,yq;iff;fhd njrpaj; njhopyhsh gyk;ngahtf; nfhs;if · ,yq;iff;fhd njrpaj; njhopyhsh gyk;ngahtf;...

,yq;iff;fhdNjrpaj; njhopyhsH

Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;if

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R

Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp MjuT

rHtNjr njhopy; mYtyfk;> nfhOk;G

xf;NlhgH 2008

I

Kd;Diu

,yq;if fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fspy; Gyk;ngaH vz;zpf;ifapy; gj;J klq;F mjpfhpg;igf;fz;Ls;sJ. NkYk; RkhH 200>000 Ml;fspd; tUlhe;j ntspg;gha;itf; nfhz;ljhfg; gj;J,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; $ba Gyk;ngaHe;NjhH ntspehl;by; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdnud elg;G kjpg;gPLfs;$Wfpd;wd. fle;j gy Mz;Lfshf ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G> gz mDg;gPLfspd; fzprkhdcl;gha;Tfis cUthf;fpAs;sJld; cs;ehl;Lj; njhopypd;ik mOj;jq;fspd; fLikiaf; Fiwj;J>tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fSf;Fj; njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fisAk; toq;fpAs;sJ.

nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fk; rKjhaj;Jf;Fk; fly;fle;j njhopYf;fhd Gyk;ngaHtpd; njhlHfpd;wKf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; nghUl;L> Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf;fhd mjd; ePz;lfhyj; njhiyNehf;ifAk;,yf;FfisAk; <Lghl;Lf; flg;ghl;ilAk; njspthff; $Wtjw;F Kd;Dhpikf; ftdk;nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifia tphpTgLj;Jjy; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk;jw;Nghija ftdj;Jf;FhpaJk; fhyg;nghUj;jkhdJkhFk;. fly;fle;j Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhd epWtdk;rhHe;j> rl;l kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;Jk; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;l 1980fspd;eLg;gFjpapd; gpd;dH Kf;fpakhd nghUshjhu r%f kw;Wk; murpay; tsHr;rpfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,itnghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ cyfkakhf;fy; Nghf;Ffspd; jhf;fk;> Gyk;ngaUk; vz;zpf;ifapy; JhpjkhdtsHr;rp kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlHGila tLg;gLepiy> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gifg; gpur;rpidfs;>Gyk;ngaHtpd; mjpfhpj;j ngz;kakhf;fk;> Gyk;ngaHtpd; r%f jhw;ghpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Gyk;ngaHnjhopyhsH njhlHghd rHtNjr rhjdq;fspd;ghy; ,yq;ifapd; <Lghl;Lf; flg;ghL vd;gitnjhlHghdit. ,yq;if vy;yhg; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfspdJk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk;chpikfspd; ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpa rHtNjr rkthaj;ij 1995 ,y; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. mJ ~I.vy;.X|Kf;fpa rkthaq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,g;NghJ cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJld; Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd;tphpTgLj;jYf;F cWjpahdNjhH mj;jpthukhfj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHT gw;wpa ~I.vy;.X| gyjug;Gr;rl;lfj;ijAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. murhq;fj;jpd; gj;jhz;Lf; fhl;rp vy;iy mgptpUj;jpr; rl;lfKk;(2006-2016) Vw;Gila Ntiyf;fhd Njrpa nray;jpl;lKk; nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fj; njhopyhsHGyk;ngaHtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sd. Gyk;ngaHitAk; mgptpUj;jp ,izg;Gf;fisAk;Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd cyfshtpa mbnaLg;Gf;fSld; ,yq;ifAk; ,ize;Js;sJ.

,r; #oiktpy;jhd; vdJ mikr;R rHtNjr njhopy; mYtyfj;jpd; (I.vy;.X) njhopy;El;gcjtpAld; Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifia tpUj;jp nra;aj; jPHkhdpj;jJ. ,q;Ftphpthff; $wg;gl;Ls;s Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifahdJ njd;dhrpag;gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;fhd jdpj;JtkhdJk; Kd;NdhbahdJkhd XH mbnaLg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wjhf> Nkw;gbtsHr;rpfSf;F Muha;e;J KbTnra;ag;gl;l xU gjpyspg;ghFk;. mJ vy;yh Mz;fSf;Fk;ngz;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpuKk; nfsutKk; ghJfhg;Gk; xg;GuTk; nfhz;l epiyikfspd; fPo;Vw;GilaJk; gaDs;sJkhd njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk;ngaHtpy; <LgLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisKd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhfr; rHtNjr rhjdq;fspy; Nghw;wpg; Ngzg;gLk; ey;yhl;rpAk; chpikfSk;nghWg;GfSk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTr; nray;Kiwnahd;iwcWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd murpd; <Lghl;Lf; flg;ghl;ilj; njspTglf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;if Mtzk;mf;fiwAs;s gq;fPLghl;lhsHfs; - nghUj;jkhd murhq;f mikr;Rf;fSk; KftH epWtdq;fSk;>njhopy;toq;FdH kw;Wk; njhopyhsH mikg;Gf;fs;> Gyk;ngaHNthH rq;fq;fs;> rptpy; rKjhak;kw;Wk; njhlHGila rHtNjr KftH epWtdq;fs; - vy;NyhH kj;jpapYk; elj;jg;gl;l xU tphpthdfye;jhNyhridr; nray;KiwapD}lhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j; Njrpaf; nfhs;if murhq;fj;jpd;nfhs;iff; flg;ghLfis tFj;Jiug;gJld; fye;jhNyhridr; nray;Kiwapd;NghJ gq;fPLghl;lhsHfs; midtuhYk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l rthy;fisAk; nfhs;ifg; gjpyspg;GfisAk;tphpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,f;nfhs;if> vOe;Js;s Kf;fpa nfhs;ifr; rthy;fspYk;gpur;rpidfspYk; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;w tphpthd Ntiyj; jpl;lnkhd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

II

vdJ jiyikg; nghWg;gpd; fPo; xU Kj;jug;G topg;gL;j;Jk; FO (K.t.F) Njrpaj; njhopyhsHGyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifia tFg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghapUe;jJ. K.t.F. nfhs;ifapd; tphpthf;fj;Jf;FMl;rpKiw> Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfspdJk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gk; tYtspg;Gk;>Gyk;ngaHTk; mgptpUj;jpAk; Mfpa %d;W Kf;fpa ftdf;Ftpg;Gg; gug;Gfis milahsk; fz;lJ.mJ ,g;gug;Gfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mDgtKk; <LghLKs;s gq;fPLghl;lhsHfisf;nfhz;l %d;W nray; mzpfis epakpj;jJ. ,k; %d;W nrayzpfspd; fye;jhuha;Tfspd;mbg;gilapy; K.t.FOtpd; xl;Lnkhj;j topfhl;lypd; fPo; Njrpaf; nfhs;if tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;lJ.,t;tiuTf; nfhs;if gpd;dH vy;yh khfhzq;fisAk; NrHe;j NguhsHfs; mlq;fpa gue;jmbg;gilapyhd Njrpaf; fye;jhNyhridnahd;wpy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L mjw;fpzq;fj;jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. nrayzpfspd; cWg;gpdHfs;> K.t.F.> Njrpa MNyhrfHfs; kw;Wk; ~I.vy;.X| vd;gittoq;fpa ngUkjpg;G tha;e;j gq;fspg;Gfs; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; vdJ mikr;R mjd; ghuhl;LjiyvOj;jpy; nghwpf;f tpiofpd;wJ.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R Njrpaj; njhopyhsHGyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjpy; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ,r; nray;Kiwapy;Kf;fpa gq;fPLghl;lhsHfs; midthpdJk; jPHTfl;lg; gq;FfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;w vdJ mikr;R> fly; fle;j njhopiyj; NjLfpd;w vy;yh ,yq;ifg; ngz;fSf;Fk;Mz;fSf;Fk; nfsutk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xg;GuT Mfpa epiyikfspd; fPo; Gyk;ngaHitcWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtHfspd; g+uz xj;Jiog;ig ek;gpAs;sJ. NkYk; mikr;R nfhs;ifapd;mKyhf;fr; nray;Kiwiaf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fkhd gy gq;fPLghl;lhsHnghwpKiwnahd;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjidj; jhNd <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

nfn`ypa uk;Gf;nty;y> gh.c.ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rHjtprhsH> Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FO>Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;if.

xf;NlhgH 2008ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;RnfhOk;G - 1.

III

ed;wpf; fzpg;Gf;fs;

fhyg;nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ,yq;iff;fhd Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifapd;mgptpUj;jpahdJ murhq;f kw;Wk; jdpahHJiw epWtdq;fs;> njhopy;toq;FdHfs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;kw;Wk; murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w gy;NtW jdpg;gl;ltHfspd;md;ghd cjtpapdJk; xj;Jiog;gpdJk; %yk; rhj;jpakhf;fg;gl;lJ.

,r; nray;Kiwia topg;gLj;Jtjpy; mthpd; <Lghl;Lf;Fk; jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; nfsut mikr;rHfyh. nfn`ypa uk;Gf;nty;y mtHfSf;Fk; ehd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;. ,j; Njrpaf; nfhs;iff;Fmbg;gilahf mike;j jkJ mDgtq;fisAk; rpwg;gwpitAk; Ez;zwpTj; jpwd;fisAk; gfpHe;Jnfhs;tjpy; jkJ tpiykjpf;f Kbahj Neuj;ij toq;fpa Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FOcWg;gpdHfSk; nraw;FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfSk; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gfis ehd; ed;wpawpjYld;xg;Gf;nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifia tFg;gjpy; rHtNjr njhopy; mYtyk; toq;fpanjhopy;El;g kw;Wk; epjpahjuit ehd; ed;wpawpjYld; xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. I.vy;.X. nfhOk;GmYtyfg; gzpg;ghsH> iud; ];NuHNkh]; mtHfSf;Fk;> I.vy;.X. nfhOk;G mYtyf epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lmYtyH gpuNkhjpdp tPuNrfu mtHfSf;Fk;> I.vy;.X. n[dPth> Gyk;ngaHT gw;wpa rpNu\;lrpwg;Gj;JiwahsH fyh. gparpwp tpf;fpukNrfu mtHfSf;Fk; ,f;nfhs;ifia tFf;fpd;w nray;Kiwg+uhTk; mtHfspd; topfhl;lYf;Fk; cjtpf;Fk; njhopy;El;g cs;sPLfSf;Fk; vdJ tpNrled;wpfis ehd; vOj;jpy; nghwpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

ukzp [aRe;ju mtHfSf;F> Njrpa njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf; nfhs;ifia tFg;gjw;fhdnray;Kiw KfhikahsH vd;w Nfhjhtpy; ,r;nray;Kiw g+uhTk; mthpd; gq;fspg;Gf;Fk;<Lghl;Lf;Fk; mHg;gzpg;Gf;Fk;> nray;Kiwapy; cjtpajw;fhf yf;khyp jrehaf;f mtHfSf;Fk;ehd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;. nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; r%ff; nfhs;ifg; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;Muha;r;rp epiyaj;ij (SPARC) NrHe;j NguhrphpaH rpwp n`l;bNf kw;Wk; fyh. khHf]; NkaH Mfpa,U MNyhrfHfSk; Mw;wpa ngUkjpg;Gs;s gq;fspg;igAk; ehd; ed;wpajYld; xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;irAk; ,yq;if ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gg; gzpafj;ijAk; NrHe;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l mYtyHfs; midtUf;Fk; mtHfspd;gq;fspg;Gf;Fk; tpiykjpf;f Kbahj Ez;zwpTj; jpwd;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhHe;j ed;wpfisj;njhptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

Rdpy; vy;. rpwpNrdnrayhsH>ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gifmikr;R

xf;NlhgH 2008ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;RnfhOk;G - 1

IV

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHT gw;wpa ,yq;ifj; Njrpaf; nfhs;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;Gkw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpdhy; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs; Vida ehLfspy;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,yq;ifg; gpuirfs; njhlHghd mur nfhs;ifiaj; njspTglf; $WjYk;me;epar; nryhtzp mDg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; NtW nghwpKiwfs; Clhfj; Njrpag; nghUshjhuj;Jf;F,yq;ifapd; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsH midtUk; Mw;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;igxg;Gf;nfhs;SjYkhFk;. ,f;nfhs;if nghUshjhuj;jpy; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHtpd; gq;F njhlHgpy;ePz;lfhyj; njhiyNehf;nfhd;iw tpUj;jpnra;jy;> nghUshjhuk;> rKjhak;> Gyk;ngaHnjhopyhsHfs;> mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHtpd; ed;ikfisNkk;gLj;Jjy;> mjd; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis ,optsthf;Fjy;> ,Wjpahf Gyk;ngaHnjhopyhsHfspd; vy;yh kdpj chpikfSk; njhopy; chpikfSk; epiwNtw;wg;gLjiyAk;ghJfhf;fg;gLjiyAk; Nehf;fpg; gzpahw;Wjy; Mfpa ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fle;j Mz;Lfspy; ,yq;if> njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTr; nray;Kiwapy; Ml;rpKiw> Gyk;ngaHnjhopyhsHfspdJk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gk; eyNdhk;GifAk; Mfpa tplaq;fiscs;slf;fpa gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisAk; tifJiw Vw;ghLfisAk; jhgpj;Js;sJ. nghpJk;Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf> Gyk;ngaHtpy; MHtKs;stHfSf;Fr; NritfisAk; xOq;FgLj;Jk;rl;lfnkhd;iwAk; toq;Ffpd;w ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpak; (SLBFE) 1997 Kjy;jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2007 Mk; Mz;by; ,J ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpd; (MFEPW) fUj;njy;iyapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,e;j mbnaLg;Gfs;Vw;Gila njhopy;> njhopypd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfspdJk; mtHfspd;FLk;gq;fspdJk; vy;yh kdpj chpikfspdJk; Rje;jpuq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;G vd;w Nfhl;ghl;Lr;rl;lfj;jpDs; njhopw;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mbnaLg;Gfspd; kj;jpapYk; ,yq;if ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gj;Jiw Mgj;jhdJk; ghJfhg;gw;wJkhd epiyikfspd; fPo; Gyk;ngaHfpd;wnjhopyhshpd; tLg;gLk; epiy> njhifFiwe;j mDg;gPLfs; tpQ;rpNkk;gLjy;> gpujhdkhfg;ngz;fSf;Fj; jpwd; Fiwe;j NtiyfSk; mjd; tpisthf mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fSf;Fg; ghhpa r%f,og;GfSk; Nghd;w gy;NtW rthy;fisj; njhlHe;Jk; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;ig Cf;Ftpj;jYf;Fk; ntspehl;bYs;s Njrpaj; njhopyhsiug; ghJfhj;jYf;Fk;,ilapy; Ez;zpa rkepiyiag; NgZjnyd;gJ njhlHr;rpahd xU rthyhfpAs;sJ. ,d;iwaNjrpaf; nfhs;if ,jpYk; Vida rthy;fspYk; ftdQ;nrYj;jf; $bajhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; ,j; Njrpaf; nfhs;if> vy;yh Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; Rje;jpuk;> xg;GuT> ghJfhg;Gkw;Wk; kdpj nfsutk; vd;w epiyikfspd; fPo; Vw;GilaJk; gaDs;sJkhd njhopYf;fhfg;Gyk;ngaHtpy; <LgLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jidg;Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfSf;Fk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fSf;Fkhd nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs;> Nritfs; kw;Wk; trjpfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jhgpg;gjd; Clhfr; nra;tjw;F cj;Njrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfspdJk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;gpujhdkhdJk; gaDWjpAs;sJkhd xU topKiwahfj; NjHr;rpj; jpwd;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F tpNrlKf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;if Gyk;ngaHTr; nray;Kiwapd; Ml;rpKiw> Gyk;ngaHnjhopyhsHfspdJk; mtHfspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gk; tYtspg;Gk;> Gyk;ngaHitAk;mgptpUj;jpr; nray;KiwfisAk; ,izj;jy; vd;w %d;W gphpTfshf tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.Nkyjpfkhff; nfhs;if tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tphpthd rl;lfj;ijAk; fye;jhNyhridr; nray;KiwiaAk; MW gpd;dpizg;Gfs; tpthpf;fpd;wd.

KjyhtJ gphptpy; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTr; nray;Kiwia xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F ey;y Ml;rpKiw,d;wpaikahjnjdf; fz;Lzug;gLfpd;wJ. mJ nray;tpisTs;s epWtdq;fisAk; xOq;FtpjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ey;y Ml;rpKiwahdJ kdpj chpikfisg;ghJfhf;fTk; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpf;fTk; xg;Guthd r%f> nghUshjhu tpisTfisr; rhjpf;fTk;Ntz;Lk;. gq;Nfw;G> xspTkiwtpd;ik> tifg;nghWg;G vd;git ey;y Ml;rpKiwapd; Kf;fpa Mf;ff;

V

$Wfs;. epWtdk; rhHe;j rl;lfk;> rl;lthf;fr; rl;lfk;> xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lfKk; r%f ciuahlYk;kw;Wk; fye;jhNyhridr; rl;lfk; Mfpa ehd;F Kf;fpa gug;Gfs; Mo;e;J Muhag;glNtz;bAs;sd.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNehk;Gif mikr;R epWtdk; rhh;e;j rl;lfj;ijj;jhgpf;fpd;wJ. Vida Kf;fpa epWtdq;fs; mjd; Fiwepug;Gfpd;wd. elg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd;Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; jw;NghJs;s njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;Kiwfis kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fk;Njitahdtplj;J $l;Liog;ig trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fnkdj; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpaMNyhridf; FOnthd;Wk; mikr;RfSf;fpilapyhd ,izg;Gf; FOnthd;Wk; jhgpf;fg;glTs;sd.,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafj;jpd; xOq;FgLj;Jk; gq;F xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLtJld;NkYk; tYg;gLj;jg;glTKs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Ml;Nrh;g;Gf;fhd njspthd topfhl;ly;fs; toq;fg;glTs;sJld; Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nray;KiwAk; $ba cd;dpg;ghff; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;L xOq;FgLj;jg;glTs;sJ. Ml;Nrh;g;G Kfth; epWtdq;fSf;F cah; elj;ijj; juq;fs; tpjpf;fg;gLtJld; jtWfspy;ftdQ;nrYj;Jtjw;Fj; jz;lid Vw;ghLfSk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjasT Kf;fpakhdjhfVw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ehLfspYs;s ,uh[je;jpuj; J}jufq;fspd; gq;Fk; nrayhw;wy;fSk; Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; topfhl;ly; Njitfis epiwNtw;wf; $badthf> gapw;rpf;fhdtsq;fspd; xJf;fPL> Nritfspy; $ba cs;slf;fk;> nghUj;jkhd trjpfspd; jhgpjk;vd;gtw;wpD}lhf tYg;gLj;jg;glTs;sd.

rl;lthf;fr; rl;lfk; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpj; jw;NghJs;s Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;Jf;F,zq;fpajhf;fg;glTs;sJ. jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s rl;lkhd ,yq;if ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gg; gzpafr; rl;lk; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L VNjDk; ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;Fj;jpUj;jq;fs; Kd;nkhopag;gLk;. ,yq;if vy;yhg; Gyk; ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd;FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpa rh;tNjr rkthaj;jpYk; NtWk; mNef rh;tNjr rkthaq;fspYk;rl;lfq;fspYk; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU jug;ghAs;sJ. vdNt ,f;flg;ghLfs;> nghUj;jkhdtplj;Jrl;lthf;f eltbf;iffs; Clhf epiwNtw;wg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpfs;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafj;jhy; fz;fhzpf;fg;gLk; xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lfk;>vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;Fk; Njh;r;rpj; jpwd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd vspjpy; mZff; $ba xg;Guthdtha;g;Gf;fis cWjpg;gLj;JjiyAk; mjd; %yk; Njh;r;rpj; jpwDs;s njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;itCf;Ftpj;jiyAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. Gyk; ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; chpikfisg; ghJfhf;fpd;w fly;fle;j njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fis Cf;Ftp;g;gjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLk;. ,J Fwpg;ghfj; Njh;r;rpj;jpwd;Fiwe;j njhopyhsh;fSf;Fj; Njh;r;rpj;jpwd;fis toq;Fjy;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fepahakhd> Nghjpa Cjpaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;> J\;gpuNahfk;> kPwy; kw;Wk; Ruz;ly;gpur;rpidfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;Jjy;> kdpj td;flj;jy; gpur;rpidfisj; jLj;jYk; rPh;g;gLj;jYk;vd;gdtw;wpD}lhfr; rhjpf;fg;gLk;. ,Wjpahf Gyk; ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; gq;Fgw;wiyAk;fye;jhNyhridiaAk; Nehf;fp mth;fspd; thf;fspf;Fk; chpikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpfs;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

