zurab kiknaZe

axali aRTqmis babilonuri prefigurativebi

I

roca iesos lazares ukurnebeli sneulebis ambavi acnobes, man

miugo: “ese sneuleba ara ars sasikudine, aramed didebisaTvis

RmrTisa, raÁTa ididos Ze RmrTisaÁ” (i. 11:4).

sneuleba iseve, rogorc sikvdili, codvis niSania. ase aswavlida

Zveli aRTqmis rjuli. ieso ki ambobs, rom sneuleba, romelmac

sikvdilamde miiyvana ucodveli lazare, RvTis didebis gamosaCenad

SeemTxva mas. sneuleba da RvTis dideba? sneuleba RvTis gandidebis

saSualeba? am adgils rom mivadgebiT, gvaxsendeba tanjuli iobi.

Tu ara is saSineli yofa, raSic iobi Cavarda, Tu ara adamianisTvis

es gausaZlisi gansacdeli (ufalma Tavisi usazRvro cnobierebiT

icoda, vis cdida, rogorc abraamis SemTxvevaSi), romelic man

gaiara, igi ver Seicnobda, ver ganicdida Tavis xorcSi RvTis

didebas, mis yovlisSemZleobas... ra iyo iobi im Jamamde, sanam

yovlisSemZle RmerTi daiwyebda misi gamocdas anu im wamamde,

sanam igi aCvenebda Tavis energiebs (iob 38-41)? iyo iobi erT-erTi

rigiTi RvTis moSiSi, rogoric unda yofiliyo yoveli adamiani,

moyvaruli mama, mzrunveli Tavisi Svilebis siwmidisTvis,

ritualebis erTguli. RmerTi swyalobda mas da iyo masze davlaTi.

SeiZleba visme moCveneboda, rom misi erTguleba RvTisadmi

erTgvarad RvTis keTilganwyobilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, cnobili

garigebis Tanaxmad “gaZlev, raTa momce” (do ut das)? yovel

SemTxvevaSi, satanas sxvagvarad ver warmoedgina: “gana Sen ar gyavs

daculi mTeli misi saxl-kariTa da sabadebliTurT? misi xeliT

naqmari Seni xeliT ar aris kurTxeuli?... aba, gaiwode xeli da

Seexe mis sabadebels, Tu pirSi ar dagiwyos gmoba” (iob 1:10-11). da

yovladZlieri Seexo mis yvelafers, rac rac ki hqonda mas

SeZenili mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze, mTels mis monagars,

Svilebidan dawyebuls nivTier dovlaTamde, da waerTva mas

davlaTic, riTac SeeZlo eamayna, Tumca ar uamaynia, magram yovlis

damkargvel iobs ar daugmia ufali, arc es uTqvams “RmerTo,

RmerTo, raisaTvis damiteveb me”, aramed mxolod: “SiSveli gamovedi

dedis muclidan da SiSveli davbrundebi iq. ufalma momca, ufalma

waiRo...” (iob 1:21). iobma gaimarjva satanaze. arc maSin daugmia iobs

RmerTi, roca is Seexo mis sxeuls, mis Zvalsa da xorcs... da, roca

misma dedakacma mouwoda, “barem dagme RmerTi da mokvdio”, iobma

mxolod es miugo: “ugunuri dedakaciviT laparakob! sikeTes kargad

vitanT uflisagan, avis atana ki ar gvinda!” (2:9-10) _ da dadumda da

didxans xma ar amouRia.

misma samma megobarma, romlebic misasamZimebrad mividnen masTan,

misi aseTi yofa Cadenil codvebs miaweres, Tumca iobis

ucodvelobaSi, raki icnobdnen mas, eWvi ar unda SeparvodaT. isini

dadgnen TiTqos RvTis mxareze da cils swamebdnen ubralo iobs,

romlis cxovreba xelis guliviT iyo gaSlili uflis winaSe, da

Tavad iobmac ver daswama cili Tavs uflis gulis mosagebad,

radgan Tavis TavSi codvis natamalic ver aRmoaCina (iob. 29, 31). man

mxolod daswyevla Tavisi gaCenis dRe. gavixsenoT es sityvebi:

“daiqces is dRe, me rom gavCndi,

is Rame, romelmac Tqva: kaci Caisaxao!

is dRe dabneldes,

aRar moxedos mas RmerTma zegardamo,

aRar inaTos masze naTelma!...

ar gaixaros wlis dReTa Soris,

TveTa ricxvSi aRar Seiracxos!

aha, gaberwdes is Rame,

aRar eRirsos sixaruli!..

dae, dabneldnen misi ganTiadis varskvlavebi,

elodos naTels da ar gamoCndes,

da ver ixilos man ciskris wamwamebi.

radgan dedaCemis saSoSive kari ar damixSo....

rad amiqves me bebiaqalis muxlebma

da rad Semegebnen dedis ZuZuni mosawoveblad?” (iob 3).

sastiki iyo misi RmerTi, romelmac satanasTan paeqrobaSi mis

dasamarcxeblad aseTi gansacdeli mouvlina da es sastiki sityvebi

aTqmevina. iobi uaryofs Tavs (ufro Tavis gaCenas), magram ara

rogorc codvili da RvTismgmobeli. es yvelasaTvis, TviT misi

brZeni megobrebisaTvisac ki, gaugebari iyo. aseTi ram maT _

brZenkacTa gamocdilebaSi ar momxdara. da isini Secqerodnen mas,

rogorc gankicxuls, YRvTisgan mitovebuls, TiTqos erTi vinme

kaeniani yofiliyo. isini ver Wvretdnen iobis amgvari yofis miRma

dafaruls da Tavs imSvidebdnen zogadi debulebiT, rom yoveli

satanjveli codvis Sedegia. “me vitanjebi, maSasadame, codvili

var”. aris codva da adamianic eZebs am codvas, sad aris igi? _ es

silogizmi gamsWvalvda axlo aRmosavleTis adamianis cnobierebas.

mina arni (“ra aris Cemi codva?”) sakuTar saxeladac ki dasturdeba

uris III dinastiis epoqaSi (Zv.w. 2000-1900). magram am simarTles

iobis magaliTi acamtverebs. misi megobrebi saTiaTaod

warmoTqvamdnen sityvebs, cdilobdnen aexsnaT misi amgvari yofis

mizezebi, magram, iqneb Tavadac xvdebodnen, rom ver aRwevdnen amas

da mtversa da nacarSi mjdari iobi saidumloebad rCeboda maT

winaSe.

