yurt anatomy

8/12/2019 Yurt Anatomy

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natomy of the Yurt

Anatomy of the Karakalpak Yurt

Yurt Anatomy

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ContentsThe Karakalpak Yurt The Yurt Frame The Yurt Door Structural Belts Decorative Items The Yurt Roof The Roof Felts

Reed Screens Inside of the Yurt Pronunciation of Karakalpak Terms References

The Karakalpak Yurt

The Karakalpak yurt is generally known as either an otaw or a qara u'y . In past an otaw was strictly a festive yurt for newly-weds and a qara u'y was aeveryday yurt. Now these names seem to be interchangeable.

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Karakalpak yurt at Qazaqdarya.

The place for the erection of the yurt is known as the jurt . As we have notedelsewhere, the use of the word yurt to denote a portable dwelling is strictlyincorrect. It actually relates to the ground on which the yurt stands, or to acampsite, or to some other type of tribal territory. Previously the jurt wasusually a circular section of packed clay, somewhat larger in diameter thanthe yurt and raised a little above the surrounding ground in case of rain. Nowa custom-made circular section of raised wooden flooring is quite common.This can even contain slots for locating the door threshold.

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natomy of the Yurt

A yurt under a specially made shelter at Qazayaql aw l.

The term u'y jay can also be used instead of jurt . Its literal meaning is yurtplace. Traditionally this was a special roofed area or even a tall room insideof which the yurt was erected.

The Yurt Frame



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natomy of the Yurt

Completed carcass of a Karakalpak yurt at Sanqbaev's workshop inShmbay.

The Karakalpak yurt consists of the following components:

The walls are made up of a number of trellis sections or qanats . The literalmeaning of qanat is wing, quite a good description since a wing opens and

closes. In the past these were often made of janewut (Salix songarica Dodbut they are now more likely to be made from poplar ( terek ) or willow ( aq taThis is due to the shortage of janewut because of the changingenvironmental conditions. The poles which form the qanats are calledsag'anaq . They are slightly bent and are round in section unlike those used inthe Qazaq yurt, which are flat. They are linked together using strips of camelhide ( ko'k ). Each pole has 21 holes which are positioned so that there is nohole at every fourth intersection. Consequently the poles of the qanat are n

joined together at every joint. The position without a hole is called'azat ' (free). The inner poles run from top left to bottom right in the same wayas the Turkmen qanat . In Qazaq, Uzbek, and Kyrgyz yurts they run from thebottom left to the top right.



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The Yurt Door

The doorway of the yurt is made up of various parts which can be easilydismantled, typical of all Turkic yurts. The entire doorway is known as theergenek and this name is also used specifically for the pair of hinged woodendoors which fold inwards. The upright struts, or door jambs, are known as thetulg'a . The threshold is the bosag'a and the lintel is the man'laysha (from

man'lay , forehead).

The doors of Karakalpak yurts were often plain and undecorated. Carvingand, in particular, painting of the doors in bright colours became morepopular in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1920s and 1930s this had beenconsidered to be a 'Qazaq taste'. According to Savitsky some craftsmenpreferred to use Amu Darya willow ( Salix oxica , known locally as sog't ), opine ( qarag'ay ) for the door panels. According to our research sog't wasindeed used for door panels but its botanical name is Salix alba . Salix oxicais in fact aq tal . It also seems strange that he refers to the use of pine, asboth pine and birch ( qayn' ) are generally considered by the Karakalpaks tobring misfortune and sterility.

In addition to the inner pair of wooden doors the yurt also has an outer roll-updoor called an esik . This is fastened to the uwqs (poles linking the keregeand the roof-wheel thereby forming the roof of the yurt) above the man'layswith the aid of three ropes which are sewn to its upper edges. It isrectangular in shape and is slightly larger than the ergenek and tulg'a so thwhen it is rolled down all of the gaps are covered. It is made of a reed screensewn onto a base of felt or other thick material.



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Winner of the best yurt in Moynaq competition in 2004.

Esiks are ornamented in a traditional way with vertical strips in appliqu orcombination technique sewn onto the sides. These are known as shiyqayw

Another horizontal strip is sewn onto the bottom of the esik overlapping theshiyqayw , designed to prevent the ingress of water. This is known as thesuwag'ar , which literally means gutter. In the centre of the esik is sewn the

duwashq . This is made from material in the form of a triangle with the pointdownwards. It generally has tassels at each of the corners. The shape of thistriangle calls to mind the tumar amulet and it is connected with pre-Islamicbeliefs. Similar protective triangles can be seen on the back of men's postcoats and on children's clothing. In the past pieces of paper with verses fromthe Qoran were sometimes put into a pocket in the duwashq , therebyfulfilling a similar role to the ha'ykel worn by girls and women.