,uz;lhtJ gphpT Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gk;tYtspg;Gk; njhlh;ghdJ. muR Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk;ghJfhg;Gf;fhd mbg;gilg; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;snjd;w tifapy; Gyk; ngah;Tr; nray;Kiwapd;%d;W fl;lq;fspYk; Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fisAk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;mth;fSf;F tYtspg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;Ngw;fpd;wJ. ,f;fl;lq;fshtd:- Gwg;gLiff;F Kd;dh; (jPh;khdk;nra;tjpypUe;J gapw;rpf;Fk; mjpypUe;J Gyk;ngah;Tf;fhd Maj;jj;Jf;Fk;)> Nritf;fhyk;(njhopyhsh; NtiyapYk; FLk;gq;fs; ,q;F tplg;gl;Lk;) kw;Wk; jpUk;gptuYk; kPsxd;wpizjYk;(kPs xd;wpizjYf;Fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLjYf;Fk; ghuhl;lg;gLjYf;Fkhd ftdj;Jld;). Fwpg;ghfmuR> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; eyNdhk;GifiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lmth;fspd; Njhw;wg;ghl;Lf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;rj; Njitfis tpjpg;gjw;Fk; Gyk;ngaUk; tha;g;Gs;snjhopyhsh;fs; Ntiyf;fhfg; Gyk;ngah;tjw;F mwpt+l;lg;gl;l> Mo;e;J Muha;e;j KbTfisvLf;ff;$bajhd #onyhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> xOq;fw;w nfLtof;fhd Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nray;

VI

Kiwfis NkYk; ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fis cstpay; hPjpahfTk; njhopy;hPjpahfTk; Maj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Vw;ghLfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;nghWg;Ngw;Fk;. ,J cstpay; kw;Wk; nghJr; Rfhjhu MNyhridiaAk; MjuitAk;cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; my;yJ Mjutspf;Fk; ehLfspYs;s ,uh[je;jpuj; J}jufq;fs;Gyk; ngah; njhopyhsh;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mtw;wpd; flikf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;fNtz;Lnkd;gJld; NjitAs;s vy;yhj; njhopyhsh;fSk; ghJfhg;ghfj; jha;ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUg;gpmDg;gg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. jpUk;gptuYk; kPsxd;wpizjYk; chpikfspdJk;Rje;jpuq;fspdJk; KOikahd ghJfhg;Gld; ,lk;ngWjiy cWjpg;gLj;jy; jiyaha Kf;fpakhdJ.Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; gps;isfspd; ghJfhg;gpYk; eyNdhk;GifapYk; mjw;Fs;s nghWg;igAk;muR xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

Gwg;gLiff;F Ke;jpa fl;lj;jpy; muR taJ> vOj;jwpT> njhpTnra;ag;gl;l Ntiy tFjpfSf;fhdnghUj;jg;ghL vd;git njhlh;gpy; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf;Fj; jFjpngWtjw;fhd Fiwe;j gl;rj;Njitfisj; jhgpf;Fk;. njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk; ngah;jy; jd;dpr;irahd xU Kbntd;gijAk; vy;yhg;gpui[fSk; mDgtpf;fpd;w Xh; chpik vd;gijAk; xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;w muR> Gyk; ngaUk; tha;g;Gs;sMz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; mth;fs; njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk; ngaUk; Kbit vLf;fpd;wnray;Kiwapy; cjTtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJld; jg;Gtopfhl;Lfpd;w jfty;fs;gug;gg;gLjiyj; jLf;fTk; nra;Ak;. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; Ml;Nrh;g;gpy; Ruz;liyAk;J\;gpuNahfj;ijAk; jLg;gjw;Fk; jpwikiaAk; Mw;wiyAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd gapw;rp newpfisj;juKah;j;Jtjw;Fk; fly; fle;j gpuahzj;jpw;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; Maj;jg;gLj;Jtjpy; cjTtjw;Fk;>Gwg;gLiff;F Kd; Njitahd vy;yh kUj;Jtr; NrhjidfisAk; elj;Jtjw;Fkhd Vw;ghLfs;nra;tpf;fg;gLk;. Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fs; Gwg;gLiff;F Ke;jpa cstsj;JiziaAk; fly; fle;jehl;by; Ntiynra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fkhd cstpay; Maj;j epiyiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bath;fshapUg;gh;.

Nritf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ muR Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fisr; Ruz;lypypUe;Jk; J\;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;Jk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd nghwpKiwfis toq;FtJld; Mjutspf;Fk; ehLfspYs;s ,yq;if,uh[je;jpuj; J}jufq;fs;> xt;nthU ehl;bYk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; midtUf;Fk; cjTtjw;fhdKiwikfisAk; NritfisAk; Nghjpastpy; nfhz;bUj;jiyAk; mth;fspd; ghJfhg;igAk;eyNdhk;GifiaAk; Nehf;fp Kd;$l;br; nraw;gLk; Kiwapy; gzpahw;WjiyAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Ff; fhg;GWjp> Xa;t+jpak; kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mlq;fyhfed;ikfisAk; NritfisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lnkhd;W murpdhy; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;L mJvy;yhg; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;.Ml;Nrh;;;g;G Kfth; epWtdq;fs; kPJ xg;ge;jg; nghWg;igAk;> rl;lf; flg;ghl;ilAk; Rkj;Jtjd;Clhfj; jha; ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUg;gpaDg;Gk; nfhs;if ifahsg;gLk;. ,Wjpahf muR gjpT> fz;fhzpg;Gkw;Wk; tpNrl ed;ikfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfg; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; gps;isfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd nfhs;ifr; rl;lfnkhd;iw tFf;Fk;.

jpUk;gp tUjypd; Nghpy; muR Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;F jpUk;gp tuy; kw;Wk; kPsxd;wpizj;jy;Nritfis trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghwpKiwnahd;iw tbtikj;Jr; nraw;gLj;Jk;. ,J Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fis chpaKiwapy; mq;fPfhpj;jy;> NritfSf;fhd Kd;Dhpik tha;g;igmDgtpg;gjw;F mth;fis ,ayr; nra;jy;> tpkhd epiyaj;ij milifapy; tpNrl Nritfs;> kPs;xd;wpizg;Gf;fhd topfhl;lYk; jpwd;fSk;> thpr; rYiffs;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;gps;isfSf;F tpNrl ed;ikfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fk;. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; ntw;wpfukhdkPs; xd;wpizg;Gf;fhd xU #oiyg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F nray;tpisTs;s kw;nwhU topKiwahfrptpy; rKjha epWtdq;fisAk; njhopw;rq;fq;fisAk; muR fz;Lzh;fpd;wJ.

Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd; ,WjpahdJk; %d;whtJkhd gphpT Ntiytha;g;Gf;Fk; nghUshjhutsh;r;rpf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; tUkhd cUthf;fj;Jf;Fk; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;tpd; gq;fspg;igxg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;wjhf> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah; nray;Kiwfis ,izj;jy; njhlh;ghdJ.jpUk;gpa Gyk;ngah;e;NjhUk; Njrpa vy;iyfisf; fle;j Gyk;ngah;e;NjhUk; KjyPLfs;> njhopy;El;g

VII

kw;Wk; Njh;r;rpj; jpwd;fspd; ifkhw;wk;> kdpj %yjd cUthf;fk;> r%f %yjdNkk;ghL> th;j;jfkw;Wk; tpahghu ,izg;Gfspd; Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; ey;y Ml;rpKiw Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gq;fspf;fpd;wdh;.ePz;lfhy Nehf;fpy; ePLWjpahd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp;f;Fk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd Xh; cghakhff;fly; fle;j Ntiytha;g;igf; fUj Kbahnjd;gij kdjpy; nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; njhopyhsh; Gyk; ngah;tpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;Gfis muR xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;muR jhafj;jpy; Vw;Gila Ntiytha;Gf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJk; nry;tj;jpdJk; mgptpUj;jped;ikfspdJk; xg;Guthd gfph;it Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJkhd <Lghl;Lf;flg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,e;Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; Gjpa fly; fle;j re;ijfSk; tha;g;Gf;fSk; Njbf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;glTk;Cf;Ftpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,J ,yq;ifah;fSf;F ,yq;iff;F ntspNa njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fspd;Cf;Ftpg;igAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. ntspehLfspy; njhopy; re;ij kjpg;gPLfSk;re;ijg; gFg;gha;TfSk; re;ij Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fSk; Njhd;wp tUfpd;w tha;g;Gf;fisAk; Gjpafpuhf;fpfisAk; cWjpahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjTk;.

NkYk; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; Gyk;ngah;tpd; gq;if typAWj;Jtjw;Fj; Njrpa mgptpUj;jp>Vw;Gila Ntiy> njhopy; re;ij> tWikf; Fiwg;Gf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;Wld; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L ngUk;Nghf;fpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,Jnjhopyhsh; Gyk; ngah;thdJ nghUj;jkhd nfhs;ifr; rl;lfq;fs; vy;yhtw;WlDk;$l;bizf;fg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F> Vida Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr Kfth; epWtdq;fSlDk;jpizf;fsq;fSlDk; Nrh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xj;jpirtpf;fg;gl;l xU Kaw;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;.Njh;r;rpj; jpwDs;s njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;it Cf;Ftpj;jy;> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah;Tr;nray;Kiwfis ,izg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Xh; cah; fyg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; mgptpUj;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jYk;> tha;g;Gs;s Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; Njh;r;rpj;jpwDs;sth;fshtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfhpj;jYk; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Fcyfshtpa Nghl;bfukhd xU Ntiyazp> Njh;r;rpj;jpwd;fis toq;Fjy;> gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ml;Nrh;g;Geyd;fis cr;r mstpdjhf;Fjw;fhd tiyaikg;ghf;fk;> nkhopf; fw;ifAk; ghpkhw;w epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; chpikfspdJk; Rje;jpuq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iw,yf;fhff; nfhz;l nghUj;jkhd kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; Njit.

mgptpUj;jpapy; Gyk;ngah; mDg;gPLfspd; gq;F> Fwpg;ghfg; gps;isfSf;fhd fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhueyk; NgZif Mfpatw;wpD}lhf kdpj %yjd cUthf;fj;jpy; mjd; gq;F NkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy;tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;glTk; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. Gyk; ngah; mDg;gPLfs;> gps;isfspd;fy;tpiaAk; Rfhjhu eyk; NgZifiaAk; ,ayr; nra;fpd;w jdpg;gl;l FLk;gf; ifkhw;wq;fshjyhy;mDg;gPLfspd; njhifia mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk;> ifkhw;wr; nryTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> gzk;mDg;Gtjw;fhd epWtd hPjpahd njhpTfis mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. Gyk; ngah;Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fSk; KjyPl;L Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSk; Gyk; ngah; mDg;gPLfs; mgptpUj;jpf;FNeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; gq;fspf;ff; $ba NtW topKiwfshFk;.

Gyk;ngah; jpUk;gYk; Row;rpAk; jpwd;fspd; ifkhw;wj;Jf;Fk; Mf;f tsKs;s njhopYf;Fk;Kuz;ghlw;w r%f xUq;fpizg;Gf;Fk; Kf;fpa tha;g;Gf;fshAs;sd. ,yq;if ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gg; gzpafk; jpUk;gptUk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;F mth;fs; Gwg;gLk; fl;lj;jpy;njhlq;fp cs;ehl;L Ntiytha;g;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; Njrpa kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpf;fhfmth;fspd; Njh;r;rpj; jpwd;fisAk; tha;g;G tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd nghwpKiwnahd;iwtbtikj;Jr; nraw;gLj;Jk;. ,jw;F Mjuthf KjyPl;Lf;Fk; njhopy; Kaw;rp cUthf;fj;Jf;FkhdxOq;fhd Ma;TfSk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fly; fle;j ehLfspy; Njh;r;rpj;jpwDs;snjhopy; ty;Ydh;fshf Ntiy nra;fpd;w ,yq;ifah;fs; jpUk;gpte;J jha;ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fg;gq;fspg;gjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mth;fspd; tsq;fisAk; Njh;r;rpj;jpwd;fisAk; epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njrpa vy;iy fle;j r%fq;fis <LgLj;Jjy;kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa cghakhFk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf cynfq;Fk; gutpAs;sth;fs; gw;wpa jfty;jpul;Ljy;> Njrpa vy;iy fle;j r%f epWtdq;fSld; ,izg;Gfs;> cynfq;Fk; gutpAs;s vkJtpQ;QhdpfSlDk; Gj;jp[PtpfSlDk; tiyaikg;ghf;fk; vd;git Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.

VIII

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa tphpthd jfty; kw;Wk; juTj; jsj;jpd; Njit fz;Lzug;gl;Ls;sJ.Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; Njhw;wg;ghLfSk; vz;zpf;iffSk; gw;wp ek;gj;jf;f Kiwapy;mwptpf;fpd;w Ma;TfSk; xOq;fhd fz;fhzpg;Gk; mgptpUj;jp> njhopyhsh; Gyk; ngah;T> ghJfhg;Gkw;Wk; ey;y Ml;rpKiw Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapy; NkYk; rpwe;j nghUj;jj;ijr; rhjpg;gjw;fhdtopKiwfshFk;. NkYk; ,J gy;tifg;gl;l gpd;dzpfisAk; tFjpfisAk; Nrh;e;j Gyk; ngah;njhopyhsh;fSf;Ff; $Ljyhf NtWgLj;jg;gl;l Nritfs; toq;fg;gLjiy ,ayr; nra;Ak;.ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R ,yq;ifah;fspd; Gyk;ngah;gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPh;Tfis Kidg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; ntspehl;by; mth;fspd; Cjpak; kpf;fnjhopypd; Cf;Ftpg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,yq;ifg; Gyk;ngah; Ma;Tfs; epWtfj;ijj; jhgpf;Fk;. ,j;Njrpaf; nfhs;ifahdJ mjd; tpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwapy; Kf;fpa gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fspd; g+uzkhd>jPtpu gq;Nfw;Gld; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa ,j;Njrpaf; nfhs;ifia Kd;ndLj;Jr;nry;tjw;fhd KOg;nghWg;igAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,r; nray;Kiwapy; Kf;fpa gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fspdJk; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspdJk; gq;FfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;wmikr;R ,f;nfhs;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis va;Jtjw;F mth;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ek;gpAs;sJ.ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R ,f;nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;jy;gw;wpAk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; va;jg;gLjy; gw;wpAk; fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; jpUk;g mwpf;ifapLtjw;FkhdnghwpKiwfisj; jhgpf;Fk;.

cs;slf;fk;

mwpKfk; .................................................................................................................................................1

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;iff; $w;W .............................................................7

njhopyhsh; gphpT 1: Gyk;ngah;r;rpr; nray;Kiwapd; MSif .......................................................9

gphpT 2: Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gk; tYtspg;Gk; ...................................................19

gphpT 3: Gyk;ngah;itAk; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;KiwfisAk; ,izj;jy; ............33

gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,yq;ifapy; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;Kiw ..........................................41

gpd;dpizg;G 2 nfsutk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xg;GuT Mfpa epiyikfspd; fPo; Gyk;ngah;it cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rh;tNjrf; flg;ghLfs; ....................47

gpd;dpizg;G 3 njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa Njrpar; rl;lk; ....................................................49

gpd;dpizg;G 4 crhj;Jizfs; ............................................................................................................51

gpd;dpizg;G 5 Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; ......................................................55

gpd;dpizg;G 6 nraw; FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; ..............................................................................57

1

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa ,yq;ifj;Njrpaf; nfhs;if NtW ehLfspy; njhopypy;<Lgl;Ls;s ,yq;ifg; gpui[fs; njhlh;gpyhdmurf; nfhs;ifiaj; njspTglf; $Wtjw;fhfntspehl;L Ntiy tha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpdhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; nfhs;if gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffisf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. nghUshjhuj;jpy; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;tpd; gq;Ff;fhd ePz;l fhyj;njhiyNehf;nfhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

2. nghUshjhuk;> rKjhak;> Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;tpd; ed;ikfis Nkk;gLj;JjYk; mjd; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis,optsthf;FjYk;.

3 Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;1 vy;yhkdpj chpikfSk; njhopy; chpikfSk; epiwNtw;wg;gLjiyAk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjiyAk; Nehf;fpg; gzpahw;Wjy;.

,yq;ifapypUe;J rh;tNjrj; njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;T fle;j ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; gj;Jklq;fpw;Fk; $Ljyhf mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. gj;J,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; $ba Gyk;ngah;e;Njhh; ntspehLfspy; Ntiynra;fpd;w mNjNtisapy;mz;ikf; fhy tUlhe;j ntspg;gha;Tfs; ruhrhpahf Vwf;Fiwa 200>000 Ml;fnsd mz;ikf;fhy kjpg;gPLfs; $Wfpd;wd. fle;j gyMz;Lfshf ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G gzmDg;gPLfspd; fzprkhd cl;gha;TfiscUthf;fpAs;sJld; cs;ehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;Fk; ghJfhg;ghd xUtopf; fjthfTk;nraw;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;ehl;Lj; njhopy; mzpapy;Kd;dh; Cf;fkhf <Lgl;bUf;fKbahj mNef

ngz;fSf;F fly; fle;j Gyk;ngah;T njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fisj; jpwe;Jtpl;Ls;sJ. 2007Mk;Mz;L Kjy; ,yq;if murhq;fk; Njh;r;rpj;jpwDs;s njhopyhsh;fspd; Gyk;ngah;itmjpfhpg;gjpYk; Njh;r;rpj;jpwd; Fiwe;j njhopyhsh;fspd; (tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fshf mkh;j;jg;gLk; ngz; njhopyhsh;fs; cl;gl) ntspg;gha;itf; Fiwg;gjpYk; Fwpg;ghd mOj;jk;nfhLj;Js;sJ.

mwpKfk;

vy;yhg; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk;mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; chpikfspd;ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wpa rh;tNjr (I.eh)rkthaj;jpd; Kfg;Giu 1990

,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJk;rh;tNjr r%fj;jpYs;s ngUe;njhifahdmuRfisg; ghjpf;fpd;wJkhd Gyk;ngah;ntd;w ,ay; epfo;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; gunty;iyiaAk; czh;e;J.

rk;ge;jg;gl;l muRfs; kPJk; kf;fs; kPJk;Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; gha;Tfspd; jhf;fj;ijAk;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fisAk;mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fisAk; elj;Jjy;njhlh;gpy; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjD}lhf muRfspd; kdg;ghq;Ffis,irTgLj;Jtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baepakq;fs; jhgpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;w tpUg;gj;ijAk; njhpe;J.

Vidatw;wpd; kj;jpapy; mth;fspd; nrhe;jmurpy; mth;fs; ,y;yhikapdhYk; njhopy;nra;Ak; murpy; mth;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wikahy;vjph;nfhs;sf;$ba rpukq;fspd; epkpj;jKk;Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSk; mth;fspd;FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSk; jhk; mbf;fbMshff; fhz;fpd;w tLg;gLk; epiyiaf;fUj;jpw;nfhz;L>

vq;qZk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk;mth;fspd; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fspdJk;chpikfs; Nghjpastpy; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iynad;Wk; vdNt nghUj;jkhd rh;tNjrg; ghJfhg;G Njitnad;Wk; cWjpahfek;Gfpd;wJ.

1tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

xU 'Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;" vd;gJ mth; xU Njrpag; gpui[ahf ,y;yhj Xh; murpy; Cjpakspf;fpd;w xU eltbf;ifapy; <LglTs;s><Lgl;Ls;s my;yJ <Lgl;bUe;j Xh; Misf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. (rh;tNjr rkthak;). ,J Mtzg;gLj;jpa kw;Wk; Mtzg;gLj;jhjnjhopyhsh;fisAk; ,yq;ifapypUe;J epue;jukhf my;yJ jw;fhypfkhfg; Gyk;ngah;e;Js;s njhopyhsh;fisAk; ntspehLfspypUe;J,yq;ifapy; Ntiy nra;fpd;w Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,q;F tphpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; Njrpaf; nfhs;if ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpd; Mizf;fpzq;f fly; fle;j njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk;ngah;fpd;w Njrpaj;njhopyhsh;fis kl;Lk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

'Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; FLk;gq;fs;" vd;gJ Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsiur; rhh;e;J tho;gth;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,J tho;f;ifj; Jizfs;>gps;isfs;> ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; $l;Lf; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fis cs;slf;fpaNghjpYk; mth;fs; kl;Lnkd;W tiuaWf;ftpy;iy.