Zvel aRTqmaSi aris erTi figura ubralod tanjulisa, romelic

aseve miuwvdomel saidumlod rCeboda qristemde oTxasze meti

wlis manZilze da aseve acamtverebda im moarul simarTles, rom

tanjva da yoveli sneuleba codvis Sedegia. esaias

winaswarmetyvelebis 53-e Tavi gvacnobs iobiviT dasneulebul da

gatanjul adamians, romelsac yvela gaurboda, rogorc keTrovans,

rogorc RvTisgan dasjils, da maSasadame, saZulvels da

ukarebels. magram ra imaleboda mis am satanjvels miRma, mciredma

Tu uwyoda, Semdgom ki sayovelTaod gaxda cnobili. movusminoT

esaias:

saZulveli iyo, kacTagan aTvalwunebuli,

gatanjuli da snebamoreuli,

erTi imaTgani, visac pirs arideben,

saZulveli iyo da arad vagdebdiT,

namdvilad ki mas ekisra Cveni snebebi

da etvirTa Cveni satanjveli.

Cven ki gvegona, RvTisgan iyo nacem-nagvemi

da damcirebuli.

magram is Cveni codvebisTvis iyo daWrili,

Cveni ukeTurebebisTvis dalewili.

masze iyo sasjeli Cveni simrTelisTvis

da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT.

yvelani cxvrebiviT davexetebodiT,

TiToeli Cven-Cven gzas vadeqiT,

ufalma ki mas Sehyara yoveli Cvenganis ukeTureba.

evno da ewama, magram bage ar dauZravs;

kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes

da, rogorc cxvari dums mparsvelTa winaSe,

masac ar dauZravs bage...

vinc ki miadgeboda am adgils, Tavs itexda mis gasagebad _ viszea

es naTqvami, vin aris es ubralod tanjuli, ra daaSava, rom mas

ahkida RmerTma Caudeneli codvebi da sasjelic daakisra maTTvis.

namdvilad cxovrobda aseTi adamiani, Tu cxovrobs sadme an

momavalSi unda ecxovra?

“mociqulTa saqmeebSi” erTi epizodia, romelsac ganuzomeli

mniSvneloba aqvs qristianul egzegetikaSi: ijda etlSi eTiopieli

vinme didebuli, dedoflis kariskaci, meganZuri, erT ukacriel

adgilas, ierusalimsa da Razas Soris, kiTxulobda esaias am

striqonebs da amaod cdilobda Cawvdomoda mravalgzis wakiTxuls;

CaikiTxavda da kvlav ubrundeboda, gansakuTrebiT im adgils, sadac

ewera: “kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da, rogorc cxvari dums

mparsvelTa winaSe, masac ar dauZravs bage”. da ase wvalobda, vidre

ufalma mociquli filipe ar mouvlina da misi piriT ar gaucxada,

rom es kravi iesoa, romelic axlaxan ewama kacobriobis

codvebisTvis (saqme 8:26-35). netari ieronimusi am adgilis gamo

werda, rom esaia aq ufro maxarebelia, vidre winaswarmetyvelio.

TiTqos esaia TviTmxilveli yofiliyo im ambisa, romelic oTxasi

wlis Semdeg ierusalimSi moxda. namdvilad, SegveZlo gveTqva, rom

esaia 53 Zvel aRTqmaSi CarTuli saxarebaa (“saxareba esaisgan”).

is adamianebi, romlebic gayvirodnen “jvars acu, jvars acu ege”,

romelTac ver amoicnes (an ar surdaT amoecnoT) im kravSi mefe da

macxovari, iobis im sami brZeni megobris modgmisani iyvnen,

romlebic kicxavdnen iobs, mouwodebdnen, eRiarebina “Tavisi”

Caudeneli codvebi da qedi moedrika. magram aRmoCnda, rom am

brZenTa sibrZne araferi yofila RvTis gangebisa da saidumlos

winaSe. aq pirvelad daixata viTareba, romlis dafaruli sazrisi am

sityvebiT gamoiWeda: “rameTu sibrZne amis soflisa sicofe ars

winaSe RmrTisa” (1kor 3:19). am sicofeze (anu sisuleleze), romelic

uflis sibrZnes daupirispirda, pasuxi ages iobis megobrebma.

bolos, maT isev da isev iobi gamoesarCla, rogorc qriste _ Tavis

mtanjvelebs: “mamao, miuteve amaT, rameTu ara ician, rasa iqman” (l.

23:34).

II

Tu ismis kiTxva, Tu visi codvebis wil daekisra sasjeli marTal

iobs an Zmebis xeliT gayidul ucodvel iosebs, qristianuli

egzegetika netari avgustines genialurad sxarti da ukiduresad

dawuruli formulis Suqze iZleva pasuxs. es formula _ “Zvel

aRTqmaSi dafarulia axali aRTqma, axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebulia

Zveli” _ aris sasinji qva, romlis ZaliTac fasdeba Zveli aRTqmis

pirovnebaTa Tu movlenaTa Rirebuleba. TavisTavadobis

SenarCunebiT es ZvelaRTqmiseuli pirovnebani, rogorc ubralod

tanjulni, qristes vnebaTa prefigurativuli (“winasaxeobrivi”)

saxeebi arian. isini, namdvilad itanjnen xorciT da suliT,

rogorc realuri adamianebi, magram amave dros vnebuli macxovris,

kacobriobis codvaTa mtvirTveli tarigis, istoriuli

“prototipebi” aRmoCndnen. Zveli aRTqma rom prefigurativulia

axlis mimarT, es cnobilia. isic cnobilia, rom eklesiis mamebs,

gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc aRzrdiT elinur kulturas iyvnen

ziarebuli (ramdenadac aTenisa Tu sxva ritorikul skolebSi

miiRes ganaTleba), hqondaT midrekileba gaefarTovebinaT

prefigurativis horizonti, saxeldobr, CaerToT egzegetikul

procesSi elinuri miTosisa Tu literaturis personaJebi da

movlenebi. menadebis mier umizezod daglejil orfevsSi an aseve

ganwvalebul dioniseSi, atisSi Tu adonisSi maT SeeZloT qristes

winamorbedni egulisxmaT; odisevsis zRvaze xetiali da sabolood

Sin dabruneba wuTisoflad moxetiale sulis sasufevelSi

dabrunebad gaeazrebinaT; an sirinozebisgan Tavis daRwevaSi

sikvdilze gamarjveba daenaxaT; homerosiseuli “nimfebis mRvime”

(“odiseadan”) qristianuli simbolikis enaze waekiTxaT; niJaridan

dabadebuli afrodite naTlobis embazidan amosul sulTan

gaeigivebinaT; leda gedTan erTad ubiwo Casaxebis saidumlos

mimaniSneblad mieCniaT... principulad, mTeli elinur-elinisturi

kultura _ ara mxolod miTosi, aramed filosofiac sokrate-

platoniTurT, Zveli aRTqmis paralelurad, maT SegnebaSi axali

aRTqmis Semamzadebul safexurad Canda. saWiro iyo mxolod

Zvelebis miTebsa da mxatvrulobis safarvel qveS moqceul

WeSmaritebaTa gamomzeureba, raTa qristianobas daebrunebina is,

rac mas imTaviTve ekuTvnoda.

