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ZEFIPADS Soil Fertility Management 7Nutrient acquisition through microbial association Department of Global Agricultural Sciences IPADS Kensuke OKADA ([email protected]tokyo.ac.jp) 1 (Llanos Orientales in Colombia, photo by KO) International Program in Agricultural Development Studies (IPADS) 21 January 2016

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Page 1: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

ZEF‐IPADS Soil Fertility Management  ‐7‐

Nutrient acquisition through microbial association

Department of Global Agricultural SciencesIPADS

Kensuke OKADA([email protected]‐tokyo.ac.jp)

1(Llanos Orientales in Colombia, photo by KO)

International Program in Agricultural Development Studies  (IPADS)21 January 2016

Page 2: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Lecture outline

1. Mycorrhiza 2. Endophyte

Page 3: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

1. MYCORRHIZA

Page 4: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM)

Spore Bar = 0.1 mm

(Ueda et al 1992)

V: vesicle     A: arbuscule

Formerly it was called vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)

Page 5: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Three types of mycorrhizaEctomycorrhizal fungifor trees, Basidiomycetes

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungifor orchids,  Ericaceae

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)Important for many plant species

Soil

myceliaEpidermis    

Cortex

vesicule

arbuscule

1. Ectomycorrhiza2. Endomycorrhiza

(includes ericoid and AM)

Page 6: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

The role of mycorrhiza in transporting phosphorus from soil to plant roots  

(Matsunaka 2003, p. 215)

Spore (胞子) of mycorrhizal fungi

Solubilization of P into soil solution

Diffusion of P to root

P containing mineral

Root not colonized by micorrhizal fungi

Transportation of P through mycelium

Root colonized by mycorrhizal fungi

P transported into root cell through mycelium  

Root hair (根毛)

Page 7: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

MycorrhizaDefinition : A mycorrhiza (pl. mycorrhizae) is a symbiotic (generally mutualistic, but occasionally weakly pathogenic) association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant. 

Fungi themselves are called as “mycorrhizal fungi”

• Mycorrhizal fungi receive carbohydrate from host plant and plants receive nutrients such as P(mainly), Zn, (Cu, Ca) and water. For the latter function, the mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungi are regarded as the fine, extended roots of plants.  

Page 8: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

AM measurement (1)  :  Per cent root infection

(Usuki, personal communication)

Ultrasonic cleaning Dissecting roots to 2‐3 cm

NeutralizingAlkali treatment (heating)(To make root tissue transparent)

Page 9: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Mycorrhizal(count)

Non‐mycorrhizal(no count)

Dying with trypan blue Fixation

(Usuki, personal communication)

Roots are extended on petri dish with grid lines

Page 10: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

AM measurement (2) : Spore density in soil

Sieving

(Usuki, personal communication)

Suspend in sucrose solution with concentration gradient

Washing the soil

Centrifuge

Page 11: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

AM measurement (2) Spore density in soilMicroscopeobservation and counting

(Usuki, personal communication)

Intact and crushed spore

Page 12: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Different infection % among plant species

(Thompson1991)

Legumes are the good mycorrhizal plants

Non‐mycorrhizal plants

Page 13: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Relative field mycorrhizal dependency index

(Thompson 1991)

Page 14: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Effect of fallow on VAM and growth of the following crops

(Thompson 1991)

These results have significant implications on the design of crop rotation including fallow period. 

Page 15: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Number of spores in the soil and the growth of the following crop

(Thompson 1991)

Page 16: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Effect of the previous crops(Thompson 1991)

Page 17: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Effect of the previous crops on the growth of maize in Hokkaido, Japan

Page 18: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Case study example 2: Effect of the previous winter crops on the sunflower growth (summer crop)

18

After bare soil After wheat After rapeseed

(At a farmer’s field in Tsukuba-mirai city in Ibaraki Prefecture, 11 Aug, 2005)

•Typical N deficiency symptoms•Soybean was also affected as sunflower at the early growth stage, but recovered later.•Similar effect wars observed in voluntary rapeseed(* Yasumoto, et al. 2011. Plant Production Science 14:339‐348)