2

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gj;jhz;Lj; jpl;lKk; Vw;GilaNtiyf;fhd Njrpaj; jpl;lKk;2 nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fj; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sd. gj;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk;fly; fle;j njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;it topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mbg;gil cghakhf 'ghJfhg;ghd> Njh;r;rpj; jpwDs;s Gyk;ngah;it"Kidg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. 2007 ngg;uthpapy;ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fhfj;jdpNtwhd Xh; mikr;R ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif

mikr;R cUthf;fg;gl;lik> ,yq;ifapy;njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sKd;Dhpikf;F kw;WNkhh; mwpFwpahFk;.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;gpy; Vwf;Fiwa %d;Wjrhg;j mDgtj;Jld; ,yq;if 1985 ,y;,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafk;jhgpf;fg;gl;lJld; njhlq;fp xU Kjph;r;rpahdfly; fle;j Ntiytha;g;G eph;thf Kiwiknahd;iw tpUj;jp nra;Js;sJ. ,t;tplae;njhlh;gpy; xg;gPlhf ,yq;if Vida MrpaehLfis tplr; rhjfkhd epiyapYs;sJ.vy;yhg; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;f

spd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; chpikfspd; ghJfhg;Gg;gw;wpa rh;tNjr rkthak; 1996,y; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lik Njrpa Gyk;ngah;Tr; rl;lj;Jf;Fk; eilKiwf;Fk; mbg;gilahd cUkhjphpr;rl;lfj;ij toq;fpaJ. 1985,d; mbg;gilr;rl;lthf;fr; rl;lfkhd ,yq;if ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gg; gzpafr; rl;lk;3 ,d;iwaNjitfSf;Fg; nghUe;jf; $bajhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. jpUj;jg;gl;l rl;lk;Njrpa rl;lrigf;F tpiutpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLnkd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tld; njhlh;Gilagy;tifg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp rhh;e;j> nghUshjhukw;Wk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; njhlh;gpy; ,yq;if fle;j gy Mz;Lfshf njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;Kiwapy; Ml;rpKiw> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gk; eyNdhk;GifAk;> Gyk;ngah;tpd;mgptpUj;jp ed;ikfis nka;ahf;Fjy; gw;wpatplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tifJiw Vw;ghLfisAk;jhgpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j mbnaLg;Gfs; vy;yhk;Vw;Gila Ntiy> njhopypd; nfsutk; kw;Wk;Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd;FLk;gq;fspdJk; vy;yh kdpj chpikfisAk;Rje;jpuq;fisAk; ghJfhj;jy; vd;w Nfhl;ghLfspd; rl;lfj;jpDs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

eilKiwapYs;s xU njhlh;thpirahd eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;l eltbf;iffspd; kj;jpapYk;,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gj;Jiwapy;njhlh;e;Jk; gy;NtW rthy;fis vjph;Nehf;Ffp;d;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; Vw;Gila Ntiyf;fhdNjrpaf; nfhs;ifapy; (NPDW)4 typAWj;jpAs;sthW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l vy;yhg; ghJfhg;Gfspd; kj;jpapYk; Mgj;jhdJk; ghJfhg;gw;wJkhd epiyikfspd; fPo; Gyk;ngah;fpd;wnjhopyhsh;fspd; tLg;gLk; epiy xU ngUk;gpur;rpidahAs;sJ. ngz; njhopyhsh; tpQ;rpNkk;gl;Ls;s Fiw Njh;r;rpj;jpwd; tFjpfspy;njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;tpd; nrwpT mjDld;njhlh;Gila ghJfhg;G> Fiwe;j CjpaKk;mjd; tpisthd Fiwe;j mDg;gPLfSk;gw;wpa gpur;rpidfSld; kw;WnkhU ngUk;

rh;tNjr rkthak;!

1. ,jd; gpd;dh; NtW tifapy; Vw;ghLnra;ag;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp> jw;Nghija rkthak; ghy;> rhfpak;> epwk;> nkhop> rkak;my;yJ gw;WWjp> murpay; my;yJ NtWmgpg;gpuhak;> Njrpa ,d my;yJ r%fj;Njhw;wk;> Njrpa ,dk;> taJ> nghUshjhuepiy> Mjdk;> tpthf epiy> gpwg;Gmy;yJ NtW epiy Nghd;w vt;tifahdNtWghLkpd;wp vy;yhg; Gyg;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;Vw;GilaJ.

2. jw;Nghija rkthak;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;Gyk;ngah;Tf;fhd Maj;jk;> Gwg;gLif>,ilg;Nghf;F> njhopy; GhpAk; murpy;jq;fpapUf;Fk; kw;Wk; Cjpakspf;fg;gLk;fhyk; KOtJk;> nrhe;j muRf;F my;yJtoikahf tjpAk; muRf;Fj; jpUk;gptUk;fhyk; KOtJk; Mfpatw;iwf;nfhz;ljhd Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;Kiwg+uhTk; Vw;Gilajhf Ntz;Lk;.

2 njhopy; cwTfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G mikr;R> ,yq;ifapy; Vw;Gila Ntiyf;fhd Njrpaf; nfhs;if> Mf];l; 2006> nfhOk;G3 1985 ,d; 21 Mk; ,yf;f4 Nkw;$wpa mNj

3

rthyhAs;sJ. Gyk; ngah;Tf;fhd gpujhdgaz ,yf;Ffshf tisFlh ehLfspy;,yq;if ngUksTf;Fj; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wjhfg;gaz ,yf;Ffspd; FWfpa tPr;R kw;WnkhUgpur;rpidahFk;. tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gLk; FLk;gq;fs; kPJk; gps;isfs; kPJkhd jhf;fj;jpd;gpufhuk; Gyk;ngah;tpd; r%fr; nryTmNefuhy; Kidg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.vdNt fly; fle;j Ntiytha;g;gpd; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;Fk; ntspehl;by; Njrpaj; njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; Ez;zparkepiyiag; NgZjy; njhlh;r;rpahd xUrthyhAs;sJ. NkYk; mNef Mz;Lfshf,uz;L gpy;ypad; nlhyh;fSf;Fk; $baGyk;ngah; mDg;gPLfspd; cl;gha;Tfisrpwg;gpay;ghff; nfhz;;;l Gyk;ngah;tpd; mgptpUj;jp ed;ikfis cr;r mstpdjhf;Ftjw;Ff; $ba xOq;F Kiwahd nfhs;ifnahd;W Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

1985 Kjy; ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafk; (SLBFE) njhopy; mikr;rpd; fPo;nraw;gl;lJ. 2007 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mJntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;WkeyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpd; (MFEPW) Nehf;nfy;iyapd; fPo; tUfpd;wJ.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R nfhs;if tFj;jy;>jpl;lkply;> fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; ntspehl;LNtiy tha;g;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd cWjpahdnghwpKiwnahd;iwj; jhgpg;gjw;F epjpaply;Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghAs;sJ. xU gue;jntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;Gtiyaikg;ghfr; nraw;gLk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;lKfth; epWtdq;fs+lhf murhq;ff;nfhs;ifiaj; J}z;b tpLfpd;w NkNyhq;fpaFwpf;Nfhis mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. mikr;rpd;njhiyNehf;F cyfshtpa Ntiyr;re;ijapy; kpfr; rpwe;j Njh;r;rpj;jpwDk;njhopy;ty;yikAk; kpf;f njhopyhsh;fistoq;FgtuhFjy;. mjd; nraw;gzp njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;Tj; Jiw KOtijAk; fpuhf;fpahy;J}z;lg;gLk; xU nray;Kiwahf khw;WjYk;>mtrpakhd Cf;Ftpg;G> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;G eltbf;iffSld; Njitg;gLk;

fl;likg;G khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; mjid cr;r mstpy; Nghl;bfukhdjhf;FjYkhFk;.5

2007,y; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;Gkw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R> ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;Gf;Fk; eyNdhk;Giff;Fkhd xU nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;ijAk; nray;jpl;lj;ijAk; 6 tpthpf;fpd;w mikr;ruit epUgnkhd;iwr;7 rkh;g;gpj;jJ. ,e;epUgk; 'NjrpanghUshjhuj;Jf;F mjd; gq;fspg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;J> Gjpa nghwpKiwfismwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; re;ijapd; Nghl;bfukhd rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;tjw;Fj; njhopw;re;ijapd; Gyk;ngah;Jiw KOtJk;fpuhf;fpahy; J}z;lg;gLk; xU nray;Kiwahfkhw;wg;gLjiyAk; Gjpa mbnaLg;Gf;fs;

Vw;Gila Ntiy

l Vw;Gila Ntiy vd;w vz;zf;fUmbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> Ntiyapd;Nghjhd chpikfs; Ntiytha;g;Gk;tUkhdq;fSk;> r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk; r%fciuahlYk; vd;w ehd;F> xd;Nwhnlhd;Wnjhlh;Gila ghpkhzq;fisf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. cyf kl;lj;jpy; Vw;GilaNtiyapd; Cf;Ftpg;G xU 'epahakhdcyfkakhf;fYf;F" gq;fspf;Fnkdek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

l Vw;Gila Ntiyapd; cyfg; ghpkhzk;mth;fspd; Ntiyapd; my;yJ njhopypd;Clhf kf;fs; kPJ cyf kakhf;fypd;Neubj;jhf;fj;jpypUe;J vOfp;d;wJ.tha;g;Gf;fSk; mD$yq;fSk; Nghd;W,lh;fSk; tpyf;fy;fSk;.

l ngz;fspdJk; Mz;fspdJk; nghJthdmgpyhirfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLjiy Nehf;fpaghij Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.mq;Fjhd; kf;fs; Vw;Gila Ntiyapy;,ilntspfisAk; jkJ nrhe;jr;r%fq;fspDs; gpur;rpidfisAk;vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;.

l kpy;Nydpak; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspy;vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; cyf ,yf;FfspypUe;JtWikf;Fiwg;G cghaq;fs; Nghd;w Gjpajpl;lkply; rl;lfq;fs; tiu tWikf;Fiwg;GKaw;rpfspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk;gbVw;Gila Ntiy epfo;r;rpepuy;Nfhug;gLfpd;wJ.

5www.minfep.gov.lk6gpd;dpizg;G 5 72007 - 02 Mk; ,yf;f

4

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjiyAk; Njhd;wptUk; re;ijepiyikfs; mtrpakhf;fpAs;sd" vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,e;epUgk; mjd; nray;jpl;lj;jpy; 18 Kd;nkhopTfisf; Fwp;j;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epUgk; $ba Njh;r;rpj;jpwDs;s,yq;ifg; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> ,yq;ifapd; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fj; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fis tphpTgLj;Jjy;>nkhop;jpwd;fs; cl;glj; Njh;r;rpj; jpwd;fisKd;Ndw;Wjy;> cyfj; juq;fis vjph;nfhs;sf;$bajhfg; gapw;rpiaj; juKah;j;Jjy;> mDg;gPl;L ed;ikfis cr;r mstpdjhf;fy;> Gyk;ngah; njhopiy Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd nray;J}z;Ljy;fs; Mfpa gpujhd tplaq;fspy;nghJthff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; fly; fle;j Ntiytha;g;gpy;mf;fiwAs;s NtWk; mNef mikr;Rf;fSk;murhq;f Kfth; epWtdq;fSk; cs;sd.njhopy; cwTfs; kw;Wk; kdpjtY> ntspehl;LmYty;fs; Mfpa mikr;Rf;fs;> FbtuTkw;Wk; Fbafy;Tj; jpizf;fsk;> fy;tp kw;Wk;cah;fy;tp mikr;R. tho;f;ifj; njhopy;>njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp mikr;R> Rfhjhueyj;Jiw kw;Wk; Nghriz mikr;R> rpWth;mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ngz;fs; tYt+l;Lifmikr;R. epjp. jpl;lr;nraw;gLj;jy; mikr;RMfpait ,tw;wpy; mlq;Fk;. Vida gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fshfj; njhopy; toq;Fdh;fs;>njhop;w;rq;fq;fs;> Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh; rq;fq;fs;> rptpy; rKjhak;> Ma;thsh;fSk; Ma;Tepiyaq;fSk;> Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; mf;fiwAs;s rh;tNjr Kfth; epWtdq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

,yq;iff;fhd Njrpaj; njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifnahd;iwtpUj;jp nra;jy;.

Nkw;$wpa gpd;dzpapy; njhopy; cwTfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G mikr;R> Gyk;ngah;ntd;w tplak; mjd; Nehf;nfy;iyapd;fPopUe;j fhyg;gFjpapd;NghJ> ePz;l fhyj;njhiyNehf;nfhd;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd tphpthd nfhs;if Mtznkhd;wpy; njhopyhsh;

Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd;nfhs;ifiaj; njspTglf; $wNtz;baNjitiaj; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,dq;fz;lJ. vdNtmikr;R> Fwpg;ghf gj;jhz;L mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk;> Vw;Gila Ntiyf;fhd Njrpa nray;jpl;lk;> cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l 1990 ,d; vy;yhg;Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk; mth;fspd;FLk;gq;fspdJk; chpikfspd; ghJfhg;Gg;gw;wpa rh;tNjr rkthak;>8 2004 A+dpy; rh;tNjrnjhopy; khehl;bdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lGyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;F epahakhdgq;fPL gw;wpa jPh;khdk; kw;Wk; 2006 Ivy;Xnjhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa gyjug;Gr;rl;lfk; Mfpatw;wpd; #oiktpy; ,yq;iff;fhd Njrpaj; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf;nfhs;ifnahd;iwj; jahhpg;gjpy; cjTk;gb'Ivy;X" itf; NfhhpaJ. ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gifmikr;R ,e;j mbnaLg;igj; njhlh;tjw;F'Ivy;X" cjtpiag; ngWtjpy; mjd;Mh;tj;ij cWjp;g;gLj;jpaJ. 2007 Vg;gpuypy;fsj;jpy; ,wf;fg;gl;l 'Ivy;X" MNyhridj;J}Jf;FO Njrpaj; njhopyhsh; Gyk; ngah;Tf;nfhs;ifia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nghJthdcUtiuia toq;fpaJ.9

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa jpl;ltiugpd;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;> gq;fPLghl;lhsh; fye;jhNyhridr; nray;Kiwnahd;wpD}lhfj; Njrpaj;njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifiatpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Xh; cghaj;ijf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LjyhFk;. mJ Njrpaj; njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifapd; gpd;tUk; Kf;fpaFwpf;Nfhs;fisf; fz;Lzh;e;jJ.

l Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifia tFg;gjpy;r%fg; gq;fhspfSlDk; rptpy; rKjhaj;JlDkhd fye;jhNyhridr; nray;Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;tpd; ey;y Ml;rpKiwAk;xOq;FgLj;jYk; (Gyk;ngah;tpd; Ml;rpKiwAk; xOq;FgLj;jYk;).

l Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; tpl;Lr;nry;yg;gLk; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;f

8I.eh. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; rkthak; vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLtJ. nghJr; rigahy; mjd; 45MtJ $l;lj; njhlhpy; 1990 jpnrk;gh; 18e;Njjpad;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. (A/RES/45/158)9,yq;iff;fhd njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpd; Mf;ff; $Wfs;> ,yq;iff;fhd Ivy;X MNyhridj; J}Jf;FOtpd; tiuTmwpf;if> 18 -26 Vg;gpuy; 2007> rh;tNjr Gyk;ngah;T epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;> Ivy;X> n[dPth - Ivy;X mYtyfk; nfhOk;G.

5

Sf;Fk; gaDWjpAs;s ghJfhg;Gk;NritfSk; toq;fy; (Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; tYtspj;jYk;)

l mDg;gPLfs;> jpUk;gptUk; Gyk; ngah;njhopyhsh;fis kPsxd;wpizj;jy;>Row;rpf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Njrpavy;iy fle;j r%fq;fSld; ,izg;Gfs; vd;git hPjpahf njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;tpd; mgptpUj;jpg; gq;fspg;Gfisj; jpul;Ljy; (Gyk;ngah;Tk;mgptpUj;jpAk;)

Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ nray;Kiw Kfhikj;Jtf; FOnthd;why; trjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehd;F Kidr; nray;Kiwnahd;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.

1. gpd;tUk; gug;Gfis Muha;tjw;F %d;WfUg;nghUs; hPjpahd nraw; FOf;fisj;jhgpj;jy; -1 njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;tpd;Ml;rpKiw> 2. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk; tYtspg;Gk; kw;Wk; 3.Gyk;ngah;itAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk;,izj;jy;. NkYk; gpur;rpidfisAk;njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;KiwapYs;s rthy;fisAk; ,ilntspfisAk;,dq;fhz;gjw;F xU njhluhd nraw;FOf; $l;lq;fisf; $l;Ljy;. nraw;FOf;fs; ,r;nray;KiwapYs;s murhq;fk;> njhopy; toq;Fdh;fSk; njhopw;rq;fq;fSk;> rptpy; rKjha epWtdq;fs;Mfpa Kj;jug;Gg; gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fisg;gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpd. ,J njhopyhsh;Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;Kiwapd; ntt;NtWMf;ff; $Wfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhdNjrpar; nray;jpl;lnkhd;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;F toptFj;jJ.

2. njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nray;Kiwapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpa mikr;Rf;fspdJk; Kfth; epWtdq;spdJk; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNehk;Gif mikr;rhpd; jiyikapy;

mt;tikr;rhy; $l;lg;gLk; Njrpa Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FOnthd;iwj;jhgpj;jy;.

3. nraw;FOf;fspdJk; topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpdJk; mwpTj;Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j NjrpaMNyhrfh;fspdJk; topfhl;lypd; fPo;tiuTj; Njrpaj; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

4. xU fUj;njhw;Wikf;F te;J Njrpaf;nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj;Njrpag; gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fSf;F (muR>rptpy; rKjhak;> njhopy; toq;Fdh;fs;kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;rq;fs;> Clfq;fs;)tiuTf; nfhs;ifiar; rkh;g;gpj;jy;.

nraw;FOf;fs; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf;nfhs;if gw;wpa Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FO>ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNehk;Gif mikr;R> Ivy;X Mfpatw;wpd;topfhl;lypd; fPo; jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJld; nray;Kiw Kfhikj;Jtf;FOTlDk; neUf;fkhf ClhbaJ. ,dq;fhzg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fye;jhNyhridfis Cf;Ftpj;j gjpd;%d;W$l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. mit Njrpaj;njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;iff;fhdFwpj;j NahridfSf;F te;jd.10

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rhpd; jiyikapyhd Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FO> ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gifmikr;R> ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;gzpafk;> njhopy; cwTfs; kw;Wk; kdpjtYmikr;R> ePjp kw;Wk; rl;l kWrPuikg;Gmikr;R> ntspehl;lYty;fs; mikr;R> FbtuT kw;Wk; Fbafy;Tj; jpizf;fsk;> epjpmikr;rpd; Njrpaj; jpl;lkply; jpizf;fsk;> rpWtH mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ngz;fs; tYt+l;Lifmikr;R> %d;whk; epiyf;fy;tp kw;Wk;njhopw;fy;tp Mizf;FO> ,yq;ifj; njhopy;toq;FdHfspd; rk;Nksdk;> njhopw;rq;fMuha;r;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpf;fhd Njrpar; rq;fk;>,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp> ,yq;ifr; Rje;jpu

10ghh;f;f gpd;dpizg;G 5 : nraw;FOf;fSf;fhd nrayhw;W epajpfs;

6

njhopyhsH rq;fk;> nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; r%ftpay;Jiw> mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;ngw;w ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G KftHfs;>,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G KftHepWtdk; Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpd; gpujhdFwpf;Nfhs; Njrpaj; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHTf;nfhs;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; xl;Lnkhj;j topfhl;Ljiy toq;FjYk; mjd; nraw;gLj;jiycWjpg;gLj;jYkhFk;.

Njrpaj; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifia tpUj;jp nra;Ak; nray;KiwahdJfye;jhNyhridfs;> tiuT nra;jy;>

kPsha;jYk; KbTnra;jYk; Mfpatw;iwf;nfhz;l Xh; Ie;J khj (2008 a+d; Kjy; xf;Nlhgh; tiu) nray;KiwahapUe;jJ. ,r;nray;Kiw nraw;FOf;fspd; gjpd;%d;W $l;lq;fisAk; Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FOTldhdehd;F $l;lq;fisAk; nraw;FOtpdJk;topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpdJk; cWg;gpdh;fSldhdgy;NtW fye;jhNyhridfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. Njrpa gq;fPLghl;lhsh; fye;jhNyhridnahd;wpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l tiuT> topg;gLj;Jk; FOtpdJk; tiuT MNyhridf;FOtpdJk;11 topfhl;lypd; fPo; KbTnra;ag;gl;lJ.

11tiuT MNyhridf; FO> nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpNu\;l fy;tpkhd;fisAk; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa Ivy;X rpNu\;lrpwg;Gj;JiwahsiuAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

7

,yq;if gj;J tUl mgptpUj;jpr; rl;lfk; (2006- 2016) kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; nfsutkhd njhopYf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if Mfpad ,yq;ifapy;nfsutkhd njhopYf;fhd xU njspthdnjhiyNehf;fpid epiy ehl;bAs;sd.

'Rje;jpuk;> xg;GuT> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kdpj nfsutk;

epiwe;j #oypy; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;kpF njhopiyg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Mz;fSf;Fk;

ngz;fSf;Fk; Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;

tWik kw;Wk; chpik kWg;G mw;w rpwe;j juj;

jpyhd tho;tpid rfy ,yq;ifah;fSk; mDgtpf;

ff;$ba rkhjhdKk; nropg;Gk; epiwe;j vjph;fhyk;".

vdNt midj;Jg; gpui[fSf;Fk; nfsutkhdnjhopypid cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; cyfshtpahPjpapy; njhopYf;fkh;j;jf; $ba njhopw;gilapid cUthf;Fjy; vDk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf njhopYf;fhd Gyg;ngah;tpidf; fUjKbAk;.