Tu maT aRzrda-ganaTlebaSi ZvelaRmosavluri kulturac iqneboda

CarTuli, axali aRTqmis ZiriTad WeSmaritebaTa prefigurativis

sfero sagrZnoblad gafarTovdeboda. magram es kultura imxanad

ucnobi iyo.

III

iobs es sami, Tundac briyvi da “sxvis omSi Zlieri” megobari mainc

hyavda, romelTac usmines mas da gamoitanes ambavi. sxva am

bednierebasac moklebuli iyo.

kasituri babilonSi daaxl. XII s.-Si Zv.w. cxovrobda kaci vinme,

saxelovani, RvTismosavi, “uxvi da mdabali”, “morWmuli da

gangebiani”, mefeTa swori, qalaqis patroni, mravalymiani,

davlaTiani _ saxelad SubSi-meSre-Saqani.

da ai, aseTma kacma erT moulodnel dRes igrZno, rom mas zurgi

Seaqcies misma RmerTma da qalRmerTma, ganeSora keTili demoni da

sxvas dauwyo Zebna... da daiwyo misma davlaTma gansvla misgan.

daiwyo mefis wyromiT da damTavrda axlobelTa (TvistomTa,

SinaurTa) gaucxoebiT... mimarTa kacma orakuls da saSiSi,

avismomaswavebeli iyo niSebi, misanma verafriT anugeSa, auxsneli

sizmrebi majlajunasaviT daawva...

“mefe _ RvTis xorci, mze Tavisi xalxisa, gamiwyra...,

mtrad gadameqca moyvasi Cemi...

dums Cemi qalaqi ucxo qalaqiviT...

naTesavTa Soris gandegilad viqec,

ucxod Semracxa naTesavma Cemma...”

da, sabolood, igi moaSores im qalaqs, romelic Cabarebuli hqonda

saganmgeblod, da sxvas gadasces; yvela misi Tanamdeboba sxvebma

gainawiles, da es uxvi da mdidari kaci, romelic iobiviT mravals

apurebda, umiwawylod da ulukmapurod datoves. “Cemi yanebidan

gandevnes hopuna...” moTqvamda igi.

magram es ar akmara bedma. aserigad damcirebuls, yvelasagan

gaucxoebuls da mitovebuls, sakuTari Tavis amara darCenils,

qveynis oTxiv kididan da qvesknelidan erTbaSad ekveTa yvela

sneuleba, romelic ki imxanad SeiZleba arsebuliyo; ar darCenila

aso, romelsac sneuleba ar Sexebodes; sneulebebma daibudes mis

sxeulSi da Tavis samoselad gaixades, gaatanes mis Zval-rbilSi...

snebani aRiZrnen Cem winaaRmdeg,

avma qarma daubera ciskididan,

qvesknelis kerdidan aRmoxda uJmuri...

balaxiviT amoZvra uZlureba...

mkerdi migvemes, gul-mkerdi Camilewes,

gul-RviZlSi saxmili gamiCaRes...

maRali tani zRudesaviT momirRvies,

Zlieri sxeuli lerwamiviT damixares.

ulu-eSmam Cemi sxeuli samoseliviT Caicva...

mouZlurdnen Cemi muxlebi,

svla gadaaviwydaT fexebs...

kari Cemi daigmana, auzi Cemi daibeWda...

purs mawvdian, anwliviT vylapav...

Zvlebze aeqva tyavi Cemi,

saxli sapyrobiled meqca...

saqoneliviT mZinavs Cemsav sibilweSi,

cxvariviT vgorav Cemsav ganavalSi...

Riaa samare Cemi da datirebac mzadaa.

vidre movkvdebode, glova damisrules...

araraobad iqca es adamiani, gauucxovda mas ara mxolod mter-

moyvare, aramed sakuTari Tavic. axla mas SeeZlia _ bevri dro

hqonda saamisod _ garedan Seexeda sakuTari TavisaTvis, rogorc

ucxosTvis, yofiliyo piruTvneli, eZebna Tavis TavSi raime

Secodeba da danaSauli, risTvisac am yofaSi Cavarda. eZebs,

rogorc iobi, magram ver poulobs. avkacobis natamalic ki,

risTvisac SeiZleba dasjiliyo, ar Cans mis cxovrebaSi. da

mTlianad daimsxvra misi warmodgenebi marTal cxovrebaze,

romelsac is misdevda, SesaZloa, sazRauris imediT, SesaZloa,

uangarod _ sikeTes sikeTis gulisTvis sCadioda. mainc ra aris

marTali cxovreba?

ra ukuRmarToba trialebs irgvliv!

msgavsad imisa, vinc RvTaebas msxverpls ar swiravda,

inaxad mjdari qalRmerTs ar uxmobda,

qeds ar ixrida, Tayvaniscemas arad miiCnevda,

vis bageebSi Semwydariyo locva da vedreba,

vinc RvTis dRe Seuracxyo, SabaTi SeiZula,

vinc mconarebda, RvTiur mcnebebs iviwyebda,

RvTis mowiwebas xalxs ar aswavlida,

Tavisi RmerTis uxseneblad Wamda saWmels...

vinc sazeimo fics fuWad ificebda _

maT msgavsad momego me.

xolo me maxsovda locva da vedreba,

locva Cemi sibrZne iyo, msxverplSewirva _ Cemi rjuli,

dRe RmerTis Tyvaniscemisa _ gulis sixaruli...

locva mefisaTvis _ lxena Cemi,

misdami galoba _ sikeTe Cemi....

Cemi qveyana RvTis wesTa marxvaSi gamovwvarTe,

qalRmerTis Zvirfasi saxeli Cems xalxs vaxsenebine...

megona, saTno iqneboda es RvTisTvis.

