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Dr.Saima Iram

Lecturer, Department of Urdu, GC University, Lahore

Social Changes in South Asia and Earlier Urdu Short Fiction

The social change in South Asia which began in the latter half of the19th century

has left its imprint on every sphere of individual andcollective lives of its citizens.

The era combined the colonialadministration in South Asia with the technological

and intellectualinnovation which was taking place the world over. A strong agent

ofsocial change was the colonial administration's attendant need to turnthe

subcontinent into a region supplying agricultural produce to theBritish economy. It

led to deep transformation of the society. Thepaper tries to look into the impact

this phenomenon of social changehas made on the Urdu short fiction.

_______________________

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æŠÇgU*"$ƒ$ËìXÚ{E~»gwâg¾ÅgZñŠg`™DƒñOîg6,˜�Marx's view..... of the colonial regime was less benign. But as he

984

saw it, while colonialism had brought devastation and much suffering

to Indian Society, it had also introduced capitalism into India and

thereby a new dynamic of social transformation that, utimately,

would be far more significant..."England", he wrote,"has to fulfil a

double mission on India: one destructive and other regenrating__

The annihilation of the old Asiatic Society and Laying of the material

foundations of Western Society in Asia."(1)

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¹ìXZÏ¿»Zq-gŠ¿tÌƒZ�†!Z¨Æ Devestating åXtZôm,âW!*Šc*CÓ#Ö»ªŠzgå&âg¾ä6,ZäàzVÅW!*Š~!~Ð�ÖÐZzg6à�âW!*Šc*C¢zgc*]Ã7gZ™Dcz�Š~WäÑ!5Õä IMMeJ�ÅW!*Š~000051Ð•™Üs00003g{ZzgZŠOÑb7g)ñ�Š{ßW!*Š(‰àz�Š~Wñ�Zôm,zVÆgC³Zìµ1V

Æ¬Šzg~-g\ÆQZz[äÌZkê colonial transformation ÆaæŠÇgU*"$ƒñX†!Z¨ÅÃ{™OW,HX{mîg6,ŒVÅ»HZ&+7~ZkÐZW,5+k,ƒðXQZz[Ð¬J--g\Åâg™V~Z&++»HÅ(,~â8-¶X¬xîg6,tìwHY@*ì�áÐ¶»HÅWæÆˆtâ8-ÁƒqÑèZ°ZŠzÑg¼Zzgßg�w7™D�X|tì�QZz[Æ½"5é GEMM�k',k3181Y~Ì-g\~Z&++À}Åâ8-»ÂHÁÌ7ƒð¶YèáÐ¯ƒZÀZÎ„Zzg7~Z&++Ãb»£7™YåXZkßg�wäZôm,zVÃ6,.yHZzgZrVä†!Z¨Åg]ÃvyàäÆŠzu}w"Z(gKX!5Õä

IMMZ&++Ãb6,',Wæ~e-K~58‚»ZŸ†™Šc*ŠHZzgZ&++ÃbZ&+7~ÆizZw~ƒVÆ´z{ÌŠzZzgz�;]‰XÚ{E~˜�

"First of all,in Britain itself, heavy protective duties were imposed to

keep the very competitive and high quality, Indian Textiles out of the

British market. The second factor was the closure of European ports

during the Napoleonic Wars that sealed off the huge European

094

market for Indian textile..... a third factor, less visible, namely the

effects which the colonial conquest and appropriation of land

revenue by the colonial regime had on the internal economy and

urban demand inIndia."(2)

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mineteenth century that Bombay started thinking of itself as an

Indian City. And even now there are people who would prefer it if

Bombay were a city state, like Singapore".7C

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juxta position ..... the continuous dim of the traffic, the stench of

bombil fish drying on stilts in the open air, the inescapable humid

touch of many brown bodies in the street, the searing heat of the

garlic "Chuteny" ....... The sea on all sides the palm trees, creeks,

rivers, hills, from the air, you get a sense of its possibilities" 8C

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abundance of goods in Lucknow, thought that Dehli was chiefly

remarkable for its aadmiyat, its polished urbanity. And the culture of

Dehli was contained within its walls. Th culture ...... was ...... narrow -

mindedly urban, seeking protection within the city walls against a

surrounding barbarism. 11C

494

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˜�X (Narayani Gupta) ÐWÇ{¸ÉZyÆDÆaÃ2áVgT¸XZke~**gZ‡TThe "mohulla" sweepers went on strike again in 1889 ..... What gave

the sweepers confidence this time was the fact that there were no

bye-law under which they could be punished, and as education

(was) becoming more general and lawyers were plentiful, they were

aware of this" 21C

¡zÌðÅ§sSàÂzŠ~YC¶Xz&½h454jèGGEGIEÑiò¶XZ¤/pŠ‹Æ!*°}ZkÃ7g~§bJw™ä

~”h+H?Ø»DgÃWDpp~ÆWU*gÌúc*V¸XŠ‹ÆaZq-ZzgZëp~gsÅWæ¶X-VÂZVgð,œ~ÆÛWy)0681Y(„ÐgsZ„yŠ‹ÆaÛ/7g„¶pðÅWæÆ‚B5091Y~à~R,Zx»ÂxgZòƒZTäàÃ!*Ç5Š~XZÏŠzgZy~Š‹ÅW!*Š~ZkŠg(,|�kàÃZÒz9¤/ZŠc*ŠHZzgZ¤/}ZÐ!*¹g�ÌŠc*ŠHÂZkÅwWU*gŠ`Ðic*Š{:g„XZ[Š‹à½Ô¡Ô.y[Zzgg]ÉCÙU~Šzu}àzV»

