Zarbulas SundialsRoger Bailey & Alain Ferreira

NASS 2005 Chicago

Sundials in France

Distribution by DpartementHautes-Alpes 772

Highest sundial density in the world! Ref: http://www.saf-lastronomie.com/cadrans/carte_2002.gif

Why Hautes-Alpes?Alpine folk art traditions Insolation: 330 days of sunshine Isolation from politics and progressTravel over the passes not down the valleysTranshumance- summer alps, winter PiedmontIndependent RepublicsFive Escartons de Brianonnais from 1343 until 1713 and 1789Itinerants: shepherds and tradesmen

AustriaBavariaFranceItalyAlpine SundialsEngadineTyrol

Sundials of Giovanni Francesco ZARBULA

Who was Giovanni Francesco Zarbula?We only know his name and his worksItinerant Italian painterPiedmont to Hautes AlpesOnly tools, materials and techniques that could be carried by a donkey Speciality: bold flamboyant vertical declining sundialsDistinctive folk art styleAccurate gnomonic methodLong lasting fresco paintings

Zarbulas StyleBaroque Italian Folk Art

Equinoctial Line Birds and FlowersFrame, curtains, tasselsSun and crescent moonSymbols: Masonic and ReligiousMottos: Latin, French, Italian, ProvencalSigned: GFZ or ZGFDated: 1830 1876Maljasset, Ubaye, 1860

26 ORIGINALS11 WITH ZARBULAs DRAWINGS36 RESTORED23 PHOTOS FROM ORIGINALS33LOST5 PHOTOS OR DRAWINGS OF THOSE LOST5DUBIOUS8DUPLICATES OR COMPLEMENTARY

NORTH ZARBULA ZONE

ZARBULA s MethodDiscovered by Paul Gagnaire, From the Valloire sundial, at Les Verneys en Savoie.

Ref : Cadrans solaires en Savoie, 1999 by P.Gagnaire. Page 130-137: A Valloire, Solved mystery.LEquere et LOiseau ou LArt et La Maniere de ZARBULA by P.Gagnaire. 2000 Cadran Info SaF http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RELIE/Cadrans/Promenades/Zarbula/Equerre.htm

ZARBULA s MethodLes Verneys en Savoie.Drawing by P.Gagnaire

HorizontalNoonZarbulas Construction Lines

Zarbulas Method: The Sun Rules!Zarbula did not need to know the latitude or wall declination to define the dial.The shadow determined the sub-style lineZarbula used no calculations or tables.Simple geometry determined the hour lines.Zarbula worked at the latitude of 45 None of the sundials are oriented North. The wall is vertical and declining from south. Zarbula already knew the sundials size and location on the wall.

Principle 1: Horizontal EquivalenceAny Vertical Declining sundial has a equivalent horizontal sundial at in the southern hemisphere at a different latitudeDetermine the sub-style distance and sub-style height for the polar axisLay out the hourlines for the horizontal equivalent

He draws the vertical noon line XII and marks the centre CZarbulas Method

Zarbula draws point by point a hyperbolic declination line,representing of the path of thetip of the shadow.

Principle 2: Indian or Hindu Circle for Sub-style

Zarbula draws the sub-style, the axis of symmetry of the dialXIICZarbulas Method

XIINOON LINE XIIZarbulas Method

CThe perpendicular gnomon gives the shadow path to set the sub-style line. For the actual dial, polar style is from the intersection of the noon meridian and the same sub-style line.Zarbulas Method

Principle 3: Rotation of the Meridian PlaneMeridian plane shows the Latitude , Co-Latitude, Polar style and Equatorial true sizeRotation of the Meridian plane about the Meridian axis to the Sub-style, perpendicular to the wall, shows the Substyle HeightRotation defines the Equatorial Horizon plane CNoonLatCo-LatPolar StyleEquatorial

Define the Equatorial Horizon by rotating the meridian plane and the latitude angle around the vertical Meridian axisZarbulas Method

SHe draws a horizontal line MC454545Zarbulas Method

SHe draws an equatorial line perpendicular to the sub-style line MCHorizon4545Zarbulas Method

SHe draws the 6 oclock (18h) line to the equatorial horizonMCHorizon18hEquatorialZarbulas Method

If its morning declining,he draws the 6 am lineMCHorizon6hZarbulas Method

SMCHorizontal lineGeneralised method for different latitudesExample Chicago = 42Zarbulas Method

SZarbula draws the center W of an auxiliary equatorialMCHorizonEquatorialZarbulas Method

Vertical mridional sundial Villevieillechurch, QueyrasPrinciple 4: Always 90 between noon and 6 oclock

SStarting from auxiliary equatorial centre W, he draws the 15 angles to the equatorial lineMCHorizontal lineEquatorial18h12hWRSub-Style Height is RW, radius of the auxiliary equatorial circleZarbulas Method

SThe intersections are numbered in sequence from noon to 18 o clockMCHorizon lineEquatorial18h12hWZarbulas Method

SThe only thing left is to draw the hours lines from C point...MCHorizon lineEquatorial18h11h14h16h15h13h10h19h17h9hZarbulas Method

SMCHorizontal LineEquatorial18h11h14h16h15h13h10h19h17h9hInstallation of the Polar Style (Gnomon) above the Sub-Style Line

Sub-Style Height is theRadius of the auxillary equatorial circleZarbulas Method

Principles of Zarbulas Method

Horizontal Equivalence of Vertical DeclinerIndian (Hindu) Circle for sub-style lineMeridian plane contains Latitude true sizeRotate Meridian plane to establish Horizon plane Equatorial line and 6 oclock line90 between Noon and 6 oclock Equatorial Tangent line for hour lines and Sub-style HeightThe geometry is correct; the method is accurate, within some limitations

Test of Zarbulas Method

1. Sub-style lineLatitude: 48.6 NDeclination: 58 EShadow Path for 14 June

Test of Zarbulas Method 2. Equatorial Tangent LineDeltaCAD design drawingusing Zarbulas Method gives identical results to trig calculations

Zarbulas ToolsSticks and StringSticksruler, straight edgeset square 45 & 90compass, dividersgnomonStringplumb bobchalk line compass

Zarbulas Painting

Fresco technique on parged masonry wallsMineral oxide pigments on fresh lime mortarNo organic materialsWeather and sun resistantQuick bold strokes

Pigments : Ochre (iron oxides) for yellow orange &, red. black soot, zinc oxide white, cobalt blue, copper greens Sienne earths.