Turme kacebrivi sikeTe RvTisTvis boroteba yofila,

kacis saZulveli ram RvTisTvis sikeTe yofila.

vin mixvdes caTa wiaRSi RmerTebis nebas?

vin Seicnos qvesknelis RmerTebis zraxva?

viT gaigos mokvdavma gza RmerTebisa?

guSin cocxali dRes ukve mkvdaria...

zneobrivi, Tundac ontologiuri Rirebulebebi gadmoyiravebulia.

adamiani saidumlos winaSe dgas da es saidumlo Cixia, saidanac

gamosavals ver poulobs. rogor Seurigdes am absurds, rasac

RmerTebisgan mitovebuli, dacalierebuli yofa warmoadgens, Tumca

roca iyvnen qveyanaSi es RmerTebi, maSinac yruni da ucxoni

yofilan...

magram paradoqsi is aris, rom umizezod tanjuli SubSi-meSre-

Saqani swored axla, yvelasagan mitovebuli da gaucxovebuli,

Tavisi gatanjuli sxeulis amara darCenili, poulobs Tavis Tavs;

poulobs am absurdSi da gaugebrobaSi, raTa uazrobisa da

araraobis fskeramde dasuls kvlav gamouCndes cxovrebis sazrisi.

es adamiani am dros im yofaSia, im mijnamdea misuli, rasac

SeiZleba ewodos zRvruli situacia, ra azrsac masSi am cneba-

terminis SemomRebi karl iaspersi debs. saxeldobr, es is

mdgomareobaa, roca adamiani miyenebulia Tavisi yofis zRvramde,

sazRvramde, zRurblamde, romlis iqiT araraobaa. araviTari

sayrdeni, araviTari myari Rirebuleba, yvelaferi gacamtverebulia

am umizezobis winaSe; gaqarwylebuli da gaufasurebulia raime

sazrisi; adamiani gagdebulia yofidan, miusafrobaSia. raki

msjelobam egzistencialuri mimarTuleba miiRo (rac iqneb arc iyo

amJamad Cvens gansjaTa sagani, Tumca es babiloneli

egzistencialuri filosofiis erTgvari paradigmuli saxis _ lev

tolstois ivan iliCis namdvili, Seulamazebeli tyupiscalia),

vTqvaT barem, rom Tu sadme imsxvreva dekarteseuli “vazrovneb,

maSasadame, varsebob”, es adamianis realuri, ara racionalur-

Teoriuli yofaa. ara azrovneba, aramed tanjvaa is, rac adamians

ganacdevinebs arsebobas mTeli simZafriT. “vitanjebi, maSasadame,

varsebob” _ ai aRiareba, romelic met-naklebad yovel adamians

(“didi Zes kaciT kacamdi”) Tavisi gamocdilebiT SeuZlia

warmoTqvas. “tanjva dakavSirebulia pirovnebis Tavad arsebobasTan

da pirovnul cnobierebasTan”, “tanjva aris adamianuri arsebobis

mTavari faqti”, ambobs n. berdiaevi, magram ra aris amis mizezi, ar

asaxelebs. SesaZloa, banalurad eCveneba misi dakavSireba adamis

codvasTan, adamianis, rogorc gvaris, codvil bunebasTan. magram

mTavari aq mizezi ar aris. mTavari misi Sedegia, romelic mis

sazrisze miuTiTebs. kvlav n. berdiaevi (ukeTesad Znelia

gamoiTqvas): “tanjvaSi adamiani ganicdis RvTivmitovebulobis

wuTebs da, amave dros, am tanjvis ganvliT igi eziareba RmerTs.

tanjva SeiZleba sixarulSi gadaizardos”. Tu davubrundebiT

babilonels, romlis mdgomareoba zedmiwevniT gadmoica

zemoTmotanil sityvebSi, aRvniSnavT, rom misi magaliTi gviCvenebs,

rom sneuleba, misgan gamowveuli xorcieli tkivili, sulieri

tanjvis fizikuri niSnebia. tanjva iseTi ram aris, rom is iwyeba

xorciT (“xorcTa xvdebian”) da kulminacias sulSi aRwevs.

xorcidan sulamde. ara sulidan xorcamde. xorcidan iwyeba ara

mxolod tkivili, aramed yoveli Seuracxyofa, rac Cven xSirad

sulier Seuracxyofad migvaCnia. yvelaferi, rac amcirebs adamians

da sulier satanjvelSi gadaizrdeba, sxeulidan iwyeba, romelic

yvelaze daucvelia adamianis bunebis ierarqiaSi (sxeuli,

samSvinveli, suli). es aris fizikuri siRatake, SimSili, siSiSvle

ukiduresi upovrobis gamo, Seuracxmyofeli silidan (rac

tkivilsac iwvevs, Tumca es ar aris mTavari) cema-gvemamde,

wamebamde, gausaZlis araadamianur satanjvelamde, “romelni xorcTa

xvdebian”. tkivili xorcisaa, misgan iwyeba: “avnebs xorcsa, merme

sulsa”.

is, rac igrZno am sneulebaSi lev tolstois ivan iliCma,

saxeldobr, “sruli martooba, romlis msgavsi versad iarsebebda:

verc zRvis fskerze, verc dedamiwaze...”, unda daufleboda

babilonel sneuls. es fskeri zRvisa, Tundac veSapis muceli,

romelSic iona winaswarmetyveli Cavarda, misi mes zRvari iyo, misi

fizikur-mSvinvieri dasazRvruloba, romelSic, rogorc cixeSi,

gamoimwyvda. es iyo yvelaze saSineli da sasowarmkveTi _ es

ukanaskneli zRvari, sazRvari, zRurbli, romlis iqiT ukve

araraoba, umyofoba iwyeboda.

da is kiTxva, ivan iliCs rom aReZra da im gamudmebul tkivilTan

erTad ar asvenebda, Tansdevda Tavis martoobaSi babilonel

sneulsac _ iyo bavSvuri kiTxva ratom? ratom daemarTa es

yvelaferi? ra aris am tanjvis, iZulebiTi kideganobis sazrisi?

amaze pasuxi russ da babilonels sxvadasxvagvarad gaecaT. magram

erTi ram maTTvis saerTo iyo, rac am yofam maTTvis cxadi gaxada:

maT ganicades im warmodgenis siyalbe, rom realurad yovelTvis

sxvebi kvdebian, Cemi sikvdili ki, Tumca mokvdavi var, virtualur,

horizontis drosa da sivrceSia. da, aha, maTac ewiaT es wami: sxva

ukve me gaxda. erT-erTi kardinaluri WeSmariteba, romelic Seicnes

ivan iliCma da babilonelma Saqanma (aq SevamokloT misi mquxare

saxeli), es iyo: ar arsebobs sxva, rom sxva iluziaa; realurad

arsebobs mxolod me da me da ase usasrulod.