594

£™äÆa»gåX�{yz*yÆZëF,+àzV~ÑƒgZzgZ%<»**xÌ2áïìXTiâä~yz*y½ã',¤â~gZ`

Æik,4åXÑƒg6,gÏI»ïåZzgtõgZ`Ñƒg@*?zgzò;ƒZåXZÞ,œ~ÆÛJ-ÔZôm,õgZ`Ã»7™nXZ¤/p'gZzgÏIÅzÃ]ÆZkÆY6VÅ**Z·¹Ô!*b¤¿Zzg‰qÑ]~ŠgCZñZ]äÔ

Zôm,zVÆZMZgÅgZ{¹uJ-W‚y¯Š~XÆ�X4751YÃz�Š~Wc*XZ#¤/zgZxŠZkäŒVªxZ(gHX "Tank of nectar" Z%<TÆp

,ð,œ~J-ZÐgZxŠZk7g„¹Y@*åXõgZ`)9481YX8971Y(ÆŠzgZy~Z%<ÅçÙÔ�YèIZzg�R›zú²z`6,âX0281Y~kàyÅˆXZk²á~Z%<Ôº[»ƒÐ(,ZgC%œ/0ŠHåSîg1Zzg2áw

‚i~Å×!~ÐF,¹0*g„‰XgCgzZ*ÔzVZ¨J-‡ìKY`¸XàÅgzÞzp¥à»Z0+Zi{ð(b',zy

ÆZkÒyÐÎc*YYì�Zkä6381Y~Z%<Å§ÆŠzgZy~ (Baron Charles Hugel) egÖ‘É31C¹XZ%<Åtw',¤â~gZ`Æik,‚tÌ "The most hustling all of the Punjab cities" Z%<Ã

‡ìg„XÉ9191Y~XâZ!!*rÆzZîÅzzÐZ%<Ã',¤â~gZ`ÆÜs].z4~òR6,úc*VZÌqÝƒˆXZôm,zVäZ#ÑƒgZzgZ%<6,ïåHÂZyŠzâVàzV~ÌZôm,zVÅWæÆWU*gÃW**ÑzqƒñX

"Under British rule, the two cities acquired the typical colonial urban

developments of civil lines, with their tree-lined roads and spacious

bunglow, cantonments and a Mall Road thoroughfare .......... Lahore

was not only the administrative capital but also became the

headquarters of the North- Western Railway, of the third or lahore

Division of the Northen command .... Lahore was also the leading

educational centre of the north India" 41C

Š‹Ô®Zzg›ÅÚÑƒgÔŠg}@*íÐ',¤â~gZ`Æik,ZW,Wc*pŒVÅcäZkZW,ÃZkŠg!~ÐJwH�ZÞ,œ~ÆZzZyJ-pŠZg!*ƒZMZgÌZkuJ-ZkàÅF,¹zF,zóÅ§sázZzgÃ2áVƒ`¸�Šzu}´V~À˜ZzgŠ‹~Sît@*W,AlÑzqƒZ�ÑƒgÃ%œ/~ZÌqÝìXtpÄZzgD»‘Zg{åZzg¦/gDz‰ÜäZkÅZÌÃŠzPHX

"Lahore's larger student and European populations lent it a more

cosmopolitan feel ... The city was the "Paris of the East". It ....

possessed a ... cafe society of students, poets, academics, and

694

writers. ... It boasted the modern movie entertainment in the Bhati

Gate and Mcload Road cinemas which not only showed the latest

Hollywood epics but also Punjabi and Hindi films produced in

Lahore's Shorey Film Studios" 51C

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794

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1- Hamza Alvi: "Formation of the Social Structure of South Asia under the

Impact of Colonialism" Published in "Sociology of Developing Societies"

edited by Hamza Alvi and John Harris, Macmillan, page 5

2- Hamza Alvi: Ibid, page 11

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5XÒ4:ZsÔm13X22

6XÒ4:ZsÔm91

7- Suketu Mehta: "Maximum City, Bombay Lost & Found" London, Headline

Brok Publishing, 2004. Pg,14

8- Suketu Mehta: "Maximum City Pg13

9- Naryani Gupta: "Dehli (Between two Empires 1803-1931", Second

edition: Oxford University Press, 1999, pg3

10- Naryani Gupta: "Dehli (Between two Empires 1803-1931)", Pg.4

11- Naryani Gupta: "Dehli (Between two Empires 1803-1931)", pg5

12- Navyani Gupta: "Dehli (Between two Empires 1803-1931)", pg13

13- Ian Talbot: "Divided Cities (Partition and its Aftermath in Lahore and

Amritsar 1947-957", Oxford University Press, 2006, Pg. 2-3

14- Ian Talbot: "Divided Cities" Pg. 4-7

15- Ian Talbot: "Divided Cities" Pg. 8

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