Chteau Queyras

First Known Zarbula DialQueyras, Arvieux, le Coin

1832 QUEYRAS Arvieux, Les Escoyres

1839 Cervires, Customs OfficeOriginal Restored by Evelyne and Norbert Peyrot 2000

18?? QUEYRAS Chteau Villevieille Clot du Riou

1840 - Zarbulas Miracle YearTwelve Zarbula dials dated 1840Eight Queyras (6-St. Veran, 2-Chateau)Two Vallouise, Two Brianonnais (Clare, Salle les Alpes)1830 to 1839 only six Zarbula dialsApprenticeship done, artistic style setBreakthrough commission? Vallouise, Bardonnche

Vallouise 1840Zarbulas breakthrough commissionHome of Franoise Ponce,Viscountess de BardonncheZarbulas techniques and style establishedRestored in 1991 by Pique & Bachet of Atelier Tournesol, Grenoble

St Vran at 2040 mThe Highest village in Europe31 Sundials, 7 by Zarbula

1840 Saint VranHaut Forannes

1840 Saint VranMathieu Romain farm

1840

Saint Vran

Le Raux

1840: Saint Vran Forannes

Pierre Belle1840: Saint Vran

1858 St Vran Pierre BelleRestored in 1995 by Rmi PoteyGite Gabelous

Queyras, Arvieux Les Escoyres,

1857 Original Les Escoyres chapel dial

Restored by Rmi Potey

1861 Eygliers, Le Cros GuillestreComplementary corner dial lost

Brianon Hautes Alpes

The highest city in EuropeCrossroads for Alpine passVauban fortress near Italian border1719 dial on Collgiale Notre-Dame

Zarbula?

1842: Briancon, Puy St Pierre, Le Pinet Restored by E & N Peyrot

1843: Clare, Val des Prs

1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sbastien

1869 : Vallouise, Le Villard, St Sbastien

Zarbula dials and paintings restored in 1997 by Atelier Tournesol, Pique & Bachet

1869: Le Villard Vallouise

PM dial is almost south facing

Dont rely on the firstas all depends on the last

Morning dial is close to east facing.Zarbulas normal method does not work

Black MadonnaI am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem Song of Solomon, 1:5

Zarbulas Painting of the

Italy, Piedmont Val Chisone

Turin Olympics 2006Val Chisone

1870 : Sestriere, Champlas du Col, via Nationale

Close the shutter...

I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem

1872 Sestriere Borgata,

1872 : Sestriere, Borgata,

Sundial EntropyLost ZarbulasPaints wash awayGrime obscuresParging spalls Gnomons bend and breakWalls crack and fallRenovation and development destroy Fires, floods, avalanches

TIME IS RUNNING OUT JUST LIKE WATER.

Aiguilles 1889102 Buildings destroyed

In Chteau Queyras : flood level in 1957

In Abries, Zarbulas sundial destroyed in 1944 bombardment

Restorations:Club du Vieux ManoirPatrimony: history, cultural, architecture13 sundials restored in Brianconnais 1984-2000 1870: St Martin de Queyrires Church

Restorations: Solaria s.n.c

Lucio Maria Morro & Fabio GarneroFOSSANO (Cuneo) It Sundial creation & restoration Many Italian dialsZarbula Restorationhttp://www.solariameridiane.com/313/L109.html1872 Sestriere, Champlas du Col

1843 Chteau Queyras VillevieilleFresco painterCreative artistMany modern dialsHautes Alpes, Haute Provence, BuchRestorations:St VranChteau Queyras

Restorations: Rmi Potey

Jean-Franois GavotyCreative artist, painter, cadranierProfessor fine artsEcole des Beaux Arts, Strasburg, Grenoble, LyonHaute Provence, UbayeMaljassetSerenne

1860 Serrenes, Ubaye, Alpes de Haute Provence

RestorationsAtelier Tournesol Pique & BachetInventories, protectionGrenoble, Savoie, Hautes AlpesVallouise:BardonecheLe Villard, St Sebastien

Evelyne & Norbert Peyrot1847 : SAINT-CHAFFREY, Villard-Late,Restoration of sundials and fresco paintings in Brianonnais, Val de Clare, Val des Prs

18?? : Savoie, Valloire, Les Verneys

1998 : Renovated by Peyrot

THE ENDAlain Ferreira & Roger Bailey2005 : Destroyed -Valloire Town Hall

Acknowledgements & ReferencesAlain Ferreira: co-author ideas, slides, pictures, filesInternet: Google, SML A. Gunella: L Orologio Francese e il detto DI ZARBULA per trovare la declinazione del muroA. Bouchard: Zarbula Dossier, Le Gnomoniste, mars 2005P. Gagnaire: L Equerre et le OiseauP.Putelat & G. Ducrot: Cadrans Solaires Traditionnels en Queyras BrianonnaisCadrans Solaires Franais Catalogus; SAF CCSEmmanuel Defever*** Sommelier