THE NEED FOR ENERGY ORGANIC FUELS COAL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS HOMEWORK REVIEW DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL

GETTING AROUND OTHER ORGANIC FUELS ATOMIC THEORY ATOMS, ISOTOPES RADIOACTIVITY NUCLEAR FISSION RADIOACTIVE WASTE CHERNOBYL

Yucca Mountain Homework Review Solar Energy Passive Solar Energy Active Solar EnergyGM GYM Hydroelectric Energy The Ocean Resource Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear Fission Homework Review

I. ENERGY• Common: Heat, light, and electricity

• Other forms: mechanical energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy.

• These forms of energy meet the energy needs of the people on Earth.

 

ENERGY Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Energy can, however, be changed

The storage, transfer, and conversion of energy is the driving forces behind all life on Earth

A. THE NEED FOR ENERGY

1. A fuel is any substance from which energy can be obtained

2. Electricity is generated by the conversion of other forms of energy

3. This conversion is not 100 percent efficient. • Some energy is converted to

heat, light, or sound

THE NEED FOR ENERGY 4. Non-renewable resource – a

resource that is used faster than it is replaced in natureEx. Fossil Fuels, Sand, Metals

5. Renewable Resource – a resource that is replaced in nature faster than it is used.

Ex. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water

B. Changing Energy Needs1. Hunter-gatherer societies

○Light, heat, and cooking○Wood met needs

Changing Energy Needs 2. Agricultural societies

Domesticated animals ○energy sources for plows and

other farm equipment

Changing Energy Needs• 3. Industrial Revolution

• Machines take over tasks○Farm equipment: horse-drawn plow

gave way to tractors and harvesters

Fuel consumption increases due to manufacturing and use of machines

C. Organic Fuels1. Organic Fuels:

a. Contain carbon b. Were once part of living organismsc. Also contain hydrogen

• 2. A compound composed only of carbon & hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon

Organic Fuels3. Hydrocarbons may contain

impurities

other chemicals, such as sulfur or lead compounds

Impurities contribute to the pollution

4. Fossil Fuels Stored energy from ancient organisms

can be used today as fuel source

Ex. Oil, Coal, Natural Gas

D. Coalplants + swamps + sediment + time = Coal

Formed when ancient plant material is compressed below sediment

Rock that is an organic fossil fuel

Coal Heat & pressure:

Forces out waterIncreases the carbon concentration

Increased carbon concentration means Increased energy and less smoke released during combustion.

1. Stages in Coal formation1. Peat

2. Lignite

3. Bituminous Coal

4. Anthracite

a. PeatFound on Earth’s surfaceCompressed plant materialHigh water concentration Low energy production Burns smokyBrittle and brownLow carbon concentrationResembles decaying wood

b. Lignite

• Compressed peat • Lower water concentration • Soft brown coal (40% carbon)• Releases little smoke and burns quick• Found below surface - Mined

c. Sub-bituminous coal

 Type of coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal 

Used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation

d. Bituminous coalSoft black coalMost abundant in USAForms deep below surface – Mined• Less water & fewer impurities than

lignite• Higher carbon concentration (85%)• Releases little smoke and burns hotter

than lignite• Widely used in industries - power plants

d. Anthracite coalMetamorphic rockShiny black colorLeast water, fewest impurities Highest carbon concentration (95%)Located deeper in the ground than any

of the other forms of coalBurns the hottest with the least amount

of smokeMost expensive

E. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS Fossil fuels can occur in the three

phases of matter. Coal - solidPetroleum - liquid Natural Gas - gas

1. Petroleumorganic material + shallow seas + sediment

+ time = Petroleum

• Syrupy black liquid fossil fuel• Formed from ancient plankton and other

microscopic protists, plants, and animals

Oil Trap

Impermeable Shale

Impermeable Shale

•Impermeable - water & other liquids cannot pass through it.•Permeable – water & other liquids can pass through it.