Page 19: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Factors affecting AM colonization

• Fallowing• Previous crops• Soil disturbance• Soil pH• Heating and fire• Fungicides• Waterlogging• Fertilizers

Page 20: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Effect of soil disturbance on VAM

(Thompson 1991)

Page 21: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Effect of summer green‐manure on the growth of following maize and the infection rate of AM

(Karasawa et al. 2000)

Bare        White       Vetch   Sunflowersoil        mustard

Green manure crop

Taken outIncorporated

Dry weight o

f sho

ot

AM infection rate

Page 22: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Reduction in phosphorus fertilizer application to soybean after mycorrhizal plant

(MAFF 2009 “Present situation and future issues for fertilizer management in upland farming in Hokkaido”)

After cabbage       After maizeSoybean growth was higher after mycorrhizal crop (maize)

Index of so

ybean yield

Amount of P applied (kg/10a)

After non‐host crop (radish, buckwheat)After host crop (maize, sunflower)

Amount of phosphate fertilizercan be reduced 15 → 5 (kg/10a)

Page 23: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

2. ENDOPHYTIC NITROGEN FIXATION

Page 24: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophyte

N fixing bacteria were tagged with the gfp gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). 

(Elbeltagy et al. 2001)

Page 25: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophyte• endo (within)+ phyte (plant)• An endophyte is an symbiotic microbes in plant tissue, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all the species of plants studied to date. 

Page 26: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophyte history

• Darnel (Lilium temulentum) was known from old age (mentioned in New Testament), but it was rather recent that the toxins were produced by fungus which colonizes in the plants, not by the plants.  

Page 27: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophyte history

• Since 1970’s these were found to be the cause of the animals’ intoxication. In 1975 the cause of the fesucuetoxicosis was found to be the endophytic fungi in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in North America, and in 1979 ryegrass staggard was found to be caused by enophyte in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).   

Tall fesucue Fesucue toxicosis(front cow)

Perennial ryegrass

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQ3d2dFprdo

http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests‐diseases‐and‐weeds/animal‐diseases/beef‐and‐dairy‐cows/perennial‐ryegrass‐toxicosis

Page 28: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

• But Prestidge (1982) reported that endophytic perennial ryegrass is more tolerant to a kind of weevil (ゾウムシ)

(Argentine stem weevil). 

Perrenial ryegrass affected by Crambus spp.ツトガ) E+ Variety infected by endophyte : E‐ Variety not infected by endophyte

Power of endophyte (NHK video)http://cgi4.nhk.or.jp/gendai/kiroku/detail.cgi?content_id=2958

Page 29: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Nitrogen enrichment in sugarcane (pot experiment)

(Boddey et al. 2003)

Page 30: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophytic N2 fixation in sugarcane

(Boddey et al. 2003)

Page 31: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophytic N fixation in Sugarcane

(Boddey et al. 1991)*BNF (biological nitrogen fixation)

*

Page 32: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophyte colonization in date palm

(Gomez‐Vidal et al 2006)

Page 33: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Endophyte colonization in pineapple

(Baldotto et al. 2011)

Fluorescence microscopy of GFP(green fluorescent protein)‐labelled diazotrophic enphytic bacterium Herbaspirillumseropedicae in pinapple plantlets

7 days after colonization, bacteria colonized epidermal cell walls junctions

Leaf epiphytic colonization of bacteria at cell walls junctions

Page 34: ZEF IPADS Soil Fertility Management through microbial · “Associative Endophytic Nitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications,

Plants associated with N2‐fixing endophytes

• sugarcane• rice• palm (date, oil, etc.)• sweet potato• pineapple• tea• coffee• and more?

(Reis et al 2000)

“Associative and EndophyticNitrogen‐fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress) “Claudine Elmerich (Editor), William E. Newton (Editor) 2010, Springer

“More easily ransmittedby vegetative propagation”