Rje;jpuk;> xg;GuT> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kdpjnfsutk; Mfpait epiwe;j #oypy; nfsutkhdJk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;kpf;fJkhd njhopypidg; ngWtjw;fhf rfy Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; Gyk;ngah;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Nkk;gLj;JtijNa njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rp gw;wpa,yq;ifj; Njrpaf; nfhs;if Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

njhopypy; <LgLNthhpd; mbg;gil kdpjchpikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ cah; juhjuj;jpy;gw;wpg; gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w njhopy; #oypidg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;s jpwikkpf;f Mz;fspdJk;ngz;fspdJk; Gyg;ngah;r;rpapid njhopyhsh;Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if Nkk;gLj;jpMjuT toq;Ffpd;wJ.

njhopYf;fhd nfsutk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;xg;GuT epiwe;j #oypy; Gyg; ngah;r;rpf;FMjuTk; trjpg;gLj;jYk; toq;Ftjw;fhf,yq;ifapdhy; Vw;W mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;srh;tNjr juhjuj;jpidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;w>nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk;eph;thfr; nray;tpjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; ey;yhl;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfis

njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;fhd Njrpanfhs;if mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.

me;epar; nryhtzp %yKk;> Vida nghwpKiwfs; %yKk; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fmidj;J Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSk; Mw;Wfpd;w fzprkhd gq;fspg;gpid njhopyhsh;Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjrkl;lq;fspy; Jyhk;gukhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;srh;tNjr Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;,ilapyhd rhjfkhd njhlh;GfisAk; mJmq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.

vdNt:nfhs;iffs; %yKk; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs;%yKk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; eyNdhk;Giff;fhd cah;juhjuq;fis rh;tNjr epakq;fSf;F Vw;gg; ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jtjd;%yKk; rfy Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk;g+uz ghJfhg;gpid Njrpa nfhs;if cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

ve;jnthU nfhs;ifNah rl;lNkh my;yJxOq;FtpjpNah ,yq;ifg; gpui[fspd;>tpNrlkhf Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;nfsutj;jpidAk; mbg;gil chpikfisAk;Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; jhiuthh;j;Jf; nfhLf;fhJmy;yJ kPwhJ vd;gij muR cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

NkYk; midj;J tbtpYkhd rl;ltpNuhj Gyg;ngah;r;rp> Ml;fis tQ;rf; flj;jy; nra;jy;kw;Wk; kdpjh;fisf; flj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwj;jLf;f muR eltbf;iffis vLf;Fk;.

rfyUf;Fk; rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fSld; nfsutk;>ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xg;GuT Nghd;w epiyikfSldhd Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;fhd nrad;Kiwapid Nkk;gLj;j muR Kaw;rp vLf;fyhk;.mNjNtis murhdJ cs;s+h; njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtJld;> nry;tk;kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp eyd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;rkkhd tpepNahfj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;.

cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L xOq;F

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;iff; $w;W

8

gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jg;glhjnjhopYf;fhd g+uz ghJfhg;gpid muRtoq;fyhk;. NkYk; g+uz njhopy;tha;g;Gkw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rkkhd njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fisAk; mJ Nkk;gLj;Jk;,jd; nghUl;L Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;FNghJkhdJk; chpa fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLtJkhd nghUshjhu> rl;l eyNdhk;Gifr;NritfisAk; Vida NritfisAk; muRtoq;fyhk;.

rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ngz;fspdJk; Mz;fspdJk;mbg;gilr; rkj;Jtj;jpidAk; Njrj;jpidf;fl;b vOg;Gtjpy; ngz;fspd; Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;ijAk; muR cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.,yq;ifg; ngz; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;gq;fspg;gpidAk; mth;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fghjpg;GW epiyapidAk; mq;fPfhpj;Js;s muRGyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;wnfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd;cUthf;fj;jpYk; mKy;gLj;jypYk; ghy;epiyf;

$Uzh;T kpF mbg;gilg; gpukhzq;fisgpuNahfpf;fyhk;. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;eyNdhk;Giff;fhfTk; tYt+l;ly;fSf;fhfTk;epakpf;fg;gLk; mikg;Gf;fspYk; ,jid muRfUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;. jPh;khdk; tFj;jy;. rpwg;GhpikfisAk; chpikfisAk; g+uzkhfmDgtpj;jy; kw;Wk; Gyg;ngah;r;rpapd;ed;ikfis mDgtpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhdchpikfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fis tYt+l;Ltijf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; Nehf;fkhff;nfhs;Sk;.

rfy Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fkhd ghJfhg;gpYs;s gpujhd %yfk; jpwd;fisf;nfhz;bUj;jy; vd;gij muR mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.vdNt njhopyhsh;fSf;F jpwd;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfis muR Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis jha;ehl;by; jpwd;fSf;F,Uf;fpd;w Njit gw;wpf; ftdk; Ftpg;gJld;jpwd;fspd; ghpkhw;wj;jpidAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;.

njhopyhsH Gyg;ngaHr;rp gw;wpa ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa nfhs;if> ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J njhopy;tha;g;Gg; ngw;W (xg;ge;j

hPjpahf my;yJ Kiwahd xg;ge;jq;fs; my;yJ njhopy; tprh Nghd;w Vida Mtzq;fs; ,d;wp) ,yq;iff;Fs; thOk;

Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfis cs;slf;Ftjpy;iy.

9

njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpr; nrad;KiwapidxOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F ey;yhl;rp ,d;wpaikahjxd;W vd;gJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ml;rpahdJ nraw;jpwd;kpF epWtdq;fisAk;xOq;F tpjpfisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld; kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjidAk;kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapidg; ghjpf;fpd;w epWtdq;fspYk; xOq;F tpjpfspYk; gue;j mstpy;gq;Fgw;Wtij Nkk;gLj;JtijAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; mjpfstpyhd xg;GuTkpFnghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tpisTfisg;ngWtijAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. gq;Fgw;wy;>ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> kw;Wk; tifg; nghWg;GMfpad ey;yhl;rpapd; gpujhd %yfq;fs; vdg;gutyhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. kdpjchpikfs; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fifapy;ey;yhl;rpapd; fUj;jpay;fs; gpujhd rh;tNjrkdpj chpikfs; fUtpfspy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; chpikfSld;,izf;fg;glf;$bajhFk;. rh;tNjr rkthaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghLfs; kpNydpak;mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wcyfshtpa ,yf;Ffs;; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpgw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; rl;lfq;fs;>tUkhd cUthf;fk;> njhopy;tha;g;G kw;Wk;r%fg; ghJfhg;G Nghd;wtw;wpid mZFKiwmbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

ey;yhl;rp mZFKiwahdJ murpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s nfsutkhd njhopy; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ. mJ xd;Wld; xd;Wnjhlh;Ggl;Ls;s ehd;F ghpkhzq;fis typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. mitahtd> njhopypd;mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; chpikfs;>njhopy;tha;g;G kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fs; r%fg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%ff; fye;Jiuahly;fs;.r%ff; fye;Jiuahly;fs; cyfshtpakl;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk;NghJ mJ 'epahakhdcyfkakhf;fj;jpw;F" gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpapd; ey;yhl;rpahdJntspg;gilahd nfhs;iffisAk; eilKiwfisAk; nraw;jpwd;kpF epWtdq;fisAk;nray;tpjpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,itcz;ikahd Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;mgpyhi\fisg; g+h;j;jp nra;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;rh;tNjr juhjuq;fs;> kw;Wk; rpwe;j eil

Kiwfs; Mfpatw;WlDk; nfhs;iffSlDk;r%ff; fye;Jiuahly;fSlDk; MNyhrpg;Gkw;Wk; gq;Nfw;G kpF nrad;Kiw Mfpatw;WlDk; xj;jpirthdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.Gyg;ngah;r;rpf; nfhs;iff;Fg; nghWg;ghf,Uf;fpd;w epWtdq;fspd; Mw;wy;fisf; fl;bvOg;GtijAk; ey;yhl;rp Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjrfUtpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s njhopy; juhjuq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ey;yhl;rpapd; epakq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;mbg;gilapy; njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpapidMSif nra;a topfhl;Ljy;fis ,yq;ifcUthf;fpAs;sJld; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f;nfhs;if cUthf;fkhdJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba ehd;F gpujhd gug;Gf;fisf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. mitahtd epWtdr; rl;lfk;>rl;lthf;fr; rl;lfk;> xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lfk;>kw;Wk; r%ff; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk;MNyhridr; rl;lfk;.

ey;yhl;rpf;fhd gpujhd tplaq;fs;

l njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwf;fhdepWtdr; rl;lfk; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;GCf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tha;g;Gf;fismile;J nfhs;tjid Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwapy;Kfth;fspd; ghj;jpuj;jpidj; njspthftiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.NkYk; ehl;bw;fhd ePz;lfhyj; njhiyNehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jk;ghj;jpuKk; njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gLtJmtrpakhFk;. ,r; nrad;Kiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;s Vida Kf;fpakhd murhq;f epWtdq;fSk; Kfth;fSk; njhopy; cwTfs;kw;Wk; kdpj tY mikr;R> ntsptptfhumikr;R> ePjp kw;Wk; rl;l kWrPuhf;fy;mikr;R> fy;tp kw;Wk; cah; fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk;> njhopy; gapw;rp kw;Wk;njhopy; El;gg; gapw;rp mikr;R> Rfhjhuk;kw;Wk; Nghriz mikr;R> rpWth; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kfsph; tYt+l;ly; mikr;R>

Gyk;ngah;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwapd; MSif

12,yq;ifapy; nfsutkhd njhopYf;fhd Njrpa nfhs;if (2006) njhopy; cwTfs;; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G mikr;R.

10

FbtuT Fbafy;Tj; jpizf;fsk;> NjrparpWth; ghJfhg;G mjpfhurig kw;Wk; Ml;fs;gjpT jpizf;fsk;.

l ntspehl;bw;F Gyk;ngah;jiy xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;w Kf;fpakhd mikg;G ,yq;ifntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafkhFk;.(SLBFE) rl;lthf;f Vw;ghLfspdhy; jdJMiziag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ntspehLfsp;y; Ntiy tha;g;gpidg; ngwehLk;,yq;ifah;fs; nfsutkhd> ghJfhg;ghdkw;Wk; xg;Guthd #oypy; Gyk;ngah;tijxOq;FgLj;jp cWjpnra;tjw;fhd gue;jMizapid SLBFE nfhz;Ls;sJ. njhopyhsh;fspd; Gyg;ngah;r;rpf;fhd rl;lthf;fr;rl;lfkhdJ 1985k; Mk; Mz;bd; ,yq;ifntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafr;rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. SLBFE IepWTtJ kw;Wk; mjd; Miz> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis eph;zapg;gjpy; rl;lk; ftdk; Ftpf;fpd;wJ.

l rfy Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspdJk;mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; chpikfisg;ghJfhg;gJ njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr rkthaj;jpid ,yq;if Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; gw;wpa ,uz;LIvy;X rkthaq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tij,yq;if ghprPypj;J tUfpd;wJ. njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fhfg; Gyk;ngah;jy; (jpUj;jg;gl;lJ)1949 (,y 97) kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; (Fiw epug;G Vw;ghLfs;) 1975 (,y 143)

l nrad;KiwapNy gpujhd gq;fPLghl;lhsh;vd;w hPjpapy; Ntiytha;g;G Kfth;fspd;(mur kw;Wk; jdpahh;) gq;fspg;gpid muRmq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb> Ntiytha;g;GKfth;fspd; ghj;jpukhdJ njhopyhsh;Gyg;ngah;r;rpapd; MSifiag; nghWj;jmstpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Ntiytha;g;Gtoq;Fjy; SLBFE apd; fPo;tUk; murxOq;FgLj;jy; mjpfhurigf;Fk; ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Kfth; (jdpahh;) cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;GKfth;fspd; rq;fj;jpdhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;nra;ag;gLfpd;w jdpahh; Ntiytha;g;GKfth;fSf;Fk; (ALFEA) Mizahftoq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

l njhopyhsh;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ehLfspy; cs;s ,yq;ifapd; uh[je;jpu mYtyfq;fs; ntspehLfspy; cs;s ,yq;ifj;njhopyhsh;fSf;F ghJfhg;gpidAk; eyNdhk;GifapidAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd MizapidAk; trjpapidAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.NritapYs;s kw;Wk; NritapypUe;JtpyfpAs;s fhyg;gFjpapy; njhopyhsh;fsJghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w ,tw;wpd;ghj;jpuq;fs; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. tpNrlkhf gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; Nritapidtpl;L tpyFfpd;w njhopyhsh;fs;kw;Wk; ehl;bw;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLfpd;wnjhopyhsh;fs; njhlh;gpy; ,tw;wpd; ghj;jpuk;Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt njhopyhsh;fspd;jpUk;gy; kw;Wk; kPspizg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F,tw;wpd; Nrit tp];jPuzkilfpd;wJ.

l ,yq;if Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspy;ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhh; Fiwthd jpwd;fiscilNahuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. jpwd;kpf;fth;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;thz;ikkpf;NfhUld;xg;gpLifapy; Fiwthd jpwd;fis cilanjhopyhsh;fs; kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;F -njhopyplq;fspy; njhopyhsh; chpikfs;>Jd;GWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfk; cs;slq;fyhf - Kfk; nfhLg;gjhf rhd;Wfs;vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk;Nghjpa fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,d;ik> nkhopMw;wy; ,d;ik kw;Wk; njhopypd; Nfs;tpf;F<LnfhLf;Fk; Mw;wypd;ik Nghd;w gy;tifikkpF ghjpg;GW epiyahFk;. jpwd;fisf;nfhz;bUg;gNj midj;Jg; Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fSf;Fkhd ,Wjpahd ghJfhg;Gvd;gij muR czh;e;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.,f;fhuzNk ,yq;ifg; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; rKjhaj;jpd; Njhw;wg;ghl;bid khw;wpmikf;Fk; gbg;gbahdJk; cghafukhdJkhd mZFKiwapid muR vLf;ff;fhuzkhapw;W.

l Fiwe;j jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjp nra;tjd;Kf;fpaj;;Jtj;jpid muR czh;e;J nfhz;Ls;s mNjNtis jpwd;kpF Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fis Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;w xUnrad;KiwapidAk; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. jpwd;kpF njhopyhsh;fSf;F ghJfhg;

11

ghdJk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJkhd njhopy;#oypy; njhopy; tha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjd; %yKk; Gyk;ngah;e;J nry;ycj;Njrpj;Js;sth;fSf;Fj; jpwd;kpf;f njhopyhsh;fshf khWtjw;fhd gue;j tha;g;gpidtoq;Ftjd; %yKk; jpwd;kpF njhopyhsh;fspd; Gyg;ngah;r;rpapid Nkk;gLj;JtijmuR Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

l njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwapy;Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; ghJfhg;gpy;,yq;iff;Fk; Vida njhopy; toq;Fk;ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikAk; ,Ujug;Gcld;gbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Ghpe;Jzh;Tcld;gbf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ghj;jpuj;ijmuR njspthf czh;e;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.njhopyhsh;fis mDg;Gk; jug;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;njhopyhsh;fis Ntiyf;F mkh;j;Jk;jug;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;ww;fpilapyhd Ghpe;Jzh;T cld;gbf;ifahdJ njhopYf;NfAhpj;jhd Ntiy epiyikfspy; njhopyhsh;fspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; eyd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gchpikfspid cWjpg;gLj;j njhopy; Njbr;nry;Yk; ehLfSld; ,Ujug;G cld;gbf;iffspidg; gw;wpg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijelj;Jtjw;fhd mjd; ghj;jpuj;jpidAk;muR czh;e;Js;sJ. ,it rh;r;irFiwe;jitAk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;j,yFthditAkhFk;.

l jdpahh; njhopy;tha;g;G Kfth;fspd; jtwhdnraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; njhopytha;g;GKfth;fspd; cs;ehl;L Kfth;fspw;fhd (rg;V[z;l; vd mwpag;gLgth;fs;) xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lj;jpYs;s ,ilntspfs; Mfpad Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspw;F J\;gpuNahfkpF kw;Wk; Ruz;ly;kpF #o;epiyfspid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. murpdhYk;>r%fg; gq;fhsh;fspdhYk; rptpy; r%fmikg;Gf;fspdhYk; ,it Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. midj;J Ntiytha;g;Gr; nrad;KiwfspYk; muNr rfy nghWg;Gf;fisAk;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,g;nghWg;ghdJ njhopyhsh;fis ghJfhg;ghdJk; xg;GuT kpf;fJkhd njhopy; Gyg;ngah;r;rp nrad;

KiwapDs; ghJfhj;jy; vDk; flg;ghl;bypUe;J vOtjhFk;. murhq;fkhdJ mjd;rhh;gpNy Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf jdpahh; Ntiytha;g;G Kfth;fSf;Frl;lthf;f kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jy; Vw;ghLfs;%yk; mDkjpia toq;Ffpd;wJ. SLBFEgy jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jNghjpYk;mDkjp ngwhj cg Kfth;fis (rg;V[z;l;)tifg; nghWg;G chpath;fshfkhw;w Kbahky; ,Ug;gjhdJ J\;gpuNahfk;kw;Wk; Ruz;ly; kpF eilKiwfSf;F,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. mDkjpngw;w Kfth;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd chpa topKiw,y;yhikahdJ jtwhd nraw;ghLfisf;Fiwg;gjpy; ngUk; rthyhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

l njhopyhsh;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;ehLfspy; gy Ruz;ly;kpF nraw;ghLfs;,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy; rk;gsq;fisAk;$ypfisAk; toq;fhikAk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. njhopyhsh;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ehLfSld; cld;gbf;if ,y;yhikkw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jypYs;s cs;shh;e;jgpur;rpidfs; Mfpad ,r;nraw;ghLfisepth;j;jp nra;tjid kpfTk; fLikahdjhfMf;fpAs;sd. Gyg;ngah;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwapd; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; Kiwg;ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd xUnghwpKiwf;fhd Njit ,Uf;fpd;wJ.,g;nghwpKiw Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fspd;kdpj kw;Wk; njhopy; chpikfspidkPWtjhy; vOk; Kiwg;ghLfisg; ngw;Wtprhuiz nra;J mtw;wpid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mizapidf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

l murpd; rdehaf kpF jPh;khdk; - tFj;jy;nrad;Kiwapy; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs;gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd chpikapid muRmq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ. mNjNghy ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gld; njhlh;Gila epWtdq;fspy; mth;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.jw;NghJ Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; ntspehl;by; Ntiytha;g;gpidg; ngw;wpUf;ifapy;mth;fspd; thf;fspf;Fk; chpikapidg;gad;gLj;j Kbahjth;fshfNt cs;sdh;.

19

Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fisAk; mtu;fspd;FLk;gq;fisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; mbg;gilg;nghWg;ig muR Vw;fpd;wJ. vy;yh Gyk;ngau;e;jnjhopyhsu;fspdJk; mtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fspdJk; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ gw;wp xg;Gjy;mspf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr rkthaj;jpy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s flg;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy;> njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk;ngaUk; ,yq;ifau;fspd; cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;giAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F muRmu;g;gzpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,e;jg; nghWg;ghdJ cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L@xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l> xOq;FgLj;jg;glhj@ njhopYf;fhd KOikahd ghJfhg;gspj;jy;> KOikahd njhopy; tha;g;ig Nkk;gLj;jy;> vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhd njhopy;tha;g;Gfs;> kw;Wk; Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fSf;F Nghjpa> fhyj;Jf;F cfe;j r%f> nghUshjhu> rl;l Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd murpd; mu;g;gzpg;G vdnghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

mt;thwhf> Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fshdMz;fSk; ngz;fSk; gf;fr;rhu;G> Ruz;ly;kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfk; Mfpatw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba epiyia muR czu;fpd;wJ. Fiwthd jpwd;fisf; nfhz;litahf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l> Fwpg;ghf ngz; njhopyhsu;fisf;nfhz;l NghjpasT xOq;FgLj;jg;glhjnjhopy;Jiwfspy; jhd; ,t;thW ,Ug;gjhfmurhq;fk; milahsk; fhz;fpd;wJ.

