© 2001 by jones and bartlett publishers. early human interactions with microbes early plagues what...
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© 2001 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers
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Early human interactions with microbes
Early Plagues
What did people THINK was causing disease?
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The Miasma Theory
• People thought disease was spread by “miasmas”, or “bad quality of air”
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Girolamo Fracastoro - 1546
• Named the disease syphilis in a poem
• Proposed disease could be transmitted by minute particles in three ways:
• Air
• Fomites (inanimate objects)
• Direct contact
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1300s, 1600s Waves of Bubonic Plague
Brueghel's 1562 work "The Triumph of Death."
Pieter the Elder Brueghel/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
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1666 The Bubonic Plague
• In the village Eyam, 259 out of 350 died from the plague• 1/3 of the population of London died in one wave of the plague• The origin of a familiar nursery rhyme: “Ring around the rosie”
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Ring a ring of rosies
A pocket full of posies
Achoo! Achoo!
We all fall down.
Referred to the rose shaped splotches
A futile attempt to ward off “evil spirits”
Indicated the fits of sneezing
Death.
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Village of Eyam
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Village of Eyam
The Riley Graves
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List of Plague victims 1665-1666
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A. The Beginnings of Microbiology
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1665 Robert Hooke
• Published Micrographie, a collection of observations of microbes
• described early microscopes
• included drawings of microscopic living things
• coined the term “cells”
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1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Made microscopes that could magnify objects over 200 times
• Viewed protozoans, fungi, algae and bacteria
• Called them “animalcules”
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B. The Transition Period
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1600’s Spontaneous Generation
• The belief that rats, maggots, toads, and other living things “arose” out of lifeless objects
• For example: maggots were spontaneously generated from rotten meat
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1670’s Francisco Redi - disputed spontaneous generation
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Other important discoveries:
• 1798 Edward Jenner - Discovered vaccine for smallpox
• Mid 1800’s Semmelweis - Proved that handwashing in chlorine water stopped the spread of blood poisoning from corpses to maternity patients by doctors
• Snow – Proved that chlorination of water stopped cholera outbreaks
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Map of London showing Cholera
outbreaks
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C. The Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-Early 1900’s
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Louis Pasteur - France
• Proved yeast had a role in wine fermentation
• Suggested microorganisms could be the cause of disease
• Pasteurization - heating to kill bacteria• Disproved spontaneous generation by
using a swan-necked flask• Created vaccines for anthrax and rabies
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Robert Koch - Germany
• Isolated the anthrax bacterium• Transmitted them to healthy mice and
induced the disease• This led to Koch’s Postulates• Discovered pure culture techniques on solid
media (Agar)• Agar – a seaweed derived powder used to
solidify jams and jellies• Fanny Hesse – introduced agar into the lab
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1909 – Paul Ehrlich develops a drug to cure syphillis
• Used chemicals to kill bacteria (Chemotherapy)
• The arsenic compound was named Salvarsan
• Known as a “Magic Bullet” to cure syphillis
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1928- Alexander FlemingDiscovers Penicillin
• Mold grew in his Petri dish of bacteria
• A “zone of inhibition” surrounded the mold
• The mold extract was called penicillin