© 2009 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. chapter 26: america’s rise to globalism...

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 26: Chapter 26: America’s Rise to GlobalismAmerica’s Rise to Globalism

(1927-1945)(1927-1945)


The United States in The United States in a Troubled Worlda Troubled World

Pacific InterestsPacific Interests– Philippines Philippines interest in western Pacific interest in western Pacific– Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine

Becoming a Good NeighborBecoming a Good Neighbor– Good Neighbor policyGood Neighbor policy– Promote econ recovery in ’30sPromote econ recovery in ’30s– Refuse to intervene for oil companies in MexicoRefuse to intervene for oil companies in Mexico– Abrogate PlattAbrogate Platt– Withdraw troopsWithdraw troops

2


Reciprocal Trade Agreements Export-Import Bank

The Diplomacy of IsolationismThe Diplomacy of Isolationism– Washington Naval Conference (1921) limits productionWashington Naval Conference (1921) limits production– Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) outlaws warKellogg-Briand Pact (1928) outlaws war– The rise of fascismThe rise of fascism– Recognition of the Soviet Union (for econ)Recognition of the Soviet Union (for econ)– Nye Committee (1935) – WWI war profiteersNye Committee (1935) – WWI war profiteers– Internationalists versus isolationistsInternationalists versus isolationists


Neutrality LegislationNeutrality Legislation– Lessons of WWI Lessons of WWI Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36,37 Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36,37– Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War– Cash-and-carry: belligerents could buy supplies other Cash-and-carry: belligerents could buy supplies other

than munitionsthan munitions– Aggression in China, Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Aggression in China, Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity

SphereSphere

4


Inching toward WarInching toward War– Quarantine speech 1937Quarantine speech 1937

“War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared. It can engulf states and peoples remote from the original scene of hostilities. We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement. We are adopting such measures as will minimize our risk of involvement, but we cannot have complete protection in a world of disorder in which confidence and security have broken down.”

Panay Incident 1937 St. Louis: passenger ship carrying ~900 Jews from

Germany – turned back Peacetime draft

6


Retreat from IsolationismRetreat from Isolationism– Battle of Britain 1940Battle of Britain 1940– FDR pushed for “all measures short of war” FDR pushed for “all measures short of war” – ““Destroyers-for-bases” deal, September 1940Destroyers-for-bases” deal, September 1940– Lend-lease aid 1941Lend-lease aid 1941– Atlantic Charter 1941Atlantic Charter 1941– ““arsenal of democracy”arsenal of democracy”– Limits on how far the administration could goLimits on how far the administration could go– America First Committee called for isolationAmerica First Committee called for isolation– Anti-Semitism prevented aid to European JewsAnti-Semitism prevented aid to European Jews– Defeat of Wagner-Rogers Bill, 1939Defeat of Wagner-Rogers Bill, 1939– Some strong voices in support of aid to AlliesSome strong voices in support of aid to Allies– Military Training Camps AssociationMilitary Training Camps Association– Committee to Defend America by Aiding the AlliesCommittee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

8


Undeclared naval war in N Atlantic—Sept 1941 USS Greer, Kearny, Reuben James

FDR convinced by autumn of 1941 that U.S. entry inevitable

Route to U.S. entry came in Pac, not Euro Administration efforts to halt Japanese

expansion in Asia had failed Applied economic sanctions in mid-1941


A Global WarA Global War

Strategy for WarStrategy for War– Defeat Germany firstDefeat Germany first

Gloomy ProspectsGloomy Prospects– U-boat warU-boat war– Fall of the PhilippinesFall of the Philippines

10


World War II in Europe and World War II in Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa

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The U-Boat WarThe U-Boat War12


A Grand AllianceA Grand Alliance– The Big Three: Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and The Big Three: Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt

13


Those Who FoughtThose Who Fought

Uneasy RecruitsUneasy Recruits– African Americans at warAfrican Americans at war– Mexican Americans had a higher enlistment rate than Mexican Americans had a higher enlistment rate than

the general populationthe general population

Women at WarWomen at War– WACsWACs– There were female pilots but they flew under There were female pilots but they flew under

significant restrictionssignificant restrictions

14


War ProductionWar Production

Finding an Industrial CzarFinding an Industrial Czar– War Production BoardWar Production Board– West Coast war industriesWest Coast war industries– Civil defense, “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers,” “victory Civil defense, “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers,” “victory

gardens”gardens”

Science Goes to WarScience Goes to War– Science and technology changed the way war was Science and technology changed the way war was

foughtfought– Sub search patternsSub search patterns– High altitude bombers, napalm, bazooka, etc.High altitude bombers, napalm, bazooka, etc.– The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project

15


War Work and ProsperityWar Work and Prosperity– Tax reformTax reform– Payroll deduction systemPayroll deduction system

16


Women WorkersWomen Workers– ““Womanpower” fills the labor shortageWomanpower” fills the labor shortage– With husbands off at war, women needed additional With husbands off at war, women needed additional

income income – The war inspired a change in economic roles for The war inspired a change in economic roles for

women without a revolution in attitudes about genderwomen without a revolution in attitudes about gender Childcare?Childcare?

