1918?? – US fails to recognize Bolshevik regime and the USSR

April 12, 1945?? FDR dies – Stalin had immense respect for FDR which did not carry through to Truman

1946?? – Kennan Telegram – urging the US gov’t to recognize the evil’s of Stalin’s regime

Creating a National Security State, 1945-1949

• Alliance between Soviet Union and the United States was not based on collaboration, but on cooperative defeat of Axis powers– America sent troops to help anti-communist

during RR– Did not recognize Soviet government until 1933

• Relations between the two countries descended into suspicion and growing tensions

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

August 1945?? Atomic Bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1946?? Winston Churchill – coined the phrase “The Iron Curtain”

What other dates can be included in this list???

• Before WWII – Europe was the center of World Politics

•WWII – Europe was destroyed by the war, leaving power vacuum which needed to be filled

Onset of the Cold War

• Interpretations of Cold War’s origins– Traditional: Soviet expansion and desire to spread

Communism– Revisionists: U.S. threatened Soviets into the Cold

War– Rival interests made Cold War inevitable

• Harry S. Truman• Joseph Stalin• Potsdam Conference (1945) 1ST MEETING OF

Truman and Stalin• Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe• “National security”

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

AMERICAN GOALS – ECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY OPEN WORLD –PROVIDES MARKETS FOR PRODUCTS

SOVIET GOALS- REBUILD TO PROTECT ITS OWN INTERESTS

ESTABLISH SATELLITE NATIONS

COUNTRIES SUBJECT TO SOVIET DOMINATION AND FRIENDLY TO SOVIET GOALS “COLLECTIVE SECURITY”

1. TWO BIG SUPER POWERS • Giant Chess game of power

• Chess board was the world

• Decisions were made for national self-interest

3.PSYCHOLOGICAL

• Misperception – no matter what the Russians did it would be misperceived and vice versa

• Mirror Imaging – Americans believe that what we do is right and good, and look at Soviets and what they do as bad and evil (reverse happens in USSR)

THE SUN SETS ON EASTERN FREEDOM

• POLAND BECOMES COMMUNIST ELIMINATES ALL OPPOSITION

• ALBANIA (1945) AND BULGARIA(1948) FORCED INTO COMMUNISM

• CZECHOSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, ROMANIA ARE NEXT

• EAST GERMANY FOLLOWS

• FINLAND AND YUGOSLAVIA GAIN A MEASURE OF FREEDOM FROM THE SOVIET UNION BUT, ARE STILL COMMUNIST

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Communism is not compatible with democracy and

capitalism

US PLANS TO CONTAIN US PLANS TO CONTAIN COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

•TRUMAN DOCTRINE•MARSHALL PLAN

•Policy of Containment•GEORGE KENNAN

•Domino theory

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

• Initially – filled by US

•Marshall Plan

•Nuclear Power

•Only intact industrialized country

•USSR – begins a rapid recovery – initiating the Bi-Polar Period

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

Containment Policy

• George F. Kennan, Senior State Department official, posted to USSR during war.

• July 1947, article in Foreign Affairs journal, under author “X”– War originally a Long Telegram sent back to State

Department, then published in Foreign Affairs– “...we are going to continue for a long

time to find the Russians difficult to deal with. It does not mean that they should be considered as embarked upon a do-or-die program to overthrow our society...

CONTAINMENT TO STOP THE DOMINO’S

•CONTAINMENT THE IDEA OF LIMITING COMMUNISM TO THE PLACES IT ALREADY EXISTS

– DEVELOPED BY AMERICAN GEORGE KENNAN

– BELIEVED THAT COMMUNISM WOULD EVENTUALLY DESTROY ITSELF.

•Soviet Troops block all road, rail and water traffic between West Berlin and the West

•US, Britain, and France airlifted 23 million tons of food and supplies into the city for 15 months

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

•Mao Tse Tung

•Enormous land mass now under communist control

•Korean War 1950-53

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

44thth French Republic: 1945-1958 French Republic: 1945-19581.1. Democratic, but Democratic, but

politically unstable politically unstable [27 governments!][27 governments!]

2.2. Universal suffrage.Universal suffrage.

3.3. Weak President; Weak President; powerful legislaturepowerful legislature

4.4. Many political parties Many political parties [coalition governments][coalition governments]

5.5. Failure to gracefully Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.leave Indochina.

6.6. Botched the Suez War.Botched the Suez War.

7.7. Failed to settle the Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.Algerian Crisis.

55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)

1.1. Powerful Powerful President.President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle

2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.

3.3. Weakened Weakened legislature.legislature.

4.4. Separation of Separation of powers.powers.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-19511945-1951

1.1. Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].

Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act

Natl. Health Service Natl. Health Service ActAct

2.2. Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.

3.3. Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” securityGrave” security..

4.4. Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national free national health care.health care.

Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-19511945-1951

6.6. Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!

7.7. The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.

India – 1947India – 1947

Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955

Churchill Returns: 1951-1955Churchill Returns: 1951-1955

He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy

the “welfare the “welfare state” state”

established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s

government.government.

The Federated RepublicThe Federated Republicof Germanyof Germany

1.1. Created in 1949 withCreated in 1949 withthe capital at Bonn.the capital at Bonn.

2.2. Its army limited toIts army limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].

3.3. Konrad Adenauer, aKonrad Adenauer, aChristian Democrat,Christian Democrat,was its 1was its 1stst President. President.