kiTxvaze ratom ivan iliCs hqonda pasuxi, Tumca Tavad ar icoda,

rom swored es iyo pasuxi, ramac mis gulSi amgvari sityvieri

gamoxatuleba hpova: “ver vewinaaRmdegebi, _ ambobda TavisTvis. _

magram gamagebina mainc, ratom, ratom? esec ar SeiZleba. advilad

aixsneboda, Tu vityodi, rom ar micxovria ise, rogorc saWiro iyo.

magram swored amaSi ver gamovtydebi. _ eubneboda is Tavis Tavs,

roca ixsenebda Tavisi cxovrebis sjulierebas, siswores da

wesierebas”. aRiarebda Tu ar aRiarebda Tavis cxovrebas siyalbed

da araraobad, es arafers cvlida; mTavari aq is iyo, rom gaCnda

eWvi ganvlili cxovrebis marTebulobaSi. ivan iliCi Tavisi epoqis

da am epoqis sazogadoebis Svili iyo da mas ar hqonda sxva

cxovrebis magaliTi, rom sakuTari misTvis Seedarebina. mas erTi

sicocxle mieca da man aqcia es sicocxle iseT cxovrebad, rogorc

ganlies sxvebma manamde da ganleven mis Semdegac, _ TiTo

cxovrebas, romelic arasodes ganmeordeba. “ra ginda?” _

ekiTxeboda martoobaSi xma. _ “ar vitanjo. vicxovro” _ pasuxobda

xmas. aq dadarajda, daiZaba momakvdavi, tkivilic ki daaviwyda, ise

eloda pasuxs. pasuxma ar daayovna, oRond mas kiTxvis saxe hqonda:

“icxovro? rogor icxovro?” _ “diax, vicxovro, rogorc adre

vcxovrobdi: kargad, siamiT”. da kvlav kiTxvaze, Tu ra iyo kargi da

saamuri, veraferi miugo, moribundusma veRar aRmoaCina Tavis

cxovrebaSi verc erTi saamuri wuTi; rac saamurad miaCnda, axla

sxvagvarad warmoudga mas, garda adreuli bavSvobis mogonebebisa.

magram bavSvobac wasuli iyo da mTeli cxovreba, rom SeZleboda

misi axleburad ganleva.

babiloneli darwmunebuli iyo Tavisi cxovrebis sjulierebaSi, ar

daeWvebula, msgavsad iobisa, rom cxovreba keTilad ganlia. kiTxvam

ratom masSi paradoqsuli azri dabada, rac mravali saukunis

Semdeg sxva zneobri-religiur garemoebaSi mociqulma pavlem

gaaxmiana saukuneTa mimarT (“rameTu sibrZne amis soflisaÁ sicofe

ars winaSe RmrTisa”). roca babiloneli CamoTvlis Cadenil

sikeTeebs, SesaZloa, kbilTa RrWeniT, SesaZloa, SvebiT daaskvnis:

“megona, saTno iqneboda ese RvTisaTvis; Turme kacebrivi sikeTe

RvTisaTvis boroteba yofila, kacis saZulveli ram RvTisaTvis

sikeTe yofila. vin mixvdeba caTa wiaRSi RmerTebis nebas?.. viT

gaigos mokvdavma kacma gza RmerTebisa?”

arc ivan iliCi aqamde ar midis, mas arc RmerTi swams da arc is

icis, Tu raSi mdgomareobs marTali cxovreba. atyobs, rom

ganvlili savsea crusiameebiT, magram ra aris WeSmariti siame da

bedniereba, man ar icis. is sabolood daRupulia. gvsurs gavigoT

saboloo pasuxi, rac man miiRo? sikvdilis gardauvaloba, rom

sikvdili sxvaTa msgavsad axla mas ewvia da rom es cxadze cxadia,

man TiTqos Seicno, magram kiTxvaze “Зачем эти муки?” iyo sazareli

pasuxi: “а так, ни зачем”.

arafrisTvis. ara, aseT pasuxs babiloneli ver aitanda; arc avtori

Txzulebisa, romlis gmiric aris igi, ar daakisrebda mas sasjelad

amgvari pasuxis mosmenas. ara arafrisTvis, ise, ubralod, ar

datydomia mas es satanjveli, arc amao yofila es RvTiuri Sexeba

(lifiT ili babilonuri gamoTqma RmerTis iracionaluri aqtis

gamosaxatavad), ramac araraobis fskeramde miiyvana mquxare saxelis

mqone didebuli adamiani. da iq, sadac mTavrdeba ivan iliCis

vnebani, babilonelisTvis moulodnelad gamoCndeba zRurbli da

zRurbls iqiT axali cxovreba.

IV

marduqis vnebani. marduqi iyo mTavari RmerTi qalaq babilonisa,

romlis erT-erTi warCinebuli moqalaqe iyo es Cveni umizezod

tanjuli SubSi-meSre-Saqani. marduqi nel-nela izrdeboda im

qalaqTan erTad, romlis patronic iyo igi uxsovari droidan. da,

bolos, roca es qalaqi, romlis mniSvneloba mis saxelSi _ bab-ili

“saxli RvTisa” _ aisaxa, imperiis centri Seiqna, marduqic aRzevda

masTan erTad da samyaros Semoqmedis tituli miiRo. amieridan igi

aTasxuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi umaRles cazea davanebuli, xolo

miwieri taxti zukuratis _safexurovani taZris _ ukanasknel

sarTulze aqvs. am siSoris miuxedavad marduqi maRlidan

mzrunvelobiT gadmoyurebs qveyanas da TiToeul adamians

uTvalTvalebs, gansazRvravs TiToeuli maTganis beds. wesiT, igi

babilonis mefis piradi RvTaebaa, magram arc rigiT adamians _ da

mefis winaSe upirvelesi didebulic rigiTia _ ugulebelyofs misi

mzera. Zveli aTaswleulis bolomde igi iTvleboda ara mxolod

mzrunvelad da mwyalobelad, obolTa da qvriv-oxerTa meoxed,

Rarib-RatakTa da SeWirvebulTa xelisampyrobelad, aramed

“sicocxlis ganmaaxleblad kacTaTvis”, ufro metic: “mkvdarTa

ganmacocxleblad (mubalit) _ es aris tituli, romelic

semantikurad zustad Seesatyviseba berZnul soters, “macxovars”.