Permeable Sandstone

Oil Wells• Pressure builds up

• Gusher: drilled well into a pressurized pool of oil - shoot upward

• Where there is little or no pressure, oil must be pumped to the surface

a. Petroleum• One of the world's most important

resources• Separated or refined to make a

variety of products• Gasoline• Jet fuels• Motor oil• Heating oil• Kerosene

Petroleum examples cont’ Grease and lubricants used to

reduce friction are petroleum by-products

The asphalt, synthetic fabrics, and plastics are also made from petroleum

Petroleumb. Worldwide population increases so does the demand for petroleum

2. Natural Gasa. Mixture:

Methane - major hydrocarbonEthane - minor hydrocarbonPropane -minor hydrocarbonTrace amounts of:

○Hydrogen sulfide○Carbon dioxide○Nitrogen○Helium

Natural Gasb. Use:

IndustryHomes and businesses for heating

– burns cleanerHousehold appliancesDoes not have to be converted to

electricity first; more efficient

Natural Gas Household appliances Ex.

StovesWater heatersClothes dryers

Natural Gasc. Natural gas forms in much the same

way as petroleum

Often found trapped above petroleum pools

Sometimes viewed as waste of drilling oil

Homework Review - Homework

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are

(a) fuels; (b) fossil fuels;(c) organic fuels; (d) hydrocarbons.

Homework Review - Homework

Energy conversion is not 100% efficient because energy is lost in the form of (a) light(b) heat(c) sound (d) all of the above

Homework Review - Homework

The type of society that has the greatest energy needs is the

(a) hunting society;(b) gathering society; (c) industrial society;(d) agricultural society. 

Homework Review - Homework

The first stage in the formation of coal is(a) lignite; (b) peat;(c) anthracite;(d) bituminous coal. 

Homework Review - Homework

The type of coal that has the highest carbon content is

(a) peat; (b) lignite; (c) bituminous coal; (d) anthracite.

Homework Review - Homework

The most abundant form of coal in the United States is

(a) peat; (b) lignite;(c) anthracite; (d) bituminous coal.

Homework Review - Homework

Coal is to fossil fuel as (a) Petroleum is to crude oil(b) Peat is to coal (c) Methane is to swamp gas(d) Alcohol is to biomass fuel

Homework Review - Homework

Crude oil is another name for (a) alcohol;(b) methane; (c) peat; (d) petroleum.

Homework Review - Homework

Petroleum: plastics as (a) alcohol: gasoline;(b) coal: carbon; (c) garbage: electricity;(d) industry: fuels. 

Homework Review - Homework

Mines: coal as (a) petroleum: refineries;(b) corn: alcohol; (c) land: agriculture;(d) wells: petroleum

Homework Review - Homework

The use of corn to make alcohol is an example of

(a) bioconversion; (b) fossil fuels;(c) hydrocarbon; (d) refining.

Homework Review - Homework

Of the following the only example of a biomass fuel is

(a) coal; (b) petroleum;(c) wood;(d) natural gas. 

Homework Review - Homework

The process by which alcohol is made by yeast is called

(a) fermentation;(b) bioconversion; (c) purification; (d) distillation. 

Homework Review - Homework

Unlike fossil fuels, biomass fuels (a) do not release carbon dioxide; (b) are renewable resources; (c) are buried beneath the surface;(d) are not products of living things. 

OTHER ORGANIC FUELS OBJECTIVES:

Describe some of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels

Compare biomass fuels to fossil fuels, and give an example of a bioconversion technique

1. availability & pollution

○The availability problem fossil fuels are not renewableAll available - have already formed

F. Problems associated with the use of fossil fuels

Problems with Fossil Fuels cont’

• Coastal states and offshore drilling• risk of environmental damage

• oil spills • widespread habitat alteration

Problems with Fossil Fuels An alternative - depend on the oil

that are already known to existLocation, Location, Location…

Operation Desert Storm - supply and demand

Problems with Fossil Fuels3. Pollution

• various kinds, especially air pollutiona. release carbon dioxide

4. Increased use of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution – increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by more than 20% –

5. Greenhouse Effect

Problems with Fossil FuelsObtaining fossil fuels is Dangerous

6. Natural gas – combustible7. Coal miners

Suffocation by natural gas Explosions of natural gas and coal

dust

Coal Mine Explosion

G. Biomass Fuels1. A fuel formed from the

products of living organisms.