Coalition of moderates and Coalition of moderates and conservatives.conservatives.

Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.

German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”

4.4. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”

The War Begins

• The USSR is ignored and put down time and again by the U.S.

• Tensions become greater as the Soviets get a hold of atomic secrets.

• The Soviets build their own atomic bombs and the cold war begins as the U.S. retaliates by building more weapons.

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

•Most visible and most frightening aspect of the Cold War

•Awesome Power of the weapons

•WWII’s most powerful conventional bomb – 1,200 Tons of TNT

•Hiroshima – 20,000 tons of TNT

•1 megaton warhead on an ICBM = 1,000,000 tons of TNT

1945 – Hiroshima and Nagasaki – US display their atomic power

1949 – USSR test first atom bomb

1952 – US tests first Hydrogen bomb

1952 – Britain tests first atom bomb

1960 – France tests first atom bomb

1964 – China test first atom bomb

•Height – Late 1970s Early 1980s

•23,000 large Nuclear Warheads

•50,000 smaller Nuclear charges

•Enough to kill populations of both the US and the USSR many times over

•MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction

•NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

•ANZUS – Australia, New Zealand and US

•SEATO – South East Asia Treaty Organization

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization rganization (1949)(1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

} East GermanyEast Germany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

The Hungarian Uprising: 1956The Hungarian Uprising: 1956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”

(1959)(1959)

Cold War ---> Cold War --->

TensionsTensions

<--- Technology <--- Technology

& Affluence & Affluence

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Ich bin ein Berliner!Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Khruschev Embraces Castro,Khruschev Embraces Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

1.Khrushchev decided to deploy nuclear weapons in Cuba

2.Kennedy said no – told Soviets to get out

3.Khrushchev backed down

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Kennan’s policy to halt Soviet expansion – a policy of determined and continued resistance against

Communism.

1.US supported dictators with horrible human rights records solely because they were anti-communist

2.Vietnam – Civil War? - A Misapplication of Containment?

3.Southeast Asia and Middle East – became the battlegrounds for the Cold War

4.Aid Programs – created as weapons to buy influence during the Cold War

•Khrushchev promised Nuclear Weapons to China and reneged

•US Couldn’t believe the split – thought it was a game

1963 – Rumania begins to pursue independence

1964 – Brezhnev succeeds Khrushchev

1968 – Soviets invade Czechoslovakia to stop reform movement

1980 – Solidarity movement established in Poland

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček

Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

1969 -- SALT

• On November 17, the 1st phase of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, Finland.

• The finished agreement, signed in Moscow on May 26, 1972, placed limits on both submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear missiles.

1972 – Nixon visits China• Nixon becomes the first U.S. president

to visit China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on February 21.

• The two countries issue a communique recognizing their "essential differences" while making it clear that "normalization of relations" was in all nations' best interests.

• The rapprochement changes the balance of power with the Soviets.

1979 - Afghanistan

• December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government.

• U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.

• Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”

1980 - Solidarity

• On August 14, Lech Walesa led massive strikes at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk, Poland.

• The strikes soon spread to other cities and formed the nucleus of the Solidarity movement.

• The communist government conceded to worker demands on August 31, and recognized their right to form unions and strike.

1983 - Star Wars

• March 23, Reagan outlinrd his Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield that would use lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles far above the Earth's surface.

• Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty.

• Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the program causing near economic collapse.

1985 - Gorbachev comes to power• On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came

to power in the Soviet Union.• Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.

– perestroika • Economic reform- restructuring

– glasnost– means openness, allowed greater free

expression and criticism of Soviet policies

1987 - INF

• On December 8, 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

• It mandated the removal of more than 2,600 medium-range nuclear missiles from Europe, & eliminated the entire class of Soviet SS-20 and U.S. Cruise and Pershing II missiles.

1989 - Berlin Wall falls

• Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its interests in Eastern Europe.

• On September 10, Hungary opened its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West.

• After massive public demonstrations in East Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell on November 9.

Fall of Berlin Wall

•Implosion Theory

•USSR collapsed from within

•Devoid of creativity

•Devoid of Competition

•Devoid of Incentive

•The base it was founded on were the seeds of its destruction

• Personality Theory – It is people who made the difference

1. Gorbachev – 1st leader of USSR to graduate from College

A.Perestroika – reform

B.Glasnost – free exchange of information

2. Ronald Reagan –

• won the Cold War

• This would demean 50 years on Containment

3. Gorbechev – unleashed forces he could not control

4. Yeltsin (former Mayor of Moscow) – pushed for democratic reforms

1. Strategic Overstretch –Soviet put too many resources overseas

• No way could they maintain their empire

2. Containment – Constant Pressure from the West

• Reagan’s - $3Trillion Defense Budget

• SDI – Strategic Defense Initiative – A Shield (Force Field) – The system was going to cost a fortune

1.Superpowers withdrew from their spheres of influence

• Bosnia

• Balkans

2.Enormous Spread of Democracy

3.Refurbishing culture and economies of E. European States

4.New Countries have entered the International arena

• 14 from the break down of the USSR alone

5.Greater use of the UN

• More peacekeeping operations than in it’s entire history

6. Nuclear Legacy

• Economy of USSR is struggling

• Security Problems

• USSR Nuclear Technicians are hiring themselves out

7. New Game of Nuclear Proliferation

1. India and Pakistan