magram rogor axorcielebs marduqi macxovarebis aqts? zemodan,

cidan sicocxlis wylis wvimebiT, rogorc sxva, baalebad

wodebuli RmerTebi axerxeben? rogor amoyavs mas samzeoze

qvesknelis mkvidrni, mzegadasulni? yvela RmerTs Soris, visac ki

gangebam adamianis xsna daakisra, marduqi gamorCeulia. mas Tavisi

gansakuTrebuli bedi aqvs, romelic adamianis bedTan aris

gadafskvnili. gansakuTrebulia xsnis miseuli meTodi. sadac

adamiani iRupeba, is iq myofobs; is caSia, magram sadac adamiani

ecema, iqac aris. ra unda mas iq, es kosmiuri saidumloa.

xasiduri igavi gvaswavlis: “Tu ginda amoiyvano lafSi da

sibinZureSi Cafluli kaci, nu ggonoa, rom xelis gawvdena iyos

sakmarisi. Sen Tavad unda Caxvide masTan lafSi da sibinZureSi. iq

magrad SemoaWdo xelebi da Sens TavTan erTad amoaTrio

sinaTlisken (“xasiduri swavlani”, Tb., lomisi, 1994, gv. 11). es igavi

Tu Segoneba Zvelidan modis, mas, SesaZloa, arc ki hqondes Sexeba

qristianobasTan, saxeldobr, qristeseul xsnis aqtTan

(macxovareba, soteria). Tumca misi semituri warmomavloba aSkaraa.

lafsa da sibinZureSi moyvasis saSvelad Casuli kacis saxeSi

vxedavT marduqs, romelic iseve vnebulia, rogorc lafSi

Cavardnili kaci. marduqs es vnebuloba misi kosmogoniuri

warsulidan gamoyva. roca igi samyaros Sesaqmelad qaosis zRvaur

urCxuls ebrZoda da, vidre mas daamarcxebda, mis SiganSi aRmoCnda,

anu gveleSapis mier iyo STanTqmuli. mas Signidan unda gardaeqmna

qaosi kosmosad. ase, yvela kosmogoniuri gmiri jer STanTqmul-

damarxulia, mere _ amonTxeul-aRmdgari. amonTxevdan iwyeba swored

kosmogenezi. dalewili, araraobis fskeramde miyvanili marduqi

ganiaxlebs, moikrefs Zalebs, axali cxovrebisTvis ibadeba.

samyaros ufali, romelic iSviaTad SemorCenil ezoterul

teqstebSi belad (igive baal “ufali”) iwodeba, uqvemoes sknelSi

ixilveba, rac Semdgom adamianuri yofis doneze mkvdarTa

samefosTan aris gaigivebuli. erT ritualur teqstSi Tavad

marduqi, belis saidumlo saxeliT warmoTqvams: “me igi var, vinc

sikvdilis saxlSi Sedis... SekrulTa (anu mkvdarTa, z.k.)

Semwynarebeli, dacemulTa xelisaRmpyrobeli, mcenareTa Teslis

gamRivebeli, kacTa modgmis Semqmneli, romlis saxeli namtvrevTa

adgilas vaSiners, me igi var. beli, romelic aqiTus (axalwlis,

z.k.) dResaswaulze TiamaTis SuagulSi zis, romlis saflavs

sagodebel saxlSi kaciSvili ver miekareba”. dResaswaulis

daskvniT etapze babilonSi Sekrebil RmerTTa Tvalwin aqiTus

saxlidan, sadac is TiamaTis mucelSi ijda, xomaldiT

gamoasveneben mis qandaks. es aris misi gamoRweva-dabadeba

qvesknelidan, sadac is Tavisi nebiT Cavida, raTa gaesinja

sikvdilis gemo, raTa gulmowyalebiT exsna saflavad Camavalni.

marduqis vnebani saaxalwlo dramaSia Sefaruli. axali weli

(aqiTu) mxolod axali wlis damdegis aRmniSvneli dResaswauli ar

aris. am dros aRiniSneba samyaros dabadebis dRe (es TariRi

zustad hqondaT gamoangariSebuli babilonel qurumebs), is mijna,

roca Zveli axliT icvleba. da es cvlileba mtkivneulia, amas

grZnobs modResaswaule xalxi, mTeli qalaqi babilpni, romelic

Cabmulia misteriaSi. weliwadisa da samyaros siZveles Tavis Tavze

itvirTavs marduqi _ samyaros Semoqmedi, radgan is erTaderTia,

romelic pasuxs agebs samyaroze, mis simtkiceze. samyaros

ganaxlebasTan erTad ganaxldeba weliwadi da mefoba. mefe

marduqis rols asrulebs misteriaSi, romelic iwyeba mefis

damcroba-damcirebiT TviT sikvdilamde. mas CamoerTmeva samefo

Rirsebis niSnebi, fexSiSvels da samoselganZarculs qurum silas

awnavs da yurebs auwevs; Tu mefe acremlda, daRvrili cremlis

siuxviT izomeba momavali wlis siuxve. mere mefe, RmerTisa da

qurumis winaSe muxlebze dacemuli, imarTlebs Tavs, rom gasul

wels Tavis mefobaSi ar daurRvevia ritualebi, ar Seucodavs arc

RmerTebisa da arc wmida qalaqis babilonis winaSe,

Seuracxmyofeli sila ar gauwnavs Tavisufali moqalaqisTvis da

sxva. misteriaSi mefis rols asrulebs ara Tavad mefe, aramed

sagangebod arCeuli misi droebiTi Semcvleli (substituti). es

erTi da igive piri asrulebs rogorc qveynis mefis, ise samyaros

mefis, romel ars marduqi, rols. yvela damcireba, rasac mefe

ganicdis, marduqis gansacdelia. babilonur enaze Semonaxul

scenarSi axalwlis dReebSi Sesasrulebeli misteriisa

vkiTxulobT: “mas Semdeg rac RmerTebi mas Seipyroben, igi

gauCinardeba cocxalTa qveynidan sapyrobileSi, mzesa da naTels

mowyvetili...” sxvagan marduqs vxedavT mTaSi (qvesknelis sinonimi)

datyvevebuls, daWrils da mkvdars. misi saflavi mTaSia _ es aris

safexurovani koSkis, zikuratis, bolo sarTuli.

es aris misteriis pirveli aqti, romelic ganasaxierebs marduqis

sikvdils, mis mowyvetas cocxalTa qveynidan da gauCinarebas.

kosmogoniuri miTosiT, marduqis sapyrobile TiamaTis mucelia,

sadac elis xelaxla Sobas, magram jer mkvdaria. misteriis meore

aqtSi marduqi unda aRorZindes, Tavdaxsnili unda iqnas tyveobidan

da, rac igivea, sikvdilisgan. am mizniT misi saflavis Tu

sapyrobilis karTan kiTxuloben im kosmogoniuri miTosis teqsts,

sadac aRwerilia misi saboloo gamarjveba qaosze, TiamaTze,

romlisgan iyo STanTqmul-Sepyrobili, da bolos, am qaosisgan

kosmosis Seqmna. sabolood, ganaxldeba mefobac kosmiuri mefobis

ganaxlebasTan erTad da ibadeba axali weli.