2. Ex. wood, garbage,

methane, and alcohol

3. Renewable Resource – Can be produced

4. Wooda. Cheap, used mostly in developing

nations• Cost and availability

1. Large amounts of time spent searching

b. Smoke and high carbon dioxidec. Can be damaging to natural forests

5. Garbage a. Much is largely organic materialsb. About two-thirds can be burnedc. Heat waterd. Produce steam

• Turn turbines• Bingo… electric

6. Methanea. Swamp gas:

• produced in swamps • from decaying plants• naturally produced form of methane

b. Decaying garbage in dumps also produces methane

c. Methane removed from swamps and garbage dumps is used as a fuel

7. Alcohol a. Bioconversion : the conversion of

organic materials into fuels • Ex. Sugar cane or corn to make alcohol

b. Ethanol • Yeast – Fermentationi. Liquid biomass fuel

Burns cleanly & Renewable

Alcohol• Brazil - 2 million cars fueled by

ethanol

ii. Gasohol is a mixture of 90 percent gasoline to I0 percent ethanol

• Future: Engines that run on alcohol made from sunflower or peanut

Objective Revisited

Describe some of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels and what you think should be done to overcome these problems

Objective Revisited

Compare biomass fuels to fossil fuels, and give an example of a bioconversion technique

ATOMIC THEORY

Covalent and Ionic Bonding

II. ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITYA. Atoms – Basic building blocks

of matter Composed of:

1. Protons2. Neutrons Nucleus

3. Electrons Neutral Atom # of p+ = # of e-

The AtomSubatomic

Particle Location Charge Mass

(amu = atomic mass unit)

Proton (p+) Nucleus + 1 amu

Neutron (n0) Nucleus Neutral 1 amu

Electron (e-) Outside Nucleus

- ~0 amu

Helium

1 Å = 1 ten billionth of a meter

B. Atoms and Isotopes1. AII atoms of the same element have

the same number of protons in their nuclei.

a. Atomic Number - # of p+ Ex. O = 8 protons /atomic number is 8

b. Atomic Mass/ Mass # = # of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Atoms and Isotopesc. Individuals atoms of the same

element may have different mass #’s because the # of neutrons in the nucleus can vary.

d. Isotope : same element but different mass number – different number of neutron.

Isotopes

Ions vs. IsotopesChange in Number of Electrons

- No change in mass- Change in charge - Formation of an ion

Change in the Number of Neutrons

- Change in mass- No change in

charge- Formation of an isotope

C. Radioactivity Radioactivity – unstable isotopes of

atoms, emitting particles & energy from their nuclei as they decay

Studied by Marie Curie

Ex. H-1 is not radioactive, nor is H-2. H-3 is radioactive.

2. Three Types of Radiation a. Alpha particles are made up of two

protons and two neutrons

b. A beta particle is a high-speed electron.

c. Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation

Radioactivity Alpha decay process changes one

element into another

3) Half-life : the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay

Objective Revisited Describe the structure of the

atom and the atomic nucleus. Draw an image of a planetary model of an atom and a electron cloud model. Make sure to label the three subatomic particles and give the charge and mass for each.

D. REACTIONS AND REACTORS1. Energy holds protons and

neutrons together

2. Nuclear Fission- splitting the atom; releases energy

a. Can be used to Generate electricity

Nuclear Fissionb. Uranium-235 most used

i. Splits when struck by a neutronii. When U-235 splits, it releases

energy & forms new nuclei, called Daughter nuclei

• Often barium or krypton• Often radioactive

E. Nuclear Reactors

1. Nuclear reactors function very similarly to fossil fuel power plants.

2. Energy is released by nuclear reaction Energy is heatHeat boils waterSteam Rises Steam Turns Turbines Generates Electricty

Look Familiar?

How About Now?

Nuclear Reactors

3. Water: a. Acts as a coolant preventing the

core from meltingb. Slows the movement of the

neutrons released during the chain reaction

Nuclear Reactorsc. control rods

regulate the speed of the chain reaction i. made of cadmium, boron, or other

materials ○absorb neutrons○ regulate heat production

coolant water may reach temperatures above 275 °C

Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion

RADIOACTIVE WASTE• OBJECTIVES

–Define radioactive waste, and explain the dangers that arise from it.

–State the problems involved in the safe disposal of radioactive wastes.