Structural Belts

The ishki beldew (inner waist belt) is a 30-40cm wide band which ispositioned, with its pattern facing inward, through the gap between the righthand door leaf and the tulg'a and runs around the outside of the yurt halfwayup the qanats . The end goes through the gap between the left hand door leafand the other tulg'a and is turned back on itself by about one metre. Theends of the fringe are used to tie it to the kerege . This adds vital structuralstability by constraining the circular wall. The ishki beldew is made from a

warp and weft of white cotton and is patterned with coloured wool or silkthreads using the pileless continuous supplementary weft weaving technique.

The qzl basqur , or red main band, is a 60-70cm wide woollen pileless tentband. It is usually red and black. It has an important structural role toconstrain the circumference of the roof and thereby maintain its pitch. Itsbottom is aligned to the joint between the kerege heads ( keregebas ) and thuwq . Its upper edge is aligned to the start of the iyin or bend of the uwq .



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The aq basqur positioned above the q zl b as q u r .

The aq basqur , or white main belt, is a 40-50cm wide belt woven incombination technique. It has a white cotton warp-faced ground and isdecorated with a raised woollen pile. The bottom edge of the aq basqur isaligned to the top edge of the qzl basqur , with its decoration facing inwards.The top edge is above the iyin of the uwqs . The aq basqur protects the outefelt from stretching or sagging in the gaps in between the uwqs . The belt

begins and ends above the door in line with the tulg'a .

The beljip , or waist rope, sits over the shiy (reed screen) approximatelyhalfway up it. The two ends of this rope go from the tulg'a and are tied at therear of the yurt. In the past a wider belt known as the srtq beldew (outerwaist belt) was used. Occasionally the beljip is also called by this name. If ayurt is located in an exposed position ropes may be tied to stakes andfastened onto the beljip . In some remote villages the owner might tie an oldmetal wheel hub or a few heavy engine parts to the beljip instead.

Decorative Items

The loose ends of the aq basqur are concealed by the esikqas (which literameans the brow of the door), a small decorative rectangular all-pile weaving.This is positioned behind the uwqs facing inwards, exactly in line with thedoor above the qzl basqur and overlapping the ends of the aq basqur , th"completing" the pattern around the yurt. A pair of ishki janbaw , or inner side



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tapes, are sewn to each side of the esikqas and hang like garlands with theirother ends tied to the keregebas . The ishki janbaw are narrow tapes, wovenin combination technique with a symmetrical design and a lower fringe of redand green tassels. Today it is very unusual to see a yurt with an esikqas .Where they still exist it is now more common to position the esikqas in fronof the uwqs so it can be fully seen.

The interior of a wealthy ex-Communist's yurt in Xalqabad.

The ayaqbaw are a set of brightly coloured woollen cords with tassels at theend which are hung from the shan'araq and uwqs to great decorative effect.

Shiyo'n'ir , or the breast of the shiy , are ornamented strips that hang verticallyon either side of the outside of the yurt door. They are woven on a whitecotton ground and are patterned with a woollen pile woven in combinationtechnique. The pattern is usually a bold amuletic qoshqar mu'yiz or ramshorns design.

A pair of srtq janbaw (outer side tapes) hang like a garland at each side ofthe yurt door, mimicking the internal ishki janbaw . These too are woven incombination technique with a symmetrical design and a lower fringe oftassels. They are wider than the ishki janbaw , but not as wide as the aqbasqur . One end is fastened to the tulg'a at the level of the beljip and theother is attached to a corner of the rear felt.



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natomy of the Yurt

The Yurt Roof

The roof of the yurt is formed by long poles, known as uwqs , attached to thekeregebas and the central roof wheel or shan'araq . The uwqs are round insection and generally undecorated (unlike Qazaq uwqs ). The uwqs are bepart of the way along their length, leaving one long straight end and one shortstraight end. The bend is known as the iyineu (from iyin, shoulder). It is this

single short bend which gives the Karakalpak yurt its distinctive conicalshape.

A hole is drilled near the bottom end of each uwq and this has a cordattached to it by means of which it is fastened to the keregebas . This cord iknown as the uwqbaw and is made of black goats hair and white sheepswool twisted together like a barbers pole. The top end of the uwq issharpened and is known as the qa'lemshe (literally pencil).

The shape of the Karakalpak shan 'araq is quite distinctive.

The roof wheel or shan'araq of the Karakalpak yurt is much more solid thanthat used in the Turkmen or Qazaq yurt. It has two rims, an inner one and anouter. The outer rim has holes through it, known as ko'z , into which the uware inserted. The convex top of the sha'naraq is formed by a set of thin lathswhich are splayed at the ends like a Maltese cross. These fan-shaped lathsare known as the bo'genek . Arrow-shaped pieces of wood protrude from therim of the shan'araq towards the centre. They are placed in groups of three inthe centre of each quadrant and are known as gu'ldirewish . These combined



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The s h at ra s h in a yurt at Erkindarya, formed by the interlacing of the q zqur.