V

kasituri xanis Txzuleba, romelsac Zvel katalogebSi saTaurad

uzis “vadideb sibrZnis ufals”, babiloneli tanjuli moqalaqis

SubSi-meSre-Saqanis dramas kosmiuri dramis konteqstSi ganixilavs.

rodesac babilonelis tanjvam am martoobaSi kulminacias miaRwia,

roca aravin SerCa gverdiT, arc maxlobeli adamiani, arc mfarveli

angelozi, arc romelime RmerTi, ise rom, vidre mokvdeboda, glova

ukve dasrulebuli iyo, roca igi ukve saflavad CamavalTa Soris

iyo Seracxili, roca xuburis wylebs iyo mimdgari, swored maSin

samgzis zmanebul sizmarSi gamoecxadnen mas marduqis macneni da

amcnes, rom axlos iyo misi gankurneba. saflavad Camavalma igrZno

marduqis xeli:

ufalma xeli CamWida,

ufalma fexze damadgina,

ufalma sicocxle momaniWa,

ufalma mixsna bneli sknelidan,

xuburis wylebidan amomaTria...”

mTeli gza tanjvisa, romelic man gaiara, ukuSemoqceviT Tavis

sawyiss daubrunda da gascda mas: sneulebebma da ukurnebelma

satkivrebma saTiTaod dastoves misi sxeuli da misi moRrubluli

saxe mzesaviT gabrwyinda. marduqma daubruna mas ara mxolod

fizikuri simrTele, aramed socialuri statusic aRudgina, raTa

kvlav laRad evlo babilonis mTavar _ qunuS-qudris quCaze da

sajarod gaecxadebina Tavisi gadarCenis saswauli. is Tormeti bWe,

romelSic saflavad Camavali gaatares, sadac saTiTaod

daatovebines amqveyniuri Rirsebebi da keTildReobis niSnebi,

xuburis wylebidan amomavalma kvlav gaiara, raTa warTmeuli

ukanve daebrunebina.

mTeli es drama, romelsac ganicdis babiloneli, mowodebulia

imisken, raTa man aRmoaCinos WeSmariteba marduqis, sibrZnis uflis

Sesaxeb, rom marduqia erTaderTi RmerTi, romelic atarebs

WeSmariti RmerTis saxels, rom is macxovaria (mubalit), romelic

ar miatovebs saflavad Camavals, tanjuls da gankicxuls, radgan

Tavadac vnebuli iyo erTxans da cocxalTa qveyanas mowyvetili.

es xeli, romliTac qvesknelSi Camavalma marduqma babiloneli

amoiyvana, im xelis Soreuli prefigurativia, romelsac saTiTaod

amoyavs gardasulTa sulebi, da maT Soris pirveli adamia (ix. xati

“jojoxeTis wartyvevna”, rusuli tradiciiT Сошествие во ад).

rogorc Txzulebis saTauri _ ludlul bel nemeqi anu “ganvadideb

sibrZnis ufals” _ gvimxels (am sityvebiTve iwyeba poema), sazrisi

mTeli im fizikuri, sulier-zneobrivi da socialuri gansacdelisa,

romelic babilonels, rogorc bibliur iobs, daatyda Tavs,

marduqis gandideba iyo. amiT vubrundebiT im Temas, riTac daviwyeT

es statia, daviwyeT qristes megobar lazareTi, romelzec Tqva

macxovarma, rom “ese sneuleba ara ars sasikudine, aramed

didebisaTvis RmrTisa, raÁTa ididos Ze RmrTisaÁ” (i. 11:4).

es asea, magram mainc ismis kiTxva: raSia marduqis (da misi miwieri

Semcvlelis _ qveynis mefis) vnebaTa sazrisi? qristem kacobriobis

codvebi itvirTa da, rogorc codvili aRmoCnda jojoxeTSi, magram

ra mizeziT adgas marduqi, “sibrZnis ufali”, qvesknelad CamavalTa

gzas?

mis am gzaSi Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT prefigurativis axali

horizonti, saxeldobr, qristes vnebaTa soteriologiuri sazrisis

winasaxe babilonur sulier kulturaSi, rac arasodes, rogorc

saidumlo, sityvas mindobili ar yofila. arc erTi ritualuri

teqsti ar gvimxels am ukanasknel saidumlos _ sibrZnis uflis

vnebaTa mizezs da mizans.

marduqis vnebaTa mizezi misive Seqmnili kosmosis daZvelebaa:

marduqi pasuxismgebelia masze da is valdebulia Tavad itvirTos

kosmosis “codvebi”, romlebic erTi wlis manZilze grovdeba. misi

vnebani mTels qveynierebaze avsulTa (demoniur arsebaTa) Tu

adamianTa mier Cadenili yvela danaSaulisa da ukuRmarTobis

niSania. marduqi moxvetavs maT, “aikidebs” da Cadis qvesknelSi, raTa

araraobas misces, ganaqaros isini. codvaTagan gaTavisuflebuli

marduqis amosvla qvesknelidan axali Sesaqmis badalia.

aRorZindeba samyaro, aRorZindeba buneba, aRorZindeba yveyana,

aRorZindeba kacTa modgma, maT Soris aRorZindeba babiloneli

ubralod tanjuli, saxelad SubSi-meSre-Saqani.