F. RADIOACTIVE WASTE1. Produced by Nuclear power

plants ~32 metric tons typical nuclear/year

○ Reprossessed into 1.5 tons of extremely radioactive – Dangerous

Large amounts of low-level waste

RADIOACTIVE WASTE• Radiation is unhealthy for living

things

• Actively dividing cells• blood-cell producing bone marrow• skin cells

RADIOACTIVE WASTE Radiation Exposure

Large doses ○ including skin burns ○anemia○death

Changes in DNA○ long-term effects ○ cancer ○ genetic mutations

RADIOACTIVE WASTE4. Radiation exposure

measured in rems

Average ○ 0.2-0.5 rems / year

RADIOACTIVE WASTE Background radiation mostly comes

from naturally occurring elements in our surroundings

Radiation exposure varies widely, depending on where a person lives and where he or she works

G. Types of Waste1. High-level waste

Radioactive wastes that emit large amounts of radiation

used uranium fuel rodscontrol rodswater used to cool and control the chain

reactionsa. Very Dangerous – May Also Be Poisonousb. May be radioactive for tens of thousands of

yrs

Types of Waste2. Medium-level and low-level wastes:

Not as radioactive as high-level wasteslarger volume of these wastes is

generated• Ex.

• mine wastes scattered around a uranium mine

• contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker

Types of Waste• Low-level radioactive wastes

• Also produced by hospitals & laboratories• Less obvious damage to health than high-

level wastes• More common than high level wastes• May pose a greater health risk to human

health

H. Waste Disposal• The contaminants may have long

half-lives, taking thousands of years to decay

• Low-level wastes can be dangerous for 300 years or more

H. Waste Disposal1. High-level wastes may be

dangerous for tens of thousands of years

• Plutonium-239• half-life of 24,000 years• dangerous for 192, 000 years• deadly poison, even in small amounts

Waste Disposal2. Long half-lives = serious disposal

problem3. Must be sealed in containers that will not

corrode for thousands of years

4. U.S. government seal the wastes in glassa. must be geologically stableb. Earthquake or Volcanoes could cause spillc. Must be stored deep under the ground

(costly)

Waste Disposal• Almost all the high-level radioactive

wastes in the world have not been disposed of permanently

• They sit in storage tanks outside nuclear power and weapons plants

Waste Disposal

• In many cases, these tanks have begun to leak, contaminating the groundwater and releasing radioactive wastes into the environment

Waste Disposal These wastes must be permanently

removed before the contamination gets worse

The government predicts that the cleanup of 20 of the most contaminated nuclear weapons sites in the United States could cost $600 billion

Waste Disposal Low-level wastes

pose disposal problemsoften buriedenclosed in concrete and dropped into the

ocean Exposes environment to contamination

Medium-level wastes • have not been disposed of permanently• presents many of the same problems as

high-level wastes

I. Safety and Cost• If the cooling and control systems in

a reactor core fail, the chain reaction can no longer be controlled

• The core will grow hotter, causing the fuel rods and even the reactor vessel to melt • Meltdown

Safety and Cost Full meltdown

• release huge amounts of radiation• plants are built to avoid meltdowns

or contain them if they occur

• In April I986, however, one core of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine did melt down

The Chernobyl plant was old and lacked many of the safety features built into newer plants

The accident itself was caused by human error

The severity of this accident and the problems with radioactive waste disposal has led many people to question the wisdom of using nuclear power

Nuclear power plants are also very expensive because the required safety measures are very costly

Homework Review Protons and neutrons are found together in

the part of the atom called the

(a) alpha particle;(b) electron; (c) nucleus;(d) isotope. 

Homework Review Protons and neutrons are found together in

the part of the atom called the

(a)(b) (c) nucleus;(d) 

Homework Review Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called

(a) isotopes;(b) nuclei; (c) electrons; (d) neutrons. 

Homework Review Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called

(a) isotopes;(b) (c) (d)  

Homework Review One kind of radiation not released by radioactive decay is

(a) alpha particles; (b) free protons; (c) beta particles; (d) gamma rays. 

Homework Review One kind of radiation not released by radioactive decay is

(a) (b) free protons; (c) (d) 

Homework Review All isotopes of an element contain the same number of neutrons.

TRUE or FALSE 

Homework Review All isotopes of an element contain the same number of neutrons.

FALSE, Protons 

Homework Review Beta particles contain two protons and two neutrons.