The second roof felt is known as the artq u'zik and this covers the rear of theyurt. It is the same shape as the front felt and also has narrow tent bandssewn onto it, this time on the outside. Again there are usually three bands oneach side of the yurt roof. These are of white cotton and are known as thequr . They are interlaced on the outside of the felt above the yurt door, holding

the roof down onto the uwqs . The bottom of each band is attached to thebeljip .

The final felt, which covers the smoke-hole, is known as the tu'n'lik . Longropes go from the corners of the tu'n'lik to the beljip . When they need to openthe smoke hole they untie one of these ropes and push the felt back with theaid of the baqan .

Reed Screens

Screens made of reeds are added to the outside of the kerege . In the pastmats made from the stems of the tall and slender perennial steppe grass,shiy , were used ( Lasiagrostis splendens Kunth). This grass, which occursacross Central Asia from Russia to Mongolia and China, forms large thicktussocks and its slender stems grow up to 2 metres tall. Despite being salt-tolerant this plant no longer grows in the delta as it cannot cope with theincreasingly high levels of salinity. Today reeds are used instead.



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The yurt is divided (in a metaphorical not a physical sense) into threesections. The place of honour is known as the to'r and this is opposite to theyurt entrance. This is where the owner receives guests. The other divisionsare labelled from the point of view of someone sitting at the to'r lookingtowards the door. The male half is the on' jaq or right side. Maleaccoutrements such as saddles, bridles etc. were kept here. The female halfis the sol jaq or left side. Equipment for food preparation was kept here. Thismay include a manual mill ( digirman ), bags for provisions ( shanash ) hungonto the kerege , and containers made of hollowed-out pumpkin for storingwater. Cutlery and other kitchen items were stored in kergi . These were largebags woven in a variety of techniques.

The interior of a yurt at Bozataw.

There is generally very little furniture in a yurt. The most common item is thesandq . This is a carved or painted wooden chest used for storage. Thebedding, thin quilted mats known as ko'rpe , with bright cotton covers isnormally stored on top of the sandq . A qarshn is also sometimes found ontop of the sandq . This is a pile-faced bag used for storing the familysclothing.

Pronunciation of Karakalpak Terms

To listen to a Karakalpak pronounce any of the following words just click onthe one you wish to hear. Please note that the dotless letter 'i' () ispronounced 'uh'.



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aldng u'zikgu'ldirewish

qanat shiy on'ir

aq basqur ishki beldew qarag'ay shiy qayw

aq tal ishki janbaw qara u'y srtq beldew

artq u'zik iyin qarstrw srtq janbaw

ayaq baw janewut qarshn sog't

azat jurt qayn sol jaq

baqan kerege qzl basqur suwag'ar

beljip ko'k qzl qur terek

bo'genek ko'zqoshqar mu'yiz

to'r

bosag'a man'laysha sag'anaq tulg'a

dizbe on' jaq sandq tu'n'lik

duwashq otaw shan'araq uwq

ergenek qa'lemshe shatrash u'y jay

esik

References

Esbergenov, X., Chapter 1, Settlements and Dwellings [in Russian], inEthnography of the Karakalpak from the 19th to the beginning of the 20thcentury, Published by Fan, Uzbek SSR, Tashkent, 1980.

Sanqbaev, Q., Master Yurtmaker from Shmbay, Karakalpakstan, privatediscussions, 2001, 2002, and 2003.

Savitsky, I. V., Applied Art of the Karakalpak Peoples, Carving on Wood [inRussian], Published by Science, Uzbek SSR, Tashkent, 1965.

Shalekenov, U. Kh., Kazakhs of the Lower Amu Darya [in Russian], Fan

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natomy of the Yurt

Publishing, Tashkent, 1966.

Tlewbergenova, N., A propos des habitations Karakalpaks [in French], inKarakalpaks et autres gens de l'Aral, Published by Edisud, Tashkent/Aix-en-Provence, 2002.

Xalmuratov, P. X., Dean of Botany, Institute of Pedagogy, No'kis,Karakalpakstan, private discussions, 2003 and 2004.

Zhdanko, T. A., Ornamental Skills of the Karakalpak People [in Russian],Material and Research on the Ethnography of the Karakalpak, Part 2, pages373 to 410, Published by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow,1958.

Visit our sister site www.qaraqalpaq.com , which uses the correcttransliteration, Qaraqalpaq, rather than the Russian transliteration,Karakalpak.

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