© 2013 pearson education, inc. karl byrand, university of wisconsin-sheboygan contemporary human...

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan

ContemporaryHuman

Geography, 2e

Lectures

Chapter 10Food and Agriculture

10.1 ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE

•Agriculture•Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

•Crop•Any plant cultivated by people

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•Hunters and gatherers•Small groups•Male–female division of labor•Daily food gathering•Mobility•Only ~250,000 today



•Crop hearths•Early centers of domestication

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.CROP HEARTHS



•Animal hearths



•Why agriculture originated•Environmental factors•Cultural factors


10.2 DIET

•Factors affecting food consumption•Level of development•Physical conditions•Cultural preferences

•Total consumption of food•Kilocalories

•Most derived from grains


10.2 DIET


DIETARY ENERGY BY SOURCE© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.2 DIET


WHEAT CONSUMPTION


10.2 DIET


RICE CONSUMPTION


10.2 DIET


MAIZE CONSUMPTION


10.2 DIET


YAM CONSUMPTION


10.2 DIET

•Sources of nutrients• Protein

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.PROTEIN BY SOURCE


10.2 DIET


MEAT CONSUMPTION


10.2 DIET


PROTEIN FROM MEAT


10.3 NUTRITION AND HUNGER

•Dietary energy needs•Needed average kcals: 1,800 kcals/day•Average global consumption: 2,780 kcals/day




DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION



•Undernourishment•Is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity




EXTENT OF UNDERNOURISEMENT




SHARE OF WORLD’S 800 MILLION UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE




CHANGE IN NUMBER UNDERNOURISHED




UNDERNOURISHMENT



•Africa’s food-supply struggle•Struggle to keep food production ahead of population growth•Food production per capita has changed very little in a half-century




POPULATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN AFRICA


10.4 AGRICULTURE REGIONS

•Subsistence agriculture•Practiced in developing countries•Provides food for direct consumption for farmer and family

•Commercial agriculture•Practiced in developed countries•Generates a surplus for sale off the farm to food-processing companies




SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE




INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE




COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE




MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK


10.5 COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

•Farm size•Commercial agriculture

•Larger•Smaller number of farms•Mechanization•Largest amounts of capital



•Percentage of farmers in society•Developed countries

•~5 percent engaged in agriculture•Developing countries

•~50 percent engaged in agriculture




LABOR FORCE ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE



•Use of machinery•Developed countries

•Heavy reliance on machinery rather than people or animals•Mass-produced farm machinery•Transportation aids commercial food distributions•Scientific advances to increase productivity•Electronics

•GPS




FARMLAND PER TRACTOR




USE OF MACHINERY


10.6 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE REGIONS

•Shifting cultivation•Slash-and-burn agriculture

•Swidden, Milpa, ladang, chena, Kaingin




SHIFTING CULTIVATION



•Pastoral nomadism•Herding of domesticated animals•Adapted to dry climates




PASTORAL NOMADISM



•Intensive subsistence•Practiced in areas with high agricultural densities




RICE PRODUCTION




INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING



•Plantation agriculture•Plantation

•Form of commercial agriculture in developing regions that specializes in one or two crops




SUGARCANE PLANTATION


10.7 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE REGIONS

•Mixed crop and livestock•Corn most common crop




MAIZE (CORN) PRODUCTION



•Dairy farming•Milkshed

•The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling




MILK PRODUCTION



•Grain farming•Primarily for human consumption•Located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming

Example: Great Plains of North America




WHEAT PRODUCTION



•Livestock ranching•Ranching: Commercial grazing of agriculture over an extensive area

•Primarily practiced on arid or semi-arid lands•Contemporary ranching part of meat-processing industry




MEAT PRODUCTION



•Commercial gardening and fruit farming•Truck farming•Predominant agriculture type in U.S. Southeast •Specialty Farming: Farmers grow crops that have limited but increasing demand




COMMERCIAL GARDENING



•Mediterranean agriculture•Exists on lands that border the Mediterranean Sea and other places that share a similar physical geography•Two most important crops: olives and grapes


10.8 FISHING

•Fish production•Aquaculture (aquafarming)

•The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions


10.8 FISHING


AQUACULTURE


10.8 FISHING


FISH PRODUCTION


10.8 FISHING


FISHING


10.8 FISHING

•Fish consumption•In past half century fish consumption has doubled worldwide •Tripled in developing countries


10.8 FISHING


MAJOR FISHING REGIONS


10.8 FISHING


FISH CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA


10.8 FISHING


PERCENT PROTEIN FROM FISH


10.8 FISHING


EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING AND AQUACULTURE


10.8 FISHING

•Overfishing•The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce

•90 percent reduction in some fish species


10.9 SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AND POPULATION GROWTH

•Strategies for increasing food productivity•Expand agricultural land•11 percent of world’s land used for agriculture•Excessive or inadequate water makes expansion difficulty. •Expansion of agricultural land much slower than the increase of the human population.




AGRICULTURAL LAND AND POPULATION GROWTH



•Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)•Increase agricultural productivity

•Green Revolution technologies•Norman Borlaug•Green Revolution responsible for preventing a food crisis in developing countries in 1970s and 1980s.




INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOME OF THE “GREEN REVOLUTION ”



•Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)•Improve food sources

•Higher protein cereal grains•Palatability of rarely consumed goods



•Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)•Expand exports•Expand exports: trade in food has increased since 2000. •Three top export grains: wheat, corn, rice. •Four leading net exporters: Argentina, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the United States. •Four leading net importers: Japan, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom.


10.10 COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE MARKET FORCES

•Agribusiness•The system of commercial farming found in the developed countries

•Von ThÜnen model explains importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms.




VONTHÜNEN MODEL



•Productivity challenges•Increased yield per cow (dairy farming) has tripled.•Surplus leads to low incomes.




DAIRY COWS



•Government subsidies•Farmers are encouraged to produce crops that are in excess supply.•Government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low.•Government buys surplus production.

•Sells or donates it•Developed countries: encouraged to grow less food•Developing countries: struggle to increase food production


10.11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

•Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality.•Sustainable agriculture and organic farming

•Rely on sensitive land management




SHAR E OF THE WORLD’S ORGANIC FARMING




FARMLAND IN ORGANIC FARMING IN EUROPE



•Sensitive land management•Ridge tillage

•System of planting crops on ridgetops



•Limited use of chemicals•Integrated crop and livestock

•Head size and distribution•Animal confinement•Management in extreme weather•Flexible feeding and marketing


CHAPTER REVIEW

•Key Questions•What do people eat?•How is agriculture distributed?•What challenges does agriculture face?


© 2013 pearson education, inc. karl byrand, university of wisconsin-sheboygan contemporary human...

Documents

pearson education

agriculture slide

n utrition

griculture hunters

h unger undernourishment

meat consumption

d iet factors

dietary energy consumption