Gyk; ngau;jy; eltbf;ifapd; Gwg;gLjYf;FKe;jpa (jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Kjy; Gyk;ngau;tjw;Fj; jahuhtjw;fhfg; gapw;rp ngWjy;tiu)@ Nritf;fhy (njhopy; ngw;Ws;snjhopyhsu;fSk; mtu;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sFLk;gq;fSk;) jpUk;GjYk; xUq;fpizjYk;(kPs; xUq;fpizg;igf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy;>Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; ghuhl;Ljy;) Mfpa%d;W fl;lq;fspYk; Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fisAk; mtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fisAk; ghJfhj;J tYT+l;Ltjpy; jdJ ghj;jpuj;ij murhq;fk; czu;fpd;wJ. Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fspd; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba gps;isfisg;ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba cWjpahd mu;g;gzpg;igmurhq;fk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

muR J\;gpuNahfr; nray;fisj; jLj;J Gyk;ngau;e;j Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;fhd Rje;jpu> rkj;Jt> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kdpj khz;GMfpa tplaq;fspy; rPuhdJk; Mf;fG+u;tkhdJkhd gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

Copa Gyk; ngau;T> kw;Wk; ru;tNjr rhjdq;fs; gw;wp ILOtpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lthW mbg;gilkdpj cupikfs;> Gyk; ngau;e;Njhupd; tpNrlcupikfs;> Ntiyj;jyq;fspy; Copa cupikNghd;w gy;NtW cupikfSf;F Gyk; ngau;e;jCopau;fs; cupj;Jilatu;fs; vd;gij muRczu;fpd;wJ.

jdJ vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghy; ,lk;ngWk;cupik kPwy;fisAk; Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; %yq;fSf;Fk; tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;w kw;Wk; nrd;wilfpd;w ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gfpug;gl;lnghWg;G ,Ug;gijAk; mJ czu;fpd;wJ.

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tYT+l;lYf;fhd gpujhd tplaq;fs;

l Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fspd; ghJfhg;Gkw;Wk; Nrk eyd; Nfhl;ghLfis mq;fPfupg;gjpy; Copa Gyk; ngau;tpd; jahu;gLj;jy;fl;lj;jpy; muR jw;NghJ tpupthd Nritfis Mw;Wfpd;wJ. MapDk;> Gyk; ngau;Tf;Fj; jahuhFk; NtWgl;l fl;lq;fspy;>mjhtJ> Ml;Nru;g;G> gapw;rp> gjpT nra;jy;kw;Wk; cz;ikahfg; Gwg;gLjy; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fs; jPu;Tfhzg;gl Ntz;ba gpur;rpidfs;> Ruz;ly;#o;epiyfs;> kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fisvjpu; Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;.

l jho;e;j kl;lf; fy;tp> nkhopj;Nju;r;rp ,d;ik(jha; nkhop ePq;fyhf) Mfpa rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l ,yq;ifapd; Fiwe;j jpwd;nfhz;l Gyk; ngau;e;j 21 taJf;Ff;Fiwe;jtu;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;njhopw; gil Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; Ruz;ly;kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahf epiyikfSf;F kpfTk;cl;glf;$bajhFk;. Copau;fspd; Nrk

Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fisAk; mtu;fspd;FLk;gq;fisAk; ghJfhj;jYk; tYT+l;lYk;

20

eyd;fisAk; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Gyk;ngaUk; njhopyhsu;fSf;fhdFiwe;j gl;r Njitg;ghLfis tFg;gijmur nfhs;if Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

l njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk; ngau;jy; gw;wpa jfty;toq;fg;gl;l jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; #o;epiy ,y;yhik njhopyhsu;fSf;F jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> Fiwthd jpwd;fisf;nfhz;l gpupitr; Nru;e;j rpy gpui[fs;jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FLk;g mf;fiwfs;> tho;f;ifj; Jiztu; kw;Wk; gps;isfs;> tpuptile;j FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Gyk;ngau;e;jCopau;fshd jq;fSila cupikfs; Mfpatw;wpy; mjd; ntFthd ghjpg;Gfisf;ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shkYk; Gyk; ngau;tjw;Fj; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; njhopYf;fhfg; Gyk; ngau;jy; gw;wpa ek;gj;jFe;jJk; gutyhdJkhd jfty;fs; fpilf;fhikkw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shff;$batu;fs; jfty;fisAk; MjuT NritfisAk; ngWtjpy;cs;s rpukk; Mfpatw;wpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

l murhq;f Ml;Nru;g;G Kftuhz;ikfs;> jdpahu; Ml;Nru;g;G Kftuhz;ikfs;;. Kiwrhuhtiyaikg;Gfs;> cwtpdu; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpdu; kw;Wk; kpff;Fiwthd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;Neubahf njhopy; toq;Feu; Mfpa gy;NtWtopfspy; Ml;Nru;g;G ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Ml;Nru;g;G eltbf;ifapy; Gyk; ngau;gtu;fSf;F gy;NtW Mgj;JfSk; ,lu;fSk; Vw;glyhk;. fl;lzq;fis kpifahf mwtpLjy;> fld; xg;ge;jq;fs;> Nghyp Mtzq;fisj; jahu; nra;jy;> Fiwthd taJilatu;fis (18 taJf;Ff; Fiwe;Njhu;) Vkhw;wpntspehl;Lf;Fj; njhopYf;F mDg;Gjy;>njhopypd; jd;ik kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;njhlu;ghf Neu;ikapd;wp ele;Jnfhs;sy;>xg;ge;jg; gjpyPLfs; Nghd;wt;wiw mJ cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. Gwg;gLtjw;F Ke;jpa fl;lj;jpd;NghJ ntspehl;by; njhopy; Guptjw;fhdNghjpa Maj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJk;,y;iy. mj;Jld; Gyk; ngaUk; rpyu; mj;jifa gapw;rpapypUe;J gad; ngWk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUg;gJk; ,y;iy. Ml;Nru;g;Geltbf;ifapy; J\;gpuNahfk; mbg;gilahfMl;Nru;g;G KftupypUe;J Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.Ml;Nru;g;G Kftu;fisAk; cupkk; ngw;wntspehl;Lj; njhopy; tha;g;G Kftu;fspd;

(ALFEA) rq;fq;fisAk; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F muR Kaw;rpf;fpd;wNghjpYk;> rpy Ml;Nru;g;Gfs; Kftuhz;ikfshYk; cupkk;ngwhj njhopy; tha;g;G Kftuhz;ikfshYk; Kftu;fshYk; xOq;fw;w eltbf;iffs; njhlu;e;Jk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

l Ml;Nru;g;G eltbf;ifapy;; cg-Kftu;fspd;ghj;jpuk; J\;gpuNahfj;Jf;Fk; Ruz;lYf;Fkhd gpujhd fhuzq;fshFk;. cupkk; ngw;wMl;Nru;g;G Kftu;fSld; Kiwrhu; njhlu;Gfs; vJTkpd;wp rKjha kl;lj;jpy; gzpGupAk; cupkk; ngwhj cgKftu;fs; Ruz;ly; kpf;fJk; J\;gpuNahfkhdJkhdnjhopy; tha;g;gpw;fhf Mil;fis tpiyg;gLj;jiy cs;dpl;l NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l Ju;elj;ijfspYk; kPwy;fspYk; <LgLfpd;wdu;.

l fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lk;> Xa;Tjpaj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Gyk; ngau;e;jtu;fs; ehl;Lf;Fr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;igf; nfsutpj;J mtu;fspd; gps;isfSf;F fy;tpg; Gyikg; guprpy;fisAk;Vida NritfisAk; toq;Fjy; Nghd;wgue;j gad;fSk; NritfSk; Gyk; ngau;e;jnjhopyhsu;fSf;F murpdhy; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ePz;lfhy r%f> nghUshjhu ghJfhg;igf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L mjid Kiwikahd xU jpl;lj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;baNjit cs;sJ.

l fle;j Rkhu; xU jrhg;jj;Jf;F Nkyhf>njhopyhsu;fs; jkJ gzpia Mw;Wtjw;Fjahuhf ,y;yhtpbd; ehl;il tpl;LntspNawhJ ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fgapw;rp> jahu;gLj;jy;> gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk;Vida Nritfis cs;spl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;feltbf;iffis ntspehl;L njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fhfg; Gyk; ngau;gtu;fisj; jahu;gLj;Jtjw;F SLBFE mwpKfk; nra;Js;sJ. vdpDk; mj;jifa "vl;lr;nra;jy;" epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Fwpg;ghf nry;y Ntz;ba ehLfspy; eilKiwg; gLj;JtjpYk; tYT+l;LtjpYk; jpl;ltl;lkhd tiuaiwfs; cs;sd.

l Fwpg;ghf Fiwthd jpwd;fisf; nfhz;lgpupitr; Nru;e;j Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fs; czu;T uPjpahd> kw;Wk; ghypay;Ruz;ly;> Fiwthd cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; Nghd;wgy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F mtu;fis cl;gLj;jg;$ba jdpik> fyhrhu mjpu;r;rp kw;Wk;

21

gpupT fhyzkhf cstpay; gpur;rpidfspdhy; ghj;pf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf Fiwe;jjpwd;fisf; nfhz;l gpupitr; Nru;e;j Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fs; ntspehl;by;njhopy; Guptjw;fhd cstpay; jahu;gLj;jypd; Njit gw;wp mwpahJs;sdu;. ,jw;Fnjhopyhsu;fisj; jahu; nra;tjw;fhf Gyk;ngaUk; tha;g;Gs;s njhopyhsu;fs; Gyk;ngau;tjw;fhf Nghjpa cstpay; jahu;gLj;jy;fisg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

l Gyk; ngaUk; eltbf;ifAld; njhlu;GilaRfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; Gwg;gLtjw;F Ke;jpafl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J mbg;gilahd mOj;jj;ijj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Fiwthf HIVfhzg;gLk; ehLfspilNa ,yq;if gl;bayplg;gl;bUg;gpDk; $l> Gyk; ngau;e;jtu;fs;vjpu;Nehf;fpa HIVapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; epiyKf;fpakhd xU gpur;rpidahFk;. HIV njhw;Wf;fhd Neubahd xU ,lu;f;fhuzpahfGyk;ngau;T ,y;yhJs;s mNjNtis> Gyk;ngaUk; njhopyhsu;fs;> Fwpg;ghf Fwpg;ghfg; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba nghUshjhu> r%f>fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzpfs; cs;sd.Gwg;gLtjw;F Kd;duhd SLBFEapd; gapw;rpmjd; Kf;fpa xU $whf HIV gw;wpafy;tpiaAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

l jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;LMl;fis tpiyg;gLj;jypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fSf;F rl;l eltbf;if KiwfisAk; jz;lidfisAk; tYT+l;Lk; Nehf;Fld; muReptu;j;jpf;f Ntz;ba ghuJhukhd gpur;rpidGyk; ngaUk; eltbf;ifapy; Ml;fistpiyg;gLj;jYk; flj;JjYk; MFk;.

l Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;J JaUf;F cs;shd my;yJrpukq;fspy; rpf;fpAs;s Gyk; ngau;e;j ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsu;fis kPz;Lk; nrhe;j ehl;

Lf;F mDg;Gjy; cs;spl;l cldb cjtpfis toq;Fjy; jkJ mbg;gilf; flikvd njhopy; GupAk; ehl;by; cs;s ,yq;ifapd; ,uh[ je;jpu Jhjufq;fs; czu;jy;Ntz;Lk;. Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fisg;ghJfhg;gjpYk; mt;thNw> Gyk;ngau;e;j,yq;ifj; njhopyhsu;fspd; fz;zpak;>mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ijkjpj;J mtu;fspd; Nrk eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk; ,yq;ifapd; Jhjufq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MszpapdUk; gpujhd gq;F tfpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

l nrhe;j ehLfSf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;Gjy;murpd; nghWg;ghFk;. tpUk;Gfpd;w vy;yhnjhopyhsu;fSk; ghJfhg;ghfj; jpUk;gpmDg;gg;gLtij muR cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;Ntz;Lk;. jpBnud Vw;gLk; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;> kpff;fLikahd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;,lu; fhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; mtru fhy #o;epiyfis ,J eptu;j;jpf;Fk;.

l tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs; fpilg;gJld;kdpj fz;zpaj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;J cupikkw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;jpd; KOikahd ghJfhg;Gld; jpUk;gTk; xUq;fpizjy; eltbf;if,lk;ngWtij muR cWjpg;gLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

l Gyk; ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fspd; gps;isfspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nrk eyid Nehf;fpajdJ nghWg;gpid muR czu;fpd;wJ. Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopyhsu;fspd; gps;isfSf;FghJfhg;igAk; Nrk eyd;fisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; $l> Gyk;ngau;e;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w FLk;gq;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpark;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;RfSf;F ,ilapyhdxUq;fpizg;G ,y;iy.

33

njhopy;tha;g;G> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; tUkhd cUthf;fj;Jf;fhd njhopy;Gyk;ngah;tpd; gq;fspg;ig muR mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jg; gad;fs; gpujhdkhf mDg;gPLfs;>jpUk;Gjy; kw;Wk; Row;rpg; Gyk;ngah;T> Njrpavy;iy fle;j (transnational) rKjhaq;fspd;<LghL Mfpatw;wpypUe;J jpus;fpd;wJ. jpUk;gpaGyk; ngah;e;NjhUk; Transnational Gyk;ngah;e;NjhUk; KjyPLfs;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;jpwd;fspd; khw;wk;> kdpj %yjd cUthf;fk;>r%f %yjd tphpthf;fk;> tu;j;jf> thzpgj;njhlu;Gfspd; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rpMfpatw;Wf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wdh;.

,e;jg; gad;fs; Gyk;ngah; eltbf;ifapd; ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fspd;cupikfspd; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;Wld; ,d;wpaikahjthW njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sij muR Vw;W,irf;fpd;wJ.

fzprkhd ,e;jg; gq;fspg;igAk; njhopy; Gyk;ngah;tpd; gad;fis cr;rg;gLj;Jk; gzpiaAk;muR mq;fPfhpf;Fk; mNjNtis> ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;ig nghUshjhutsh;r;rpiag; NgZtjw;Fk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpia miltjw;Fkhd ghhpa cghakhff;fUj KbahJ vd muR czh;fpd;wJ. ehl;bd;ePz;lfhy mgptpUj;jpapy;; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjpwd;fspd; ,og;gpd; ntFthd ghjpg;igAk;Gyk;ngah;tpd; r%f ,og;GfisAk; muR czh;fpd;wJ.

vdNt> muR cs;ehl;by; gz;ghd njhopy;tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; nry;tq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jpapd; gad;fisAk; rkj;Jtkhftoq;Ftij Nkk;gLjJtjw;Fk; njhlu;e;Jk;Kaw;rpf;Fk;.

Gyk;ngah;T kw;Wk;mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gpujhdtplaq;fs;l ,yq;ifapd; njhopy; Gyk; ngah;tpd;

rhjfkhd jhf;fj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;Fnjhopy; ngah;it Njrpa njhopy;tha;g;gpy; xUq;fpizj;jYk; gpujhd Xl;lj;Jf;

Ff; nfhz;LtUjYk;> gz;ghd njhopy;>mt;thNw tWik Fiwg;G nfhs;iffs;>MfpaitAk; mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.

l ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G> Cf;Ftpg;G>eyd;Ghp mikr;R mjd; Mizapd; xUgFjpahf ,yq;ifah;fSf;;fhd ntspehl;L re;ijfis tpUj;jp nra;J Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Gjpa re;ijfspy; Eiotjw;F Ml;Nrh;g;G Kfth;fSf;Fk; Vidagq;fhsh;fSf;Fk; (SLBFE, SLFEA) trjpaspg;gjw;Fk; mh;g;gzpf;fpd;wJ.

l njhopy; Gyk;ngah;tpd; mgptpUj;jpg;gad;fis tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fspd; jpwd;fspd;gy;tifg;gLj;jy;> kw;Wk; rpwe;j jpwd;fs;Mfpad mj;jpahtrpakhFk;. jpwd;kpf;fnjhopyhsh;fSf;F ghJfhg;ghdJk;xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lJkhd njhopy; Rw;whly;fspy; njhopy;tha;g;Gfis ngWtjd;%yKk; tha;g;ghd Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs; jpwd;kpf;f njhopyhsh;fshfMtjw;F fpilf;ff;$ba gue;j tha;g;Gfis toq;Ftjd; %yKk; jpwd;kpf;fnjhopyhsh;fspd; Gyk;ngah;it Nkk;gLj;Jtij muR Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

l Gyk;ngah;e;Njhhpd; mDg;gPLfs; njhopy;Gyk; ngah;Tf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd gpujhd njhlu;ghFk;. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapYk; tsh;r;rpapYk; ntspehl;Lr;nryhtzp neUf;fbfis ,yFgLj;Jtjpy;; tfpf;Fk; gq;F mjpfhpj;j uPjpapy;czug;gLfpd;wJ. Gyk;ngah;e;Njhhpd;mDg;gPLfs; Vida %yjdg; gha;r;ry;fis tpl kpfTk; ek;gfj;jf;fitahfTk;];jpukhditahfTk; fUjg;gLk; mNjNtis> mit jdpg;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;FmDg;gg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk; cj;jpNahfG+h;t mgptpUj;jp cjtpahff;fUjg;glf;$lhJ vdTk; muR czh;fpd;wJ. tWikiaf; Fiwg;gjpYk; gz;ghd njhopiy tphpTgLj;JtjpYk;mDg;gPLfs; fzprkhd gd;klq;F

Gyk;ngah;itAk; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;KiwfisAk; ,izj;jy;

34

jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. gps;isfspd;fy;tpf;Fk; Rfhjhuj;Jf;Fk; mDg;gPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kdpj %yjdcUthf;fj;Jf;F mtrpakhdjhFk;.

l kPsj; jpUk;Gfpd;w Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fspdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfischpa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Stjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij murhq;fk;czh;e;Js;sJ. kPsj;;jpUk;Gfpd;w Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapd; ghy; gq;fspg;G toq;ff;$baepjprhu; %yjdk;> f. k. kdpj kw;Wk;r%f %yjdk; Mfpa ngUk;ghyhd ed;ikfisf; nfhz;LtUfpd;wh;fs;. ,yq;ifapy;> jw;NghJ ,t;thW kPsj; jpUk;Gfpd;w Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fismth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w r%fj;jpw;F kPs,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd VNjDkrpwg;gpay;G tha;e;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;,Ug;gjhf fhzf;$bajhf ,y;iy. ,t;thwhd Gyk;ngah;e;jth;fs; ehl;bw;Fnjspthf czuf;$ba tifapyhd gq;fspg;gpid nra;Js;shh;fs; vd mq;fPfhpg;gjd; %yk; khj;jpuNk ,th;fis mzpjpul;Ltjw;Fk; <LgLj;Jtjw;Fkhdtha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.

l Gyk;ngah;e;J tho;fpd;w njhopy;Gupfpd;w,yq;ifah;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;tifj; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tpj;jpahrkhdmZFKiwfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpj;jpahrkhd mZFKiwahdJ> Njh;r;rpngw;w njhopyhsh;fs;> cah;njhopy; ty;yik gilj;j njhopyhh;fs;> njhopyhsh;fs;> cah; njhopy; ty;yik gilj;jnjhopyhsh;fs;> Njh;r;rp Fiwe;j njhopyhsh;fs;> gy;NtW ,df;FOkq;fisr;Nrh;e;jthfs;. epue;ju kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F Gyk;ngah;e;jth;fs;> jw;fhypfkhf Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs;vd;wthW tpj;jpahrkhd mZFKiwfis ehb epw;fpd;wJ.

l ,th;fspdhy; ehl;bw;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wgztDg;gy;fs; kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpf;fhf> Fwpg;ghf cs;ehl;L nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd FiwfSf;F Njitg;glf;$ba jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; NjitiamuR czh;e;Js;sJ.

l Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh; rk;ge;jkhdtphpthd jfty;fSk; juTj; jsKkey;yhl;rp ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jprk;ge;jg;gl;l nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;>Nkw;ghh;it nra;jy;> kjpg;gPL nra;j;Mfpatw;Wf;F mj;jpthukhf mikfpd;wd. jw;NghJ ntspehLfSf;F nry;Yfpd;w njhopyhsh;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Gs;sptpguq;fs; ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G gzpafj;jpdhy; mjd; gjpTeilKiwfs; Clhf Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.,t;thW gjpT nra;ag;glhkYk; ntspehLfSf;F Gyk;ngah;e;J nry;NthH;.fhzg;gLtjhy; ,j;juTfs; rpyrkak;rhpahd Gs;sp tpguq;fshf miktjpy;iy. Gyk;ngah;gth;fspd; juTfisnghWj;jkl;by; mth;fs; ntspehLfspy;jq;fpapUf;Fk; fhyk;> rk;gsk;> Ntiynra;Ak; #oy;> gztDg;gy; Kiwfs;>mtw;wpd; ghtid> kPsj;jpUg;Gjy;> r%fj;Jld; kPs; ,ize;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy juTfs; khj;jpuNk fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

l ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Gyk;ngah;e;Jgzpahw;Wk; njhopyhsh;fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;Js;s murhq;fk; ,th;fisg; gw;wp Muha;tjw;fhf (ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpd; fPo;) jdpahdnjhU epWtdk; jhgpf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wJ.mikr;rpd; fPo; ,e;epWtdk; cs;thhpahfTk; ntspthhpahfTk; njhopy; tha;g;Gfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tw;fhf Gyk;ngaUk;njhopyhsh;fisg; gw;wpAk; Gyk;ngah;tJld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Vida tplaq;fs;gw;wpAk; KOikahdnjhU fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; MuhAk; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk;.jd; MSiff;Fl;gl;l fw;if epiyakhfnraw;gLk; ,e;epWtdk; ,yq;ifah;fspd;Gyk;ngah;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPh;Tfis vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJld;ntspehl;by; Ntiytha;g;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; njhlu;ghd Nkk;gLjy;eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

40

KbTiu

,yq;ifj; Njrpa njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf;nfhs;ifahdJ ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhdgq;fhsh;fspd; KOikahdJk; mbg;gilahdJkhd gq;Fgw;WjYld; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ey;yhl;rp> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhshpd; ghJfhg;G> ,yf;Ffis tpUj;jp nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;j njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr;nrad;Kiwf;fhd ,yq;ifapd; mh;g;gzpg;ignfhs;if vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. xU njhopyhsiumDg;Gk; ehl;bd; Nehf;fpypUe;J> Ntiyf;fhfGyk;ngaUk; nrad;Kiwapd; gy;NtWgl;ltplaq;fisAk;> rthy;fisAk;> ,f; nfhs;ifftdj;jpy; vLj;jpUg;gJld; ,r;rthy;fisr; re;jpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwr; rhh;e;j MdhYk;je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk;> nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fisAk; mJ milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ.