VI

babilonuri panTeonis TiTqmis yvela RmerTs SesTxoven codvaTa

mitevebas da xsnas, magram soteriologiuri prefigurativis mTeli

simZime marduqzea, radgan is erTaderTia RmerTebs Soris, romelic

“ivno da daefla”. mas, vnebuls, upiratesad codvaTa mimteveblis,

macxovrisa da mxsnelis rolSi vxedavT.

marduqi codvaTa universaluri mimtevebelia: mas SesTxoven

mlocvelebi, Seundos maT codvebi, rac ki bavSvobidan CaudeniaT _

Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, “codvebi mamisa, mamis mamisa, dedisa,

dedis dedisa” da ase Semdeg albaT pirvel mamamde da dedamde,

pirvel winapramde, vityodiT, adamamde; Seundos “codvebi ojaxisa,

sanaTesaosi da sagvareulosi”, romlebic awevs yovel adamians,

rogorc “gancda TvisTa codvaTa”. misi pirovnuli me gacilebiT

farTea, vidre dRes SegviZlia amis warmodgena da, amitomac, is

codvebi, romelTa Sendobasac (babilonuri termonologiiT:

daxsnas) igi iTxovs, marTlac universaluria, sakacobrioa da,

amdenad, dasabamieri; is kisrulobs maT, pasuxismgebelia maTze,

raki maTgan daxsnas iTxovs. yvela SeWirveba, rac ki Sexvdeba mas

cxovrebis gzaze, im codvebis Sedegia, romlebic pirvelmamam “mas

Jamsa Sina” Caidina. amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni SubSi-meSre-

Saqani Tu Tavisufalia piradi codvebisgan, is namdvilad pasuxs

agebs pirvelCadenili codvis gamo, romelsac ver gaeqceoda da

verc gaeqca. babilonur (sazogadod, Suamdinarul) locvebSi, aseve

bibliur fsalmunebSi, gamosWvivis azri, romelic qristianobaSi

sabolood ase Camoyalibda: adamiani yovelTvis damnaSavea RvTis

winaSe (ioane oqropiri).

soteriologiuri prefigurativis mwvervalia poemis dasasruls

samgzis gansxvavebuli frazeologiiT gamoTqmuli saboloo

WeSmariteba marduqis, rogorc macxovris, bunebaze: a) “dainaxes

babilonelebma, rom acocxlebs marduqi”, b) “marduqis garda, vin

acocxlebs mkvdrebs?”, b) “marduqs ZaluZs saflavebSi sicocxlis

miniWeba”, rogorc aRdgomis troparSi gvesmis wlidan wlamde Cvens

macxovarze, “saflavebis SinaTa cxovrebis mimniWebelze”.

marduqis arsebiTi epiTeti muballit (“macxovari”, “cxovrebis

mimniWebeli”) zusti semantikuri Sesatyvisia berZnuli sityvisa

soter (“macxovari”). babilonur sityvaSi aSkarad, xolo berZnulSi

Sefarulad myofobs “sicocxlis” Ziri: balat da zoe (sozo,

*sozter). marduqis wodeba ufro srulad muballit miTi

“ganmacocxlebeli mkvdarTa” anu “mkvdarTaTvis sicocxlis

mimniWebeli”, romliTac is idideba Cvens poemaSi da himnebSi,

lingvisturi prefigurativis SesaniSnavi magaliTia. igi mxars

uWers soteriologiur prefigurativs.

[SeniSvna. indoevropul enebze qristes upirvelesi epiTeti “xsnis” semantikiT

aris warmodgenili: laT. Salvator (aqedan yvela romanul enaSi), germ. Heiland, somx.

frkiC (“mxsneli”), Спас. qarTuli erTaderTia, romelic berZnul soters

adeqvaturad Targmnis “macxovrad”, exmaureba ra babilonur muballit-s.

SegviZlia vilaparakoT qarTuli terminis upiratesobaze: igi, upirveles

yovlisa, Tavisi semantikiT gamoxatavs xsnis arsebiT mxares, rac sicocxlis

miniWebaSi (troparis “cxovrebis mimniWebeli”) mdgomareobs. Cveni termini

esqatologiuria: igi gulisxmobs sicocxlis, yvelaze mniSvnelovanis, rac

adamians ewyaloba misi Seqmnisas, mkvdreTiT aRdgenas; yvelaze Zvirfasis

gamotacebas sikvdilisgan, rac aqvs adamians da rac eqneba samaradisod. aRdgoma,

pirvel yovlisa, biologiuri faqtia, rac gulisxmobs adamianis qveda bunebis _

xorcis kardinalur gardaqmna-feriscvalebas, mis srulyofas sul-yofis gziT.

amas gamoxatavs sityva ma-cx-ov-ar-i anu ganmacxovelebeli. amitom iwodeba qriste

macxovrad...].

mosalodneli iyo, rom sakuTari saxelebi poemaSi simboluri

datvirTvis Semcveli iqneboda. quCa babilonSi, sadac gaivlis

mkvdreTiT aRmdgari da marduqis gaacxadebs saqveynod, atarebs

niSandobliv saxels qunuS-qudru, rac niSnavs “qedi moixare,

ampartavano”. ase ewodeboda realurad quCas babilonSi, sadac

misteriis mTavari procesia imarTeboda. magram saxeli Tavad am

kacisa SubSi-meSre-Saqqan “gaaCine siuxve, Saqan” TiTqos

gansakuTrebuls arafers gvauwyebs masze. es saxeli ufro

mwyemsebis, vidre urbanistuli wridan gamosul adamians Seefereba,

radgan Saqani gareuli pirutyvis mfarveli RvTaebaa. magram Tu

CavukvirdebiT Saqanis bunebas, aRmovaCenT masSi mkvdari da

aRmdgari RvTaebis saxes. Saqani periodulad Cadis qvesknelSi da

amodis samzeoSi. sneuli adamiani, romelic ritualurad mkvdaria,

gaigivebulia qvesknelSi myof SaqanTan, romlis mkvdreTiT aRdgoma

sneulis gankurnebis sawindrad aris miCneuli.

gamoyenebuli literatura

Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford 1960. (wignSi

gamoqveynebulia babilonuri poema tradiciuli saTauriT, rogorc

lursmuli dafebis kolofonebsa da katalogebSia, Ludlul bel nemeqi

“vadideb sibrZnis ufals”, Cveni dasaTaurebiT ki “ubralod

tanjulis aRsareba”; babilonuri teqsti inglisuri TargmaniTa da

lursmuli dednebiurT).

Pallis Svend Aage. The Babylonian akitu Festival, KØbenhavn, 1921.

(mravalricxovani ritualuri Tu miTosur-epiuri teqstebis

analizis safuZvelze gaxsnilia babilonuri aqiTus misteriis

sammagi sazrisi, es aris: kosmosis, weliwadis da mefobis anu, rac

igivea, qveynis ganaxleba).

Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Tb., “merani”, 1987 (babilonuri teqstis

_ ludlul bel nemeqi “vadideb sibrZnis ufals” _ qarTuli Targmani:

“ubralod tanjulis aRsareba”, gv. 44-53).