moved to Lyon in 1870. In Lyon they attended one of the biggest technical schools in France. Their father who died in 1911 ran a photographic store were both the brothers worked when they went attending school. When working in his father’s store Louis made some ground breaking steps to still photograph process. The most notable was dry plate process.

When their father retired in 1892 the brothers began to try and create moving picture using Dry plate process. They patented a number of significant processes leading up to their own film camera which they patented in 1895. This was the first ever camera capable of recording film. The first ever film recorded was on march 19th 1995. This film shows workers leaving their factory.

Once the Lumiere brothers had realised their success they began to create the first fully recorded non animated films. The first public screening was on December 28th later that year so they went wasting time. They patented the first film camera and released a film to the public in 1 year. This camera did not have sound or colour but it was evolutionary in the media industry.

To summarize the Lumiere brothers were the first ever film directors and went on to create lots of films with their camera. In 1948 Louis sadly died at the age of 83 in 1948. Then in 1862 Augusta passed at the age of 93. These two brothers made it possible to move an image on camera and over time it advanced and grew to today were we have HD and the clearest sound possible.

Thomas A Edison Thomas a Edison was born February 11th 1847 was an American inventor who specialised his

talents in photography kit and tools. He also developed the Phonograph and the motion picture camera. Thomas A Edison was also responsible for the invention of the light bulb and contributed to the world as a whole. Thomas Edison was also the first inventor to realise that it would be easier to do mass production with large teams and sell more of his product to the public.

Thomas when he was in school often wandered and went of task. He described the tasks as too easy. He was only in school for 3 months before he was taken out by his mum. She decided that being home schooled would be a better suit to his ability and so it was. Thomas went onto to be a successful inventor businessman and doctor for a short period of time.

At a young age Thomas developed partial deafness due to his condition of scarlet fever. Before he found his talents he was a telegraph operator for his first job. This happened because he saved a boy’s life that was stuck on the rai way line. The father of this boy was so grateful he offered Thomas the job and that is where he began his career.

He then moved to New York where he began his inventing streak and within a few years the president of natural science had given him the name the most ingenious inventor of the country. First he invented the phonograph and a phew years later he invented the kinetoscope.

The kinetoscope is an early motion picture device that would have a little whole at the top that you could view individual film strips in at a time. This was not so much a film projector however it was well on its way to the invention of one. This device was made in 1888 but it was developed by Thomas associates William Kennedy and Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. The first public demonstration was in 1893. Edison ended up combining his two inventions the phonograph and the kinetoscope together to make one better piece of kit.

Diversity in animation Diversity in animation

Disney It is said that today Disney are the most diverse animating company. And employ 42% more staff who have any sort of

disability be it mental or physical. Disney was also the first big animation company to show characters with disability on screen. Walt Disney thought that people need to be aware of disabilities because a lot of people were not back then. This was a great idea because it allowed people of all ages to get a basic grasp on the problems with disability. Disney portrayed these characters the same as any other showing that people who suffer from disability are capable of anything that anyone else is.

Edward Muybridge An old example of Diversity in animation is Edward Muybridge. Edward suffered in a fatal accident which left him

mentally impaired for the rest of his life. This disability affected him mentally. He struggled to see and had partial deafness. Despite these Edward found it very difficult to understand things and how they worked. He had lost is brilliant mind. Despite this he still knew who he was what he used to do and what his intentions were. This disability left him finding things very difficult however it didn’t stop him it only helped is idea of the Zoopraxiscope and without the Zoopraxiscope the first invention to play film on screen we may not have had anything to do with film or animation today. Edwards says without that crash to mentally impair him he may never have had the idea to create the Zoopraxiscope. He once said “I’m going to make a name for myself if I fail you’ll never hear of me again” and he certainly lived up to that quote.

Edison is the great inventor who had over 1,000 products that he had made and his inventions were very important and still used in our everyday life. In his early life he was thought to have a learning disability and he could not read till he was twelve and later he himself admitted that he had become deaf at a very young age because he used to sell papers on a train which overtime caused his deafness. He first captured world attention by inventing the phonograph. His most popular invention is the electric light bulb. He also developed the telegraph system. He also became a prominent businessman and his business institution produced his inventions and marketed the products to the general people.

This shows that anyone can be a huge part in animation

Animation in music videos

Music videos A music video is some form of moving image be it film or

animation to match with the music. Often the music video will have to match in timing and in genre. They are used to promote tracks and authors. Animation came into music videos in 1985 with the song take on me. Take on me was the first ever song to have an animated music video. This was done using key frames and drawing over the top of them in the footage shot on film so it was using both filming and animating in this video. Music videos now have advanced so much and are limitless as to what can be done to them and with them. The music video industry is forever excelling and they are now experimenting with 3D videos. Music videos when used in animation were originally roto scoped because it was the easiest way to do it.

Animation in gaming Computer animation is a process used for generating animated

images by using computer graphics also known as CGI. The more general term is computer generated graphics. Modern computer animation is used in 3D graphics. However 2D graphics are still used for headings and stylistic things such as score boards and sub titles in game. Tradition 3D animation in games they would use models and frame by frame take the pictures of each movement needed. However with the advancement in technology this can now be done digitally on screen. Now the animations are computer generated they are more controllable and can look better because of that. To show the moving image it goes back to traditional animation by using 24 frames a seconds and moving the character slightly. Games like Fifa and Call of duty would not be around without these amazing animation techniques from centuries ago that are still used today and have been improved upon.

Big company's in animation

Hannah Barbara

Behind Walt Disney this was one of the best and strongest companies to specialise in animation and advance so much over time. The company was created and launched in 1957 and were the leaders of kids cartoons around that time. This company ran till 2001 and created a number of hugely successful cartoons such as Scooby doo Tom and Jerry and the Flintstones. In 2001 the company turned into warner bros. The well known huge company that created films such as harry potter and others. Now the company has been taken over by warner bros they have begun to re light some of Hannah Barbara’s amazing series by turning them into films as warner bros. For example the smurfs has been re-created as a child’s film by Warner bros to keep the old series going. Hanna Barbara was one the first companies to air cartoons on film when producing children’s cartoons on a Saturday morning. They would do it at this time because it was the best viewing time for young children.

Warner bros

Warner bros were created around early 1900 and produced their first cartoon in 1930s which was the looney toons. Despite the Warner brothers being more film producers they did produce a lot of cartoons and put them on air due to their branch in their company specialising in animation. In the late 1930s they also created merry melodies. These two programmes gave us characters like Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Taz,

Daffy Duck and Tweetie Pie. Throughout the mid-1900s Warner Bros kept making cartoons with the advancements in animation they were getting better and better. In 2001 Hanna Barbara merged with one with Warner brothers In modern day Warner brothers do not produce as many cartoons as they used too. Now they specialise in producing films such as Harry Potter and the hangover. They have produced hundreds of films and are now the biggest company to produce films. They now leave the animating up to Disney.

Dream works DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc. is an American

animation studio based in Glendale, California, that creates animated feature films, television programs, and online virtual worlds. Dream works is a more modern animation company that was founded in 1997 by David Geffen Steven Spielberg and Jeffery Katzenberg. They have produced not many films around about 40 productions to current date however these have all been children’s favourites such as Madagascar and Shrek. Because of their late arrival into animation they started their work using 2D computer animation unlike companies like Disney and Pixar who were inventing animated films before computing.

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