,j;Njrpa njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;ifia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y ntspehl;L

Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gifmikr;R G+uz nghWg;ngLj;Js;sJ. ,r;nrad;Kiwapy;> Kf;fpa gq;Fjhuu;fs; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; kPJ nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tfpgq;FfisAk;> nghWg;Gf;fisAk; mikr;R mq;fPfhpg;gJld;> ntspehLfspy; Ntiytha;gGj; NjLk;,yq;ifah;fspd; jpl;lkplg;gl;l ghJfhg;ghdnjhopy; Njb Gyk;ngah;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jk;nrad;Kiwf;F gq;fspg;gjw;fhd mth;fspd;xj;Jiog;igAk mJ Ntz;b epw;fpwJ.

njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;T kPjhd Njrpa nfhs;ifapd; eilKiwg;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;F xU nghwpKiwnahd;iw ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gifmikr;R epWtTs;sJ. nrad;Kiwapd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Fwpj;J mwpf;ifapLtJk;>nrad;Kiwiaf; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; kjpg;gPLnra;tJk; mjd; xU ghfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

41

gpd;dpizg;G 1

,yq;ifapy; njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nrad;Kiw

tUlk;Mz;fs; ngz;fs;

tUlk;

vz;zpf;if % vz;zpf;if %

1986 11,023 66.98 5,433 33.02 16,456

1987 10,647 66.02 5,480 33.98 16,127

1988 8,309 45.09 10,119 54.91 18,428

1989 8,680 35.11 16,044 64.89 24,724

1990 15,377 36.08 27,248 63.92 42,625

1991 21,423 32.97 43,560 67.03 64,983

1992 34,858 28.00 89,636 72.00 124,494v

1993 32,269 25.00 96,807 75.00 129,076v

1994 16,377 27.22 43,791 72.78 60,168

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhf Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;wik 1986 - 2007

,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;Ntiy tha;g;Gf; nfhs;iffspy; ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gf;fhf ,yq;ifah;fs; Gyk;ngah;jy; vd;gJ Kf;fpa ftdj;Jf;Fhpa tplaq;fspy;xd;whfTs;sJ. 1990 fspy; gpw;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifg; nghUshjhuk; jpwe;J tplg;gl;lJld; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; ntspNawpr; nry;yy;,d;Wtiu njhlh;e;j tz;zk; cs;sJ.Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhf Gyk;ngah;jy; ,yq;ifapy;mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;l> Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l> mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l xU tplakhf cs;sJ. Kjd;ikg;gLjj;g;gLk; tplaq;fshf> gy;tifj; jd;ik>Gyk;ngah; njhopyhspapd; mDg;Giffs;> ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F mth;fspd; gq;fspg;G> njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;Tr; nrad;Kiwapy; khWk;Nghf;Ffs;> ngz;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;lGyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; gilapd; epyikfs;vd;gd cs;sd. ,itfs; mur nfhs;ifapy;nry;thf;F nrYj;jp ,yq;ifah;fSf;fhdntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G mur> muR rhuhjepfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspYk; murpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jy;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd;nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp r%fj;jpd; gy;NtWgl;lgphpTfspd; gy;tifj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfcs;sJ. nghUshjhu ed;ikfis mEgtpg;gjpy; ghFghL> Ntiytha;g;G mjpfhpg;G> Ntiy

tha;g;gpd;ik tPjk; tPo;r;rpailjy; vd;gd tUkhdg; ghFghl;by; xU vOr;rpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.,J tWik kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jr; nra;tJld;tWik xopg;ig fle;j jw;Nghija murhq;fq;fspd; Kf;fpa ftdkhf khw;wp tpl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; njhopyhsh; gilapy; Mz;fspd;gq;F mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; gz;G xd;whfcs;sJ. Ntiyg;gilapy; Mz;fspd; miuthrp vz;zpf;ifapNyNa ngz;fs; cs;sdh;.MdhYk; fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fspy; njhopw;gilapy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G gbg;gbahfnjhlh;r;rpahf mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ. MdhYk;ngz;fspd; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik Mz;fspd;Ntiytha;g; gpd;ikia tpl ,uz;L klq;fhfcs;sJ.

Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjpYk;> gq;Fgw;WjypYk; ,yq;ifj; njhopw;gilapy; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;gil Kf;fpagq;fpduhf cs;sdh;.

,yq;ifapd; Gyk;ngah; kf;fs; 1>4447>000 Mffzpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nkhjj rdj;njhifapd; fpl;lj;jl;l 7% MFk;. Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh; gil 55% ngz;fisf; nfhz;Lngz;kakhftpUg;gJ ,yq;ifg; Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh; gilapd; jdpj;Jtg; gz;ghFk;.

42

1995 46,021 26.68 126,468 73.32 172,489

1996 43,112 26.52 119,464 73.48 162,576

1997 37,552 24.99 112,731 75.01 150,283

1998 53,867 33.71 105,949 66.29 159,816

1999 63,720 35.45 116,015 64.55 179,735

2000 59,793 32.82 122,395 67.18 182,188

2001 59,807 32.50 124,200 67.50 184,007

2002 70,522 34.61 133,251 65.39 203,773

2003 74,508 35.51 135,338 64.49 209,846

2004 80,699 37.59 134,010 62.41 214,709

2005 93,896 40.60 137,394 59.40 231,290

2006 90,170 44.65 111,778 55.35 201,948

2007* 102,629 47.23 114,677 52.77 217,306

kdpj rf;jp Mz; ngz; nkhj;jk;

njhopyhz;ik kl;lk; 12,200 2,550 14,750

,ilkl;lk; 36,500 10,000 46,500

vOJeH kw;Wk; njhlHGila 59,300 11,780 71,080

jpwDs;s 260,400 107,100 367,500

Fiwj; jpwDs;s 3,100 235 3,335

jpwdw;w 250,800 77,990 328,790

tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz; - 810,500 810,500

nkhj;jk; 622,300 1,020,155 1,642,455

*Vw;ghLfs; Mjhuk;: jfty; njhopy;El;gg; gphpT-SLBFEv tpkhdepiya fUj;Jf;fzpg;G-SLBFE 1992-1993

Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsH $l;lk; gy jpwd; tifg;ghLfSs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L SLBFE My;tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfSs; ngUk;ghyhNdhH tPl;Lg;gzpg;ngz;fshfTk; jpwdw;w tifiar; rhHe;NjhuhfTk; cs;sdH.

,yq;ifiar; NrHe;j ntspehl;L xg;ge;jg; gzpahsHfs; kdpjr; rf;jp kl;lk; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy - 2007

13tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fisj; jtpu ,t;tifahd tiffspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s NtW jpl;ltl;lkhd njhopy;fis ,.nt.Nt.th.g.tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jtpy;iy. (c+k;) ~jpwd;| vDk; nghOJ mJ njhopy;thz;ik gilj;j FOf;fisAk;> kj;jpa FOf;fisAk;cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; kdpjtY kl;lj;jpypUe;J jpwd; kl;lk;> jpwdw;w kl;lj;jpypUe;J Fiwthd jpwd; kl;lk; tiuahd khw;wk;vd;gJk; ,q;F MNyhrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2007 ,y; murhq;fk; Fiwe;j jpwDilNahHvd;w xU Gjpa Ntiyahl;fs; tifg;ghl;ilmwpKfk; nra;jJ. ,jd;gb 2007 ,Ny Fiwe;jjpwDila njhopyhsHfshf ehl;il tpl;LGwg;gl;NlhH 3>435 Mf Gs;sptpguq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

jpwdw;w njhopyhsHfs;> tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs;jtpHe;j Vida vy;yh jpwDs;NshH tiffsp

Yk; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNaWk; Nghf;F xg;gPl;lstpy; fle;j 7 tUlq;fshf xU rpwpa mjpfhpg;Gld; khwh epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.2003,Ny jpwdw;NwhH tifapy; xU jpBHmjpfhpg;G Vw;gl;L fpl;lj;jl;l 10>000f;Fk; mjpfnjhopyhsHfs; jpwdw;NwhH Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;wdH. khwhf tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fshfr; nry;Nthhpy; 2006 ,Ny jpBH tPo;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.(2006 - 99>659> 2005 - 125>493)

43

kdpj rf;jp kl;lq;fspy; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhf Mz;fspd; Gwg;ghL 1994 - 2007

kdpj rf;jp kl;lq;fspy; ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gf;fhf ngz;fspd; Gwg;ghL 1994 - 2007

*Vw;ghLfs; Mjhuk;: jfty; njhopy;El;gg; gphpT-SLBFE


1994 244 1.49 787 4.81 1,408 8.60 7,133 43.55 - - 6,805 41.55 16,377

1995 837 1.82 2,074 4.51 4,088 8.88 19,431 42.22 - - 19,591 42.57 46,021

1996 556 1.29 1,635 3.79 2,894 6.71 19,387 44.97 - - 18,640 43.24 43,112

1997 534 1.42 1,386 3.69 3,008 8.01 15,832 42.16 - - 16,792 44.72 37,552

1998 655 1.22 2,512 4.66 4,054 7.53 22,093 41.01 - - 24,553 45.58 53,867

1999 1,175 1.84 2,738 4.30 5,270 8.27 24,425 38.33 - - 30,112 47.26 63,720

2000 897 1.50 3,354 5.61 4,828 8.07 24,344 40.71 - - 26,370 44.10 59,793

2001 1,125 1.88 3,205 5.36 4,631 7.74 25,262 42.24 - - 25,584 42.78 59,807

2002 1,297 1.84 3,924 5.56 5,604 7.95 30,567 43.34 - - 29,130 41.31 70,522

2003 1,410 1.89 5,281 7.09 5,342 7.17 31,638 42.46 - - 30,837 41.39 74,508

2004 1,722 2.13 5,388 6.68 5,830 7.22 33,947 42.07 - - 33,812 41.90 80,699

2005 1,324 1.41 7,150 7.61 6,988 7.44 39,882 42.47 - - 38,552 41.06 93,896

2006 1,824 2.02 5,880 6.52 7,011 7.78 38,737 42.96 - - 36,718 40.72 90,170

2007* 1,543 1.50 3,319 3.23 3,854 3.76 43,613 42.50 3,194 3.11 47,106 45.90 102,629

njhopyhz;ik vOJtpidQH

kl;lk; ,ilkl;lk; njhlHGilaJ jpwDilNahH Fiwj;jpwd; jpwdpd;ik

Year No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % nkhj;jk;

1994 18 0.04 46 0.11 151 0.34 5,453 12.45 - - 2,019 4.61 36,104 82.45 43,791

1995 41 0.03 421 0.33 506 0.40 7,734 6.12 - - 3,906 3.09 113,860 90.03 126,468

1996 43 0.04 309 0.26 477 0.40 4,867 4.07 - - 3,289 2.75 110,479 92.48 119,464

1997 39 0.03 249 0.22 571 0.51 8,670 7.69 - - 3,773 3.35 99,429 88.20 112,731

1998 40 0.04 311 0.29 842 0.79 9,656 9.11 - - 9,751 9.20 85,349 80.56 105,949

1999 78 0.07 423 0.36 940 0.81 12,852 11.08 - - 13,659 11.77 88,063 75.91 116,015

2000 38 0.03 427 0.35 997 0.81 12,131 9.91 - - 9,389 7.67 99,413 81.22 122,395

2001 93 0.07 571 0.46 1,384 1.11 11,501 9.26 - - 7,801 6.28 102,850 82.81 124,200

2002 184 0.14 631 0.47 1,635 1.23 14,911 11.19 - - 7,355 5.52 108,535 81.45 133,251

2003 131 0.10 2,226 1.64 1,437 1.06 16,106 11.90 - - 13,427 9.92 102,011 75.37 135,338

2004 105 0.08 1,173 0.88 849 0.63 11,979 8.94 - - 9,392 7.01 110,512 82.47 134,010

2005 97 0.07 892 0.65 754 0.55 6,806 4.95 - - 3,352 2.44 125,493 91.34 137,394

2006 148 0.13 758 0.68 900 0.81 6,326 5.66 - - 3,987 3.57 99,659 89.16 111,778

2007* 66 0.06 516 0.45 597 0.52 5,996 5.232 41.00 0.21 5,085 4.43 102,176 89.10 114,677

njhopyhz;ik vOJtpidQH tPl;Lg;

kl;lk; ,ilkl;lk; njhlHGilaJ jpwDilNahH Fiwj;jpwd; jpwdpd;ik gzpg;ngz;fs;

Year No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % nkhj;jk;

44

ehl;bw;F mjpfsthd ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia <l;bj;jUk; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHmDg;Giffs; (jdpahH mDg;Giffs; vdMtzg;gLj;jg;gLgit) ,yq;if nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. 2007 ,y;US nlhyH 2.5 gpy;ypad;> mDg;Giffshfehl;bw;F fpilj;jd. ,J Ke;jpa tUl mDg;Giffis tpl 15 tPjk; mjpfkhdJ. mDg;G

iffshf vkf;F fpilf;Fk; juTfshdittq;fpa+lhf mDg;gg;gl;lit khj;jpuNk. VidaKiwrhuh topfs; %yk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;litfs;> Ml;fs; ifapy; nfhz;L te;jitfs;ez;gHfs;> cwtpdHfs; %yk; mDg;gp itj;jitfs;> Vida ,t;thwhd mDg;Giffs;,jpy; cs;slq;fh.

nkhj;j Vw;Wkjpapy;

jdpahH nkhj;j jdpahH

tUlk; mDg;Giffs; Njapiy wgH njd;id Mil Vw;Wkjp mDg;Giffspd;

tPjk;

1990 16,054 19,823 3,080 2,783 25,163 79,481 20.20

1991 18,311 17,867 2,641 2,619 31,652 82,225 22.27

1992 24,037 14,893 2,960 3,691 49,176 107,855 22.29

1993 30,592 19,911 3,086 2,796 62,349 138,175 22.14

1994 34,992 20,964 3,582 3,761 68,945 158,554 22.07

1995 40,482 24,638 5,713 5,271 84,806 195,092 20.75

1996 46,003 24,068 5,753 6,091 93,814 226,801 20.28

1997 54,445 42,533 4,640 6,940 121,083 274,193 19.86

1998 64,517 50,280 2,808 6,110 142,303 310,938 20.75

1999 74,356 43,728 2,305 9,119 155,214 325,171 22.87

1990-2007 fhyg;gFjpapy; jdpahH mDg;GiffSk; ntspehl;Lr; rk;ghj;jpaKk; (&gh kpy;ypadpy;)

Mz; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfs;> tPl;Lg; gzpg;nz;fs; Vida ngz; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfs; xg;gPL - 2007

Mjhuk;: jfty; njhopy;El;gg; gphpT-SLBFE

Mz; gzpg;ngz; Vidangz;fs;

45

2000 87,697 53,133 2,179 9,174 206,360 420,114 20.87

2001 103,180 61,602 2,129 7,348 208,624 430,372 23.97

2002 123,183 63,105 2,552 8,009 214,895 449,850 27.38

2003 136,475 65,936 3,717 8,926 231,652 495,426 27.55

2004 158,291 74,897 5,155 11,453 268,574 583,967 27.11

2005 197,968 81,481 4,724 11,403 276,144 638,276 31.02

2006 224,678 88,100 9,310 7,100 308,040 688,270 32.64

2007* 276,814 102,500 10,940 8,090 334,200 774,050 35.76


*Vw;ghLfs; Mjhuk;: ,zf;fg;ghl;Lg; gphpT - SLBFE jfty; njhopy;El;gg; gphpT SLBFE

2004-2007 ,y; jd;ik ghy;epiyapy; ngwg;gl;l Kiwg;ghLfs;

Kiwg;ghLfspd; jd;ik 2004 2005 2006 2007*

Mz; ngz; nkhj;; Mz; ngz; nkhj; Mz; ngz; nkhj; Mz; ngz; nkhj;

,zq;fg;gl;lCjpaj;ij toq;fhik 150 1,476 1,626 132 1,577 1,709 454 1,535 1,989 169 1,326 1,495

njhlHghly; ,y;iy 87 2,078 2,165 78 1,677 1,755 109 2,402 2,511 108 1,578 1,686

Neha; 51 559 610 78 575 653 78 584 662 47 625 672

njhe;juT (clypay;> ghypay;) 78 1,675 1,753 142 1,807 1,949 104 1,662 1,766 33 1,240 1,273

,aw;if kuzk; 73 80 153 55 60 115 100 72 172 112 87 199

tpgj;J kuzk; 43 32 75 38 24 62 59 18 77 48 18 66

kuzk; - kdpjf; nfhiy 3 5 8 1 3 4 - 1 1 1 2 3

kuzk; - jw;nfhiy 3 6 9 5 17 22 3 4 7 3 6 9

nygdhd; Aj;jj;jhy; kuzk; - - - - - - - 6 6 - - -

xg;ge;jk; Kbe;Jk; jpUg;gp mDg;ghik 15 191 206 44 667 711 36 689 725 36 886 922

tutw;f vtUkpy;iy - 13 13 2 33 35 - - - - - -

tPl;by; gpur;rpid (,yq;if) 13 330 343 33 483 516 25 497 522 - 36 36

Ntiy xg;ge;jj;ij kPwy; 695 449 1,144 1,137 655 1,792 838 314 1,152 322 417 739

Ntiyaw;W ,Uj;jy; - 13 13 112 429 541 562 498 1,060 172 312 484

fhyk; tuKd; KbTWj;jy; - - - 1 - 1 - - - 11 2 13

rl;ltpNuhj fhRg; gupkhw;wk; 5 76 81 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 5 5

Vidait (tPl;Lj; Jiw) 11 120 131 1 22 23 17 75 92 - 55 55

Vidait (tPlw;w Jiw) 20 3 23 14 26 40 10 - 10 4 4 8

milahsk; fhzg;glhjit - - - 1 - 1 7 69 76 182 598 780

nkhj;jk; 1,247 7,106 8,353 1,874 8,056 9,930 2,402 8,427 10,829 1,248 7,197 8,445

njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaH nra;Kiwia Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjpy; ,yq;ifg; gpuirfspd;nfsutkhd Gyk;ngaHitAk; ghJfhg;igAk;rkj;Jtj;ijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,r;nrad;Kiwapy; ,d;Dk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;. rHtNjr njhopyhsH re;ijapd; Nfs;tp miyf;F ,yq;if gjpw;nraw;ghlhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. njhopyhsHfismDg;Gk; ehnld;w tifapy; njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHthdJ ehl;bd; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHgilapd; Njhw;wg;ghl;il tiuAk; rHtNjrnjhopyhsH re;ijapd; Nfs;tpfshNy jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjpy; ,yq;if ftdk; nrYj;J

fpwJ. njhopyhsH Gyk;ngaHT nrad;Kiwftdk; Njitg;gLk; gy mOj;jj;Jf;Fhpa tplaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mur murw;w Jiwfshy; NtWgl;l Kidg;Gf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfs; Gyk;ngaHnrad;Kiwapd; vy;yhf; fl;lq;fspYk; ngUe;njhifahd jilfis vjpHnfhs;fpwhHfs;.Gwg;gl Kd;dH> Nritapd;NghJ> jpUk;Gk;NghJ>FLk;gj;jpy; kPs ,izAk;NghJ vd gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. ngUk;ghyhd ,e;j tplaq;fs; jpwd; Fiwe;j kw;Wk; tPl;Lg;gzpg;ngz;tifapduhfpa ,yq;ifg; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsH gilapdhpilNa jhd; Nkw;fpsk;GfpwJ.