MobilityMobility– The war changed where people worked The war changed where people worked

geographicallygeographically– Between 1941-1945 at least 15.3 million people Between 1941-1945 at least 15.3 million people

changed their county of residencechanged their county of residence

17


War at Home: The Economy Government’s role in the economy

– War Production Board– War Labor Board– War Manpower Commission– Office of Price Administration – price control,

rationing

Business and Finance– Massive war-fueled increase in government

spending– War production meant decline in availability of

consumer goods


War at Home: The Economy, 2

– New Deal job creation programs and other initiatives abolished in 1943

– War concentrated power in the largest corporations

Entry of new workers into workforce– As men went away to war, women (even wives)

and minorities found jobs in new industries

War also provided numerous volunteer activities

Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941)– To protect minorities in workplace


War at Home: The Economy, 3

War brought long hours and high wages Farmers enjoyed prosperity for first time in

decades War strengthened organized labor

– Weak commitment to female and minority workers

– Wartime no-strike pledge muted but did not destroy labor militancy


22


A Question of RightsA Question of Rights

Little ItalyLittle Italy– Restrictions lifted on Italian aliens in 1942Restrictions lifted on Italian aliens in 1942– Ethnic unity maintained as a matter of choiceEthnic unity maintained as a matter of choice

Concentration Camps for Japanese-AmericansConcentration Camps for Japanese-Americans– IsseiIssei– NiseiNisei– Internment campsInternment camps– Korematsu and HirabayashiKorematsu and Hirabayashi

23


A. Philip RandolphA. Philip Randolph Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941)Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941) Bracero programBracero program Detroit riots (1943)Detroit riots (1943) Zoot suit riots (1943)Zoot suit riots (1943) Growing popularity of belief that racial Growing popularity of belief that racial

differences were culturally createddifferences were culturally created Helped to fuel postwar struggle against racial Helped to fuel postwar struggle against racial

discriminationdiscrimination

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Northward migration of African Americans Northward migration of African Americans accelerated demands for equalityaccelerated demands for equality

Demands for a “Double V” campaignDemands for a “Double V” campaign Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)


The New Deal in RetreatThe New Deal in Retreat– Roosevelt wins a fourth term, 1944Roosevelt wins a fourth term, 1944– The New Deal coalition showing signs of strainThe New Deal coalition showing signs of strain

“The increasingly powerful anti-New Deal coalition of Republicans and rural Democrats saw in the war an opportunity to attack programs they had long resented.”

26


The Impact of World War II on The Impact of World War II on Government SpendingGovernment Spending

27


The Pacific Campaigns of World War IIThe Pacific Campaigns of World War II28


Big Three DiplomacyBig Three Diplomacy– Role of the Soviet UnionRole of the Soviet Union– ““Four Policeman”Four Policeman”

The Road to YaltaThe Road to Yalta– Teheran ConferenceTeheran Conference– Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference– Dispute over PolandDispute over Poland– Dividing GermanyDividing Germany

29


The Fallen LeaderThe Fallen Leader– Cerebral hemorrhage killed FDR: April 12, 1945Cerebral hemorrhage killed FDR: April 12, 1945– Truman becomes presidentTruman becomes president

The HolocaustThe Holocaust– Until fall of 1941 Jews were permitted to leave Europe Until fall of 1941 Jews were permitted to leave Europe

but few countries would accept thembut few countries would accept them– Influence of anti-SemitismInfluence of anti-Semitism– War Refugee Board created to help save as many War Refugee Board created to help save as many

Jews as possibleJews as possible

30


31


A Lasting PeaceA Lasting Peace– Bretton Woods economic strategiesBretton Woods economic strategies– Dumbarton Oaks and the UNODumbarton Oaks and the UNO– Potsdam summitPotsdam summit

Atom DiplomacyAtom Diplomacy– Should the bomb be dropped?Should the bomb be dropped?– The bomb as a threat to the SovietsThe bomb as a threat to the Soviets– Cost a lotCost a lot– Save livesSave lives

32


Shaping the Peace United Nations, 1945

– General Assembly with equal membership– Security Council to maintain peace

International Monetary Fund, 1944– Maintain stable system of international exchange

International Bank of Reconstruction and Development, 1944– Provide loans to war-torn countries– Promote resumption of world trade


Shaping the Peace, 2

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947– International structure for implementing free and

fair trade

Allies all agreed that powerful nations would have spheres of influence

Eastern Europe– FDR sympathized with Soviet security concerns– Worried about Eastern European voters in United

States



Germany– Initially, U.S. supported its de-industrialization and

dismemberment– Then supported division into zones controlled by Allies– Finally led drive to unify three non-Communist zones in West

Poland– Yalta agreements called for free and open elections– Stalin believed his allies assented to the de facto Soviet control– Became highly contentious issue in Soviet–American relations



Asia– At Yalta, Soviets pledged to enter war against

Japan once war in Europe had ended– U.S. didn’t want such entry once the atomic bomb

became available

European colonies in Southeast Asia seized by Japan– U.S. opposed immediate independence as halt to

spread of leftist political movements



Philippines– U.S. granted independence in 1946

Latin America– Office of Inter-American Affairs (1937) fostered

good relations during war

Palestine– European Jews flocked to Palestine after War– Created new state of Israel in 1948– Zionism

© 2009 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. chapter 26: america’s rise to globalism...

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