TRUE or FALSE

Homework Review Beta particles contain two protons and two neutrons.

FALSE, Alpha

Homework Review The fuel most commonly used in fission

reactions is

(a) Np-239;(b) U-238; (c) U-235; (d) Pu-239. 

Homework Review The fuel most commonly used in fission

reactions is

(a)(b) (c) U-235;(d) 

Homework Review Devices that absorb neutrons and are used to control the speed of a fission reactor are called

(a) reactor vessels; (b) fuel rods; (c) containment buildings; (d) control rods. 

Homework Review Devices that absorb neutrons and are used to control the speed of a fission reactor are called

(a) (b) (c) (d) control rods. 

Homework Review A fission chain reaction begins when an atom of U-235 is struck by a neutron.

TRUE or FALSE 

Homework Review A fission chain reaction begins when an atom of U-235 is struck by a neutron.

TRUE  

Homework Review In a fission reaction, some of the mass of the original atom is converted to energy.

TRUE or FALSE 

Homework Review In a fission reaction, some of the mass of the original atom is converted to energy.

TRUE  

Homework Review Each year, an average person in the United

States is exposed to a radiation level of

(a) 2 rems; (b) 0.2 rems; (c) 20 rems;(d) 200 rems. 

Homework Review Each year, an average person in the

United States is exposed to a radiation level of

(a) (b) 0.2 rems; (c) (d)  

Homework Review Pu-239 has a half-life of

(a) 24 years; (b) 240 years; (c) 2400 years; (d) 24 000 years. 

Homework Review Pu-239 has a half-life of

(a)(b) (c) (d) 24 000 years. 

Homework Review Losing control of the fission reaction in a reactor core may result in a

(a) cooldown; (b) meltdown; (c) draindown;(d) cooling tower. 

Homework Review Losing control of the fission reaction in a reactor core may result in a

(a) (b) meltdown; (c) (d)  

Homework Review The number of people forced to evacuate because of the Chernobyl accident was

(a) 1,160; (b) 11,600; (c) 116,000; (d) 1,160,000. 

Homework Review The number of people forced to evacuate because of the Chernobyl accident was

(a)(b) (c) 116,000; (d)  

Homework Review Radon gas is responsible for 25 percent of the radiation in most U.S. homes.

TRUE or FALSE 

Homework Review Radon gas is responsible for 25 percent of the radiation in most U.S. homes.

FALSE, 55 percent 

Homework Review Plutonium must be stored for 192,000 years before it is safe.

TRUE or FALSE 

Homework Review Plutonium must be stored for 192,000 years before it is safe.

TRUE  

Homework Review The cleanup of the 20 most polluted nuclear weapons facilities in the United States will cost $600 billion.

TRUE or FALSE

Homework Review The cleanup of the 20 most polluted nuclear weapons facilities in the United States will cost $600 billion.

TRUE

Objective Revisited

Visually explain how changes in human societies have changed the demand for energy

Objective Revisited

In a complete sentence describe the structure of organic fuels

Objective Revisited

List the stages of coal formation and describe the characteristics of each stage.

Objective Revisited Using the map of the United States

provided for you in you packet describe to areas where coal deposits are found. Generalize the type of coal found and the location.

Utilize the next slide to help clarify colors

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

• OBJECTIVES:

• Describe the processes of petroleum formation and extraction.

• List several uses for petroleum and natural gas.

 

Objective Revisited

• In your own words or using pictures describe the processes of petroleum formation and extraction.

 

Objective Revisited

Think back on the uses for petroleum and natural gas mentioned in this chapter so far. List which uses you personally experience in an average month.

ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITY

• OBJECTIVES:

–Describe the structure of the atom and the atomic nucleus.

–Explain how unstable nuclei become stable by releasing radiation.  

REACTIONS AND REACTORS

• OBJECTIVES–Discuss the fission chain

reactions that power nuclear reactors

–Diagram the structure and function of a nuclear reactor.

Objective Revisited

Diagram the structure and function of a nuclear reactor.

OBJECTIVE REVISITED

Define radioactive waste, explain the dangers that arise from it and state the problems involved in the safe disposal of radioactive wastes.

OBJECTIVE REVISITED

Write a personal response to your thoughts about the Chernobyl accident.