46

Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w Ruz;lYf;Fk; J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfs;cs;sd. mit jdpg;gl;l> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l>fl;likg;GuPjpahd fhuzpfshFk;. jpwd;Fd;wpajd; fhuzkhf> Fiwthd jpwd;fis cilath;fs; cahpa jpwd; mtrpag;gLfpd;wnjhopy;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ.Fiwthd fy;tp kl;lk;> r%f mOj;jq;fs;>kNdhepiy Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf gapw;rpfs;toq;fg;gLk; nghOJ mtw;wpypUe;J KOikahf fpufpf;f KbahJs;sth;fshf rpyh; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. my;yJ gapw;rpfspy; Nghjhikfs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; xg;ge;jq;fs; ,d;ikAk;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F ehLfSf;fpilapy; nghUj;jkhd cld;gbf;iffs; ,d;ikAk; ,jw;fhd fhuzpahFk;.mj;Jld; J}Jtuhyaq;fs; %yk; rhh;ghdnraw;ghLfisAila Nkw;ghh;itfs;> ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwfs; nfhz;l Njrpa fz;fhzpg;G nghwpKiwfs; njhopyhw;wfpd;wehLfspy; ,d;ik> gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjw;Frl;luPjpahd nghwpKiwfs; ,d;ik Nghd;wdTk; ,t;tifahd J\;gpuNahfk;> Ruz;lYf;F fhuzpahfpd;wd. murhq;fj;jpdhy; gy;NtW tifahd ghJfhg;G eilKiwfs;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghOjpYk;> Fiwthdjpwd;fisAilath;fs; gy;NtW tifahdRuz;ly;fisAk;> J\;gpuNahf epiyikfisAk; vjph;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,tw;Ws; rk;gsk;

toq;fg;glhik> vt;tpj el;l<LfSk; ,d;wpFwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dh; Ntiyiafl;lhakhf KbTWj;jy;> ePz;l Neuk; Ntiynra;a epu;g;ge;jpj;jy;> Ntiyj; njhy;iy> Xa;T,d;ik> tha;%y kw;Wk; cly; cshPjpahdghypay; J\;gpuNahfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;JMtzq;fis gwpKjy; nra;jy; Nghd;wdTk;cs;slq;Fk;.

,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; ntspehLfspy; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w Ruz;ly;fisAk;> J\;gpuNahfq;fisAk; ,yq;ifntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G gzpafk; Mtzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tHfs; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w Ruz;ly;fs;> J\;gpuNahfq;fs;> cupikkPwy;fs;> Rje;jpuk; Mfpad njhlh;gpyhd KOtpguq;fisAk; ,g;Gs;sp tpguq;fs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. NkYk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs;Gyk;ngah; nraw;ghl;bd; nghOJ xt;nthUfl;lj;jpYk; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w gpur;rpidfs; Ma;T%yNkh> my;yJ fw;if %yNkh KOikahfMtzg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf,th;fsJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSk; jtph;f;ftplg;gl;Ls;sdh;. vdNt Gyk;ngah;tpdhhy;Vw;gLfpd;w r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; KOikahfgFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L mjw;fhd ghpfhuKiwfs; murpd; cjtpAld; $ba cj;jp%yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

47

gpd;dpizg;G 2

Nkd;ik> ghJfhg;G> xg;GuT Mfpa epiyikfspd; fPo;Gyg;Gngah;it cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rh;tNjr flg;ghLfs;

14r.njh.r rhrdj;jpd; jdpj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik tha;e;j Vw;ghLfspy; 97> 143k; ,yf;f tplaq;fspd; gy mk;rq;fis rHtNjr (I.eh) rkthaq;fs;nfhz;bUe;j nghOjpYk; $l> rHtNjr rkthaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;glit chpikfis tpl mjpfkhd tplaq;fis r. njh. m rhrdj;jpd; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l rpy Vw;ghLfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. I.eh. rkthaj;jpw;F tho;j;Jiuahf mit mike;jd15Gyk;ngaHe;j njhopyhsHfshYk; mtHfsJ FLk;g cWg;gpdHfSk; chpikfis; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd FO> rkthaj;jpd; 73Mk; cWg;Ghpkapd; f;fPo; mur jug;gpduhy; rkg;gpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if ghprPyidfs;. mur jug;gpdhpd; Muk;g mwpf;if 2004> ,yq;if> cmm/c/lka/1, 2008 [_d; 19.http:www2.ohchr.org/ english/ bodies/ cmw/. c.lkai.doc

If;fpa ehLfs; Kiwapdhy; tYT+l;lg;gl;LtpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L rh;tNjr kdpj cupikfs;rl;lj;jpdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd cupikfs;Rje;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr njhopy; mikg;Grkthaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fismbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lrh;tNjr njhopy; rl;l Vw;ghLfs; Mfpad rfyGyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; Vw;GilajhFk;. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; vjph;nfhs;fpd;wghugl;rq;fs;> Ruz;ly;fs;> J\;gpuNahfq;fs;Nghd;wtw;iw mq;fPfupf;fpd;w jd;ikapYk;>kw;Wk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh; Kiwahfmy;yJ Kiwaw;w Kiwapy; gpuNtrpj;jpUe;jhYk;> mtw;iw mbg;gil kdpj chpikfs;cs;slq;fyhf ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Fiwe;j gl;repakq;fisg; NgZtjpNyNa ,e;j rh;tNjrfUtpfspd; ntw;wp jq;fpAs;sJ.

rfy Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fisAk; mth;fsJFLk;g cWg;gpdh;fisAk; ghJfhg;gJ njhlh;ghdrkthaj;ij> rpy cWg;Giufs; njhlh;ghd rpygpufldq;fSld;> 1996> khh;r; 11 Mk; jpfjp,yq;if Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,yq;if ,jidVw;Wf;nfhz;likahdJ rfy Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fsJ cupikfisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ,yq;iff;Fs;smh;g;gzpg;ig ,J vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh;fsJ cupikfs; njhlh;ghdtplaq;fisf; ifahs;tjpy; kpfTk; fhj;jpukhdrh;tNjr rhrdkhf> rh;tNjr rkthak; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rkthakhdJ> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu chpikfs; njhlh;ghdcld;gbf;if> rhjp uPjpahd rfy tpjkhdghugl;rq;fisAk; ,;y;yhnjhopg;gJ njhlh;ghdcld;gbf;if ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd rfy tpjkhd ghugl;rq;fisAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gJnjhlh;ghd rkthak;> rpWth; chpikfs; njhlh;

ghd rkthak; cs;slq;fyhf rh;tNjr kdpjchpikfs; gpufldk;> I.eh.tpd; rh;tNjr kdpjchpikapd; rhrdk; Mfpad njhlh;gpYk;,r;rkthak; ftdj;ij <h;f;fpwJ. NkYk;rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mikg;gpd; Gyk;ngah;njhopyhsh; rkthaq;fspd; ,uz;L Vw;ghLfs;njhlh;ghfTk; ftdj;ij <h;f;fpwJ.

2003> [{iy 1 Mk; jpfjp Kjy; rh;tNjr rkthak; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,r;rkthaj;jpd;Vw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rl;lthf;f> ePjp> epHthfeilKiwfs; njhlh;ghd Muk;g mwpf;ifia2008 [_dpy; ,yq;if rkh;g;gpj;jJ. ,r;rkathaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cupikfs;njhlh;ghd gy;NtW tplaq;fs; Vw;fdNt,yq;if murpay; mikg;gpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,t; mwpf;ifapy; gpd;tUk;tplaq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapypUe;J gy njhopyhsh;fs; ntspehLfSf;FNtiy Njbr; nry;fpd;wth;fs; vd;w Kiwapy;>,yq;if njhopyhsh;fsJ eyidg;NgZtjw;F VJthf> mth;fsJ Nritfisg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w Nkw;gb> rkthaj;jpw;Fcld;gLfpd;w ehLfs; Mff; Fiwe;j rHtNjrjuhjuq;fSf;F mikthf Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fsJ chpikfisg; ghJfhf;ff; $batpjj;jpy; cWjpahd rl;l tiuTr; rl;lfq;fq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;ghhpa mstpy; njhopyhsh;fis Ntiyf;fkh;j;Jfpd;w gy ehLfs; ,r;rkthaj;jpd; jug;gpdh;fshf ,J tiu tutpy;iy."

ntspehl;bw;F Ntiy nra;gth;fis mDg;gpitf;fpd;w ehL vd;w Kiwapy;> rh;tNjruPjpahd Gyk;ngah;fpd;w njhopyhsh;fsJk;mth;fsJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fsJk; eyidAk;>

48

16ngz; Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfs; njhlHghd FOtpd; mwpf;if> kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO ,yq;if> 2005> Xf];l: nuhgpad; [Hnly;>epNfhyh iggH mNyypah vd;nfhH> rfy Gyk;ngaH njhopyhsHfs;> mtHfsJ FLk;g cWg;gpdHfsJ chpikfs; njhlHghf I.eh.rkthaj;ij 1990) mq;fPfpg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs;. ,yq;if> gpypg;igd;rpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gtf;fw;if> 15Mk; ,yf;f nraw;ghLMtzk;> Mrpah> gRgpf; Gyk;ngaH 15Mk; ,yf;f nraw;gL Mtzk;> Mrpah> gRgpf; Gyk;ngaH Ma;T tiyaikg;G> 2005 Xf];l;.

xg;GuitAk;> kdpj> rl;l epiyikfisfhj;jpukhf Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba tplaq;fSld;njhlh;Gila ,r;rkathaj;jpd; 4 Mk; gFjpapYs;s cWg;GiufSlNdNa ,yq;ifapd;mf;fiw gpujhdkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rh;tNjrrkthak; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F gy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Ggzpafr; rl;lk; 1985 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mr;rkthaj;jpd; ehd;fhk; gFjpapy;gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s gy tplaq;fs; ,yq;ifrl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd16. mitahtdjfty; njhlh;ghd Vw;ghLfs;> ntspehl;bw;Fnry;tjw;F Kd; toq;fg;gLk; gapw;rpfs;>Ntiyf;fkh;j;Jk; Kfth;fis xOq;FgLj;jy;>rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;Gfs;> Ntiy njhlh;ghdMNyhridr; Nritfs;> ehL jpUk;Gfpwth;fis kPs; xq;fpizj;jy; Mfpait. ,Ug;;gpDk;,r;rkthaj;ij KOikahf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,d;Dk; gy tplaq;fis ,yq;ifNkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ vd mz;ikakPsha;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.16

mtw;Ws; rpy : Gyk;ngau ,Ug;NghUf;F ,r;rkthaj;ij nkhopngah;g;Gr; nra;J toq;Fjy;>ntspehLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,yq;ifj;J}jufq;fspy; MNyhridr; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;>mth;fs; Gyk;ngautpUf;fpd;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu epiyikfs; gw;wpAk; mq;F fhzg;gLfpd;w njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; Vida rl;lq;fs; gw;wpAk; njspTgLj;jp mwpT+l;ly;@ Ntiyf;F nry;gtUf;Fnjhpe;j nkhopapy; njhopy; xg;ge;jq;fistpepNahfpj;jy;> Gyk;ngah;e;j ehl;by; VjhtJnghUs;Nfhly;fs; Njitg;gl;lhy; mjidmth;fSf;F Ghpfpd;w nkhopapy; toq;fy;>Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fsJ thf;FhpikiacWjpg;gLj;jy;> Gyk;ngauTs;s njhopyhsh;fSf;F Njitahd gapw;rpfis toq;fy;>jdpahh; Kfth;fis Jhpjkhf xOq;FgLj;jy;>kw;Wk; tQ;rf; flj;jy;> Kiwaw;w Gyk;ngah;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jLj;jy;.

49

gpd;dpizg;G 3

njhopy; Gyk;ngah;Tfs; njhlh;ghd Njrpa rl;lq;fs;

1985> ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg;gzpafr; rl;lNk (,.nt.Nt.g.r.) (SLBFE)njhopy; Gyk;ngah;Tfis mq;fPfhpf;fpd;w KjyhtJ gpujhd rl;lthf;fkhFk;.17 ,yq;ifapy;gzpahw;Wfpd;w njhopyhsh;fisg; ghJfhf;fpd;w Njrpa njhopy; rl;l MSifapd; fPo;Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs; (ntspehl;by;gzpahw;Wfpd;w njhopyhsh;fs;) cs;slf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntspehLfSf;F Gyk;ngah;e;J gzpahw;Wfpd;wnjhopyhsh;fSf;F Vw;Gila gpujhdrl;lthf;fk; ,.nt. Nt. g. r. MFk;.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rpd; gug;ngy;iyapd; fPo;,.nt.Nt.g.r. fhzg;gLfpd;J.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Kfth; rl;lj;ijePf;fptpl;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,yq;ifntspehl;LNtiytha;g;Gg; gzpafr; rl;lkhdJrfytpjkhd Gyk;ngah; ciog;ghsh;fSf;Fk;Vw;Gilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;g gzpafj;ij epWTtJk;>nghJthd mjpfhuq;fs; Nehf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghd ftdj;jpy; tphpthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;snrad;Kiwfis toq;FtJk; ,r;rl;lthf;fj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntspehl;bw;F Gyk;ngah;e;J njhopyhw;Wgth;fSf;fhd MSif mjpfhu mikg;ghfjpfo;tjw;Fk;> ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G eph;thfj;jpw;fhd gpujhd Kftuhf nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd rl;l Mizia ,.nt. Nt. g. ,w;F,r;rl;lk; toq;FfpwJ. ,.nt.nt. g. 1986 ,y;epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J mur Mjpf;fKila Xh;mikg;ghFk;. ,jw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,.nt. Nt.g. rl;lj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.

11 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l gzpg;ghsh;fs;rigapdhy; ,.nt.Nt.g. Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,th;fs; midtUk; ntspehl;LNtiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G eyNdhk;Gifmikr;rhpdhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;gpl;lepWtd hPjpahd nraw;ghLfspd; %yk;njhopyhsh;fspd; Fbg;ngah;Tfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij ,.nt.Nt.g.,w;F ,r;rl;lk; toq;FfpwJ. (mtw;Wy; rpy)Ntiytha;g;G Kfth;fSf;F mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis toq;fy;> Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs;njhlh;ghd juTfisj; jpul;Ljy;> juhjuq;fisepu;zapj;jYk; njhopy; xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghdNgr;Rthh;j;ijfspy; <Lgly;> ntspehl;by;>Ntiy nra;fpd;w ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsh;fsJghJfhg;igAk;> eyidAk; NgZtjw;fhdeilKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;wd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; 15 Mk; gpuptpy;,jdJ Nehf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.,jid gpd;tUkhW njhFj;J $wyhk;.

l jhuhjq;fis epu;zapj;J njhopy;xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghd Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfisNkw;nfhs;sy;.

l Ml;Nrh;g;G cld;gbf;ifis Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf rk;ge;jg;gl;l ntspehl;Lmjpfhu mikg;Gfs;> njhopy; toq;Feh;fs;> njhopy; Kfth;fs; Nghd;wth;fSld; cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

l epahakhd Cjpak;> njhopy; juhjuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba khjpup njhopy; xg;ge;jq;fisjahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

171994Mk; Mz;L 4Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jhYk;> ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpaf xOq;FtpjpfshYk; jpUj;jg;gl;l 1985Mk; Mz;L21Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; (,yq;if tHj;jkhdp> 1985-08-28> ,y 369/9)18,y 32 of 1980

50

l njhopYf;fhf ntspehl;bw;Fk; nry;fpd;w,yq;if gzpahsh;fSf;F ,yq;iff;FntspNa tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia ghpNrhjpj;jy;.

l ,yq;iff;F ntspNa Ntiyf;fkh;j;jg;gl;Ls;s ,yq;ifah;fsJ ghJfhg;igAk; eyidAk; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.

Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fis ghJfhf;ff;$ba kw;Wk; njhopy; uPjpahd Gyk;ngah;TfSf;F cjtf;$ba> njhopy; Gyk;ngah;Tnrad;Kiw Ml;rpfis ,yFgLj;jf;$batpjj;jpy; ,e;Nehf;fq;fs; gy;NtW tifahdxOq;F tpjpfisAk;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l nraw;ghLfshfTk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpNrlkhfGyk;ngah;T nrad;Kiwapd; Kjy; ,uz;LgbKiwfs;> ntspNaWtjw;F Kd;Gk; Nritf;fhyj;jpd; nghOJk; mikfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis toq;fy;> Ml;Nru;g;GepWtdq;fis Nkw;ghh;it nra;jYk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jYk;> G+uzj;Jtk;kpf;f gjpTKiwapd; %yk; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fisgjpT nra;jy;> ,g;gjpTr; nrad;KiwapypUe;Jjfty;fis toq;fy; Mtzg;gLj;jy;> nghJkf;fSf;fhf Ntiy tq;fp trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpepWTjy;> ntspehl;bw;F njhopYf;fhf mDg;Gfpd;wg;nghOJ mJ njhlh;ghd xg;ge;jq;fs;>cld;gbf;ifis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;wd,r;rl;luPjpahd Vw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf,.nt.Nt.g. ,w;F fpilj;j tfpghfq;fshFk;.

eyNdhk;Gif kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gld; njhlh;Gila eilKiwfis Nehf;Fifapy;> ntsp

ehl;L Ntiyf;nfd njhopyhsh;fis jahh;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mth;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd gy;NtW eyNdhk;Gif eilKiwfisNkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ty;yikia ,.nt.Nt.g.,w;F rl;lk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghLfspy;ntspehL nry;tjw;F Kd;djhd gapw;rpfs;>jpwd; tpUj;jp> jpwd; rhh;e;j njhopy;fisg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; tYg;gLj;jy;> khjpup xg;ge;jq;fis tpUj;jp nra;J miteilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gij cWjpnra;jy;> njhopyhsh;fis Ntiyf;fkh;j;Jfpd;w ehLfsp;Ys;s ,yq;ifj; J}jufq;fs;%yk; Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fsJ eyDf;fhf nraw;glf;$ba njhopy; mjpfhupfs;kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mjpfhhpfis epakpj;jy;>njhopyhsh; ey epjpankhd;iw cUthf;fy;>mth;fsJ gps;isfSf;fhd Gyikg;ghprpy;fs;>kw;Wk; fld; jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;Nghd;wdTk; cs;slq;Fk;.

Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fsJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpyNjitfSf;F rhh;ghf gjpyspg;gjw;fhd fhj;jpukhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUtjhf,yq;if Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. muR gue;j mh;g;gzpg;GfSld; nraw;gl;l nghOjpYk;> rthy;fisAk;> gpur;rpidfisAk; vjph;nfhs;tjw;Fnjhlh;r;rpahf gy tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJld;> ,g;gazj;jpy; Muk;gg;gbKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;w rl;l Vw;ghLfiskPsha;Tr; nra;a Ntz;bAk; cs;sJ. rfyGyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; mth;fsJ FLk;gcWg;gpdh;fsJ chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gJnjhlh;ghd rh;tNjr rkthaj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljd; gpd;dh; rl;lj;jpy; rpy jpUj;jq;fs;Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjid ,JtiuNkw;nfhs;shjJ Xh; FiwghlhFk;.

51

gpd;dpizg;G 4

crhj;Jizfs;

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; xg;ge;j njhopy; njhlh;ghf mikr;rpd; MNyhridfs; gphpthy;ntspaplg;gl;l mGjhyp gpufldk;. ,J MrpahtpypUe;J Gwg;gl;L mth;fs; nrd;wilfpd;w ehl;Lld;njhlh;GilaJ.

mrhnfhNrh Njhk]; D. (2000) ,.nt.Nt. g. ,d; epWtd hPjpahd fzf;fha;T> gpuRupf;fg;glhjmwpf;if

ngz; njhopshsh;fis Ruz;ly;> J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;> gf;fr;rhh;Gld; elj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwjLg;gJ njhlh;ghd jfty; topfhl;b. r.njh.m (Gj;jfk; 1> 2> 3> 4> 5> 6) (rpq;fsk;/ jkpo;) 2006.f.njh.m. ,yq;if.

Gyk;ngah;e;jth;fsJ chpikfisg; ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd ASEAN gpufldk;.

Gyk;ngah;e;j tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fsJ gz mDg;gPLfis ,ilaPL ,d;wp Nkw;nfhs;tJk;>gad;gLj;jYk; (2001) Vg;gpwy; 5 Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w fye;Jiuahly; mwpf;if. ,yq;if CENWOR,d; Mtzk; 69.70.

nly; nuhrhhpNah T. (2008) Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd r%ff; fhg;GWjpapd; rpwg;ghdeilKiwfs; : ,yq;ifj; njhlh;ghd tplaq;fs; : njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;T nrayhl;rpj; njhlh;ghdMrpa gpuhe;jpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> nraywpf;if ,y. 12> r.njh.m. ,yq;if.

la]; gz;lhuehaf;f A. 2008. Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs;: ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisAk;ghh;j;jy;. nla;yp kpuu;> igdhd;rpay; la;k;]; (Financial Times)

la]; M. & [aRe;ju (2000). rh;tNjr Gyk;ngah;Tj; njhlh;ghd ,yq;if Ma;T (ngz;fs;>Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs; njhlh;ghf tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ).

la]; M. & [aRe;ju R (2004). ,yq;ifapy; ntspg;Gyk; ngah;T njhlh;ghd Ma;T r.njh.m.>nfhOk;G ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;L gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J ehL jpUk;gpa ngz; Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs;2002. Ma;Tj; njhlh; ,y. 26. ngz;fs; Ma;T ikak; (CENWOR) ,yq;if.

la]; M. & [aRe;ju L (2002). Gyk;ngah; Milj;njhopw;rhiy njhopyhsh;fs;> ,yq;if: kt;hypB];Xkhd;> ngz;fs; Ma;T ikak; (CENWOR) ,yq;if.

,yq;iff;fhf njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;T nfhs;if tiuTr; rl;lf mk;rq;fs;> ,yq;iff;fhd r.njh.r.MNyhrid J}Jf; FOtpdhpd; tp[ak; njhlh;ghd efy; mwpf;if> 2007 Vg;gpwy; 18-26> rh;tNjrGyg;ngahT epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; r.njh.m.> n[dpth / r.njh.m. mYtyfk; nfhOk;G.

f[tPu> G.A.K. (2007)> cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; gpuhe;jpa khjpup Njh;r;rp;j; juhjuq;fSk; ,yq;ifapd;juhjuq;fSk; - Xh; Xg;gPl;L Ma;T> r.njh.m.> ,yq;if.

rh;tNjr (G+Nfhy) nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfs; - gz mDg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; Gyg;ngah;Tfs; njhlh;ghdnghUshjhuj; jhf;fq;fs; (2006) cyf tq;fp.

52

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd G+Nfhs xd;wpak; kdpyh> 2008 xf;Nlhgh; 29-30. gpd;Gy Ma;T mwpf;ifmwpf;if (%yg; gpujp) : Mq;fpyk;) tl;l Nkir : Gyg;ngah;T> kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; chpikfisghJfhj;jy; - Xh; gfpug;gl;l nghWg;G. mkh;tpd; ,izg;ghsh;fs; - gpypg;igd;> If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpamurhq;fq;fs;.

jha;ehl;bYk;> Gyk;ngaUfpd;w ehLfspYk; tpidjpwd;kpf;f njhopy; Gyk;ngah;Tf; nfhs;iffiscUthf;FtJ njhlh;ghd ifNaL. INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;igAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhdmikg;G> IOM & ILO - 2006. OSCE, IOOM, ILO.

Gyk;ngah; ngz;njhopyhsh;fs; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w vr;. I. tp. njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfs; : Mrpah Kjy;mNugpah tiu mikjpahf Jd;GWj;jypypUe;J jd;khdj;JlDk;> xg;GuTlDk;> ePjpahd KiwapYk;ghJfhg;igg; ngwy; (2008). A. vd;. b. gp. gpuhe;jpa epiyak; nfhOk;G.

n`l;bNf v];. b. (1997) 'Gyk;ngah;Tk; r%fg; gpur;rpifSk;" Gyk;ngah;T ngz; ciog;ghsh;;fs;njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr khehl;L Mtzk;. rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; xj;Jiog;G njhlh;ghd mnkhpf;fepiyak; - nfhOk;G.

njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;T njhlh;ghd gy;Njrpa tuiTr; rl;lfk; r.njh.m. (2006). rh;tNjr Gyg;ngah;Tepfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; n[dpth r. njh.m. mYtyfk;.

Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fsJ chpikfs; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr njhopy; juhjuq;fs; r.njh.m. Mrpahkw;Wk; gRgpf; gpuhe;jpa nfhs;if tFg;ghsh;fSf;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jdh;fSf;Fkhd topfhl;b(2007).

'Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fsJ chpikfkisg; ghJfhg;gJ njhlh;gpy; njhopw;rq;fq;fspdJk;> murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspYk; tfpg;ghfq;fs;" - Gyk;ngah; ngah; ngz; njhopyhsh; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjrkhehL. 1997> xf;Nlhgh; 7-9> ,d;lfz;bdd;ly; Xl;ly;> nfhOk;G.

[atPu 5> la] M & tdRe;ju L (2002)> ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;L gFjpfspypUe;J ehL jpUk;gpaGyk;ngah; ngz; njhopyhshfs; ngz;fs; Ma;T ikak; (CENWOR) ,yq;if.

nfhlnfhl 5(2006). ehl;bw;F gzj;ij nfhz;LtUk; : ,yq;ifapy; ghy;epiyf; nfhs;iffspd;fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tWikAk;> Gyg;ngah;TfSk;> ghy;epiy> Gyg;ngah;T> nly;yp> rhfh gpuRuk;.

Mrpahtpy; njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;T@ Gyg;ngah; njhopyhsh;fsJ ghJfhg;G> cjtpr; NritfSk;mgptpUj;jpapd; gad;fis Nkk;gLj;jYk; (2005). Gyg;ngah;jy; njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr mikg;G.

yf;\;kd; W. D. b. rpy;th> A. et al (1993)> Gyg;ngah; gz mDg;gPLfs; mgptpUj;jp epjpaplYf;fhdXh; %yk; ,yq;if Ma;T. ILO - ARTEP ,w;fhf jahhpf;fg;gll mwpf;if> nfhOk;G> ,yq;if

nyhl; tpf; A (1990)> I. eh. rkthar; #oiktpy; ,yq;if Gyk; ngah; njhopyhsh;fsJ thf;Fhpiknjhlh;ghd Ma;T 1990 kw;Wk jw;Nghija Njh;jy; rl;lfq;fs;.

Gyk;ngah;e;j tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs; rpq;fg;G+h; (2005) kdpj chpikfs;fhg;gf mwpf;if 17 Mk; gFjp ,y. 10 fp.

Gyg;ngah; ngz; njhopyhshfs;> ,yq;if : Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; 2000 (1999 rdthp Kjy;bnrk;gh; tiu)

ePrhd; J. & ];fpgy; (Niessen J & Schibel 2007) nfhs;if tFg;ghsh;fs;> eilKiwg;gLj;Jeh;fisxUq;fpizg;gPl;bw;fhd (kp;d;dpay; toq;fy;) INuhg;gpa cj;jpNahfG+h;t ntspaPl;L mYtyfk;>INuhf;fpa Mizf; FO yf;rk;Ngh;f;.

53

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw ngz;fs;> rpWth;fs;> Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; njhlh;ghd Muk;gfl;l mwpf;if:,yq;if Njrpa Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh; rq;fk;> Mrpa mnkhpf;f gphp Nygh; epWtdj;Jld; (,yq;if),izj;J Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;T (1997).

ngNuuh vk;. (1997) 'njhopy; Gyg;ngah;T njhlh;ghd Ma;Tfs;> ,yq;ifapy; mz;ikf;fhyfz;lwpjy;fs;" ntspehLfSf;F njhopyhsh;fis mDg;Gfpd;w ehLfspd; mjpfhhpfSldhdgpuhe;jpaf; $l;lk;> ,yq;if : ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G gzpafk; kw;Wk; mnkhpf;f gphp Nygh;epWtfk;> nfhOk;G.

uzuh[h S. 2005> ntspehl;L Ntiyf;fhf Gyg;ngah;jy;fSk; fz;zpakhd njhopy; mk;rq;fSk;(,yq;ifapy; fz;zpakhd Ntiyf;fd Njrpa nraw;wpl;ljij tFg;gjw;fhd jahh;epiy gpd;GyMtzk;) r.njh.r.> ,yq;if.

I. m. fp. - r.njh.r. fy;g; xd;wpa tpjg;Giufs; (mGjhgp xd;wpak;) jw;fhypf xg;ge;j njhopy; (2008rdthp)

Fitj;jpw;Fk; If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk; fw;if tp[ankhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;l J}Jf;FOtpd;mwpf;if (1798 nrj;njk;gh; 20 Kjy; nrj;njk;gh; 30 tiu)

rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; khehl;by; Gyg;ngah; njhopyhsh;fSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baepahaG+h;tkhd topKiwfs; njhlh;ghd jPh;khdk; 2004> [_d;.

nuhl;hpNfh F.&. [ajp];r R.A. (1989) fy;gpy; njhopy; Gyg;ngah;Tfspd; gad;fis mjpfhpj;jy; :,yq;if" Mfpa njhopy; Gyg;ngah;Tfspd; nghUshjhu jhf;fk; njhlh;ghd Ma;T> epA nly;yp>ILO-ARTEP.

rh`;> e\;uh vk;. (2008)> vz;nza; tskpf;f tisFlhtpd; mz;ikf;fhy njhopyhsh; FbtuTf;nfhs;iffs; : ,it ve;jstpw;F tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ? Mfpa kw;Wk; gRgpf;gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fhd r.njh. m. gpuhe;jpa mYtyfk;> njhopy; Gyg;ngah;T MSifj; njhlh;ghdMrpag; gpuhe;jpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> Ngq;nfhf;.

Mrpah> gRgpf; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; r%f kdpj tpQ;Qhd fw;iffshy;> RUSHAP njhlh; njhlh;ghdtpsf;fkhd Fwpg;GfSk; mt;tg;Nghija Mfpa njhopshsh;fs;: ehd;F ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPl;LMa;T. And];Nfh gpuhe;jpa mYtyfk;> Ngq;nfhf;. 1986

Gyg;ngah;;T mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr xd;wpak;> njhFg;gwpf;if> Kjy; $l;lk; gpNury;];> 2009[_iy 9-11.

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gj;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (2006) njhopy; cwTfs; ntspehlL Ntiytha;g;G mikr;R -nfhOk;G ,yq;if.

,yq;ifapy; Njrpa njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;T nfhs;ifj; njhlh;ghd nraw;gug;ngy;iy.

njhopyhsh; Gyg;ngah;Tfs; tPLfspy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w jhf;fk; VO Mrpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPl;LMa;T. nfhl;gpNw Fzjpyf (Ed) 1992. mNugpa ehLfSf;fhd Mrpa njhopshsh;fs; Gyg;ngah;Tfs;njhlh;ghd %d;whk; ghfk;. If;fpa ehLfs; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

tPl;L cjtpahsh;fs; Jiw> fhuzpfs;> nghwpKiwfs;> gpd;tpisTfs;> ngz;fs;> Gyg;ngah;e;jnjhlh;ghd rh;tNjr jpl;lkply; $l;lj;jpypUe;J njhpTnra;ag;gl;l rpy Mtzq;fs;> FA+Nrhd; efuk;>gpypg;igd;]; 1987 entk;gh; 30 - brk;gh; 5. Mrpa gRgpf; mgptpUj;jp epiyak;> Nfhyhyk;G+h; - 1989.

54

rh;tNjr nghUshjhu epiyikfs;> cyf tq;fp GC 1 M (2005) ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Gyg;ngah;jy;>nraw;ghl;bw;fhd Gjpa newpg;gLj;jy;fs;> rh;tNjr Gyg;ngah;Tj; njhlh;ghd G+Nfhs Mizf;FOmwpf;if> n[dpth.

'njhiyj;J}u Fuy;fis xd;W Nrh;j;jy;" rptpy; r%fk; vd;w Kiwapy; Gyk;ngah;e;jnjhopyhsh;fsJ xUkpj;jf; Fuy;. rfy tpjkhd ghugl;rq;fSf;Fk; ,dthjj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhd rh;tNjrmikg;gpd; jiyth; epky;fh ngh;zhd;Nlh Mw;wpa jiyikAiu. Gyk;ngah;e;j njhopyhsh;fs;njhlh;ghf gpuhe;jpa nraykh;T. 2001 brk;gh; 19-21> flLehaf;fh> ,yq;if.

cad;nfhl> B.D.R. (1997) 'Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsh;fs; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghf,yq;if J}Jtuhyaq;fspd; tfpghfk;" - Gyk;ngah; ngz; njhopyhsh;fs; njhlh;ghf rh;tNjrkhehl;bypUe;J ngwg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; - nfhOk;G> rh;tNjr njhopyhsh;fs; xw;Wikf;fhd mnkhpf;fepiyak; - nfhOk;G.

ta;uh> ep\h (2007) tPl;bw;f;F tUfpd;w G+Nfhskakhf;fy; : Gyk;ngah;e;j cs;ehl;L njhopyhsh;fsJchpikfisg ghJfhj;jy;. kdpj chpikfs; fhg;gf mwpf;if> epANahh;f;.

tpf;fpukNrfu> gparpwp (2006)> G+Nfhskakhf;fy;> rhtNjr njhopyhsh; Gyk;ngah;TfSk;> Gyk;ngah;e;jnjhopyhsh;fsJ chpikfSk;> rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mYtyfk;> n[dpth.

Gyk;ngah;e;j tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w gpur;rpidfSk; mth;fsJ NjitfSk; (2000)>2000 [_iy 27 Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w $l;lj;jpd; mwpf;if. Mtzj; njhlh; ,y. 68> ngz;fs; Ma;Tikak; (CENWOR) ,yq;if.

Gyk;ngah;e;j tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs; (1999)> 1999 Nk 20 Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w $l;lj;jpd; mwpf;if.Mtzj; njhlh; ,y. 64> ngz;fs; Ma;T ikak; ,yq;if.

Gyk;ngah;e;j tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs; (2000)> 2000 Nk 20 Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; mwpf;if.ngz;fs; Ma;T ikak; (CENWOR)> nfhOk;G 07.

Gyk;ngah;e;j tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs;> 1999 Nk 20 Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w $l;lj;jpd; mwpf;if. UNIFEM,dhy; epjpaplg;gl;lJ. ngz;fs; Ma;T ikak;.

ahgh> yyd;fh rhe;jp (1995). ,yq;if tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fs; njhlh;ghf tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;Jk; -rh;tNjr njhopy; Gyg;ngah;Tfs; njhlh;ghd jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; eilKiwfs;.

55

gpd;dpizg;G 5

Kj;jug;G topg;gLj;Jk; FO cWg;gpdh;fs;

nfsut nfn`ypa uk;Gf;nty;yntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;rh;

jpU. Rdpy; 5. rpwpNrdnrayhsh;> ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk; eyNdhk;Gif mikr;R

jpU. fpq;];yp uztfjtprhsh;> ,yq;if ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G gzpafk;.

jpU. cghyp mj;JNfhuisrpNu\;l cjtpr; nrayhsh; ntspehl;L njhlh;Gfs; njhopy; cwTfs; kdpjtY mikr;R.

jpU. Rfd;j fkyj;nrayhsh;> ePjp rl;l kWrPuikg;g mikr;rh;.

jpU. vk;. k`;&g;Nkyjpf nrayhsh;> Nf. ntsptptfhu mikr;R.

jpU. gp. gp. mNgNfhd;FbtuT Fbafy;T fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh;.

jpU. vr;. vk;. FzNrfu>Nkyjpf gzp;g;ghsh; ehafk;> Njrpa jpl;lkply; jpizf;fsk;.

Ms. P. K. A. D. b rpy;thgpujp gzpg;ghsh;> Njrpa jpl;lkply; jpizf;fsk;

jpUkjp fhe;jp FzjpyfrpNu\;l cjtpr; nrayhsh;rpWth; tpUj;jp ngz;fs; tYT+l;Lif mikr;R

jpU. [hdf [ayj;gzpg;ghsh;/ jfty; Kiwikfs;%d;whk; epiyf;fy;tp> njhopw;fy;tp Mizf;FO

jpU. utp gPup];gzpg;ghsh; ehafk;> vk; yah; nglNu\d; xg; rpNyhd;

jpU. b. vk;. Mh;. uh\;Bd;nghJr; nrayhsh;ne\dy; vNrhrpNard; Ngh bNul; A+dpad; upNrr; & vl;A+Nr\d; (National Association for Trade UnionResearch & Education)

56

lhf;lh; D. tPurpq;f>gzpg;ghsh;> nghUspay; Ma;Tg; gphpTkj;jpa tq;fp.

jpU. ny];yp NjNte;jpunghJr; nrayhsh;> = yq;fhj epjf]; Nrth rq;fka

Nguhrphpah; rpwp n`l;bNfr%ftpay; jpizf;fsk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpU. r`Pl;jtprhsh;.

jpU. Ruh[; ld;njdpamDkjpg;gj;;jpuk; ngw;w ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G Kfth; mikg;G.

MNyhrfh;fs;

Nguhrphpah; rpwp n`l;bNfr%ftpay; Jiw> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

lhf;lh; khh;f]; Nkah;r%ff; nfhs;if gFg;gha;T fw;if epiyak;nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.

57

gpd;dpizg;G 6

nraw;gL FO cWg;gpdh;fs;

nraw;gL FO cWg;gpdHfs; 1 - Ml;rp

1. lhf;lH. Nrghyp nfhl;lnfhl> tpkd; md;l; kPbah nfyf;bt;> 19> ntypf;fltj;j tPjp> uh[fphpa.2. Ms. epky;fh ngHzhd;Nlh> IMADR/ kjH]; & Nlhl;lH]; xg; yq;fh> 19> 1/1> = jk;kh khtj;ij

nfhOk;G 10.3. Ms. fhe;jp ahg;gh> 94> 4 tJ xOq;if> nkhly; lTd;> uj;kyhid.4. Ms. gthdp nghd;Nrfh> khw;Wf;nfhs;iff;fhd epiyak;> 24/2> 28 tJ xOq;if> Xg; gpstH tPjp>

nfhOk;G 3.5. jpU. v];.gp. rkuehaf;f> Gyk;ngaH Nrit epiyak;> NWC Gyk;ngaH epiyak;> 10 fTd;]py;

Nyd;> nj`ptis.6. jpU. utp gPhp];> gzpg;ghsH ehafk;> vk;saH]; nglnu\d; xg; rpNyhd;> 385 J3> gioa Nfhl;il

tPjp> uh[fphpa.7. jpU. uh[pj tpN[tPu> cyf tq;fp> 73/5 fhyp tPjp> nfhOk;G 3.8. jpU. lgps;a+. vk;. gp. mNghd;Nrh> jiytH> ALFFEA, & [dhg;. vk;.igrH kf;fPd;> nrayhsH>

ALFEA, 69 khspfhtj;ij tPjp> nfhOk;G 10

nraw;gL FO cWg;gpdHfs; 2 - Gyk;ngaHe;j njhopyhsHfisAk; mtHfsJ FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; ghJfhj;J tYt+l;ly;.

1. jpU. vy;.Nf.WFZNf> gpujpg; nghJ KfhikahsH (ntspehl;Lj; njhlHGfs;> SLBFE, 234>nld;rpy; nfhg;NgfLt khtj;ij> nfh];tj;ij> gj;juKy;y)

2. Ms. gphPjp rfy#hpa> Njrpa rpWtH ghJfhg;G mjpfhu rig> 330 jytj;Jnfhl tPjp> khjpty> =[atHjd Gu> gj;juKy;y.

3. Ms. gj;kpdp uj;ehaf;f> Nkyjpf nrayhsH> njhopy; cwTfs; kdpjtY mikr;R> njhopy;nrayfk;> nfhOk;G 5.

4. rNfhjhp. ,khFNyl;> ACTFORM nty;fk; `T];> 174> my;tp]; mtd;a+> fhry; tPjp> nfhOk;G 85. jpU. n[uhl; nyhl;tpf;> Njrpa njhopyhsH fhq;fpu]; 10> fTd;rpy; Nyd;> nj`ptis.

nraw;gL FO cWg;gpdHfs; 3 - Gyk;ngaHT kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp.

1. NguhrphpaH ,e;jpuyhy; b rpy;th> gpwg;G ,wg;Gg; gw;wpa Gs;sptpgu Ma;T rpNu\;l NguhrphpaH(jiytH)> gpwg;G ,wg;Gg; gw;wpa Gs;sptpgu jpizf;fsk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;G 3.

2. jpU. kq;fs ud;njdpa> r%ftpayhsH SLBFE, 234> nld;rpy; nfhg;NgfLt khtj;ij>nfh];tj;ij> gj;juKy;y.

3. NguhrphpaH ];tHzh [atPu> nrd;lH Ngh tpkd; upNrHr;> 225/4> fpUs tPjp> nfhOk;G 4. Ms. tyah ngNuuh> ACTFORM, 174> my;tp]; mtd;a+> fhry; tPjp> nfhOk;G 8.5. Ms. Fkhhp tpj;jhud> ACILS, 9> fpd;nuh]; mtd;a+> nfhOk;G 4.6. Ms. yPyq;fp tdRe;ju> nrd;lH Ngh tpkd; hpNrr; 225/4> fpUs tPjp> nfhOk;G.7. Ms. [Ptdp [arpq;`> I.X.vk;. 24 nghyp]; ghHf; mtd;a+> nfhOk;G 5.8. jpU. vd;& rhKVy;> r%f mgptpUj;jp Nritfs;> fhry; mtd;a+> nfhOk;G.

,yq;iff;fhd njrpaj; njhopyhsh gyk;ngahtf; nfhs;if · ,yq;iff;fhd njrpaj; njhopyhsh gyk;ngahtf;...

Documents