youth integrity survey report - sinhala

1g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

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A/L : Advanced Level - Wiia fm< - W. fm.

DS : Divisional Secretary - m%dfoaYsh f,alï - m%d. f,.

GCE : General Certificate Examination - wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% - w. fmd. i.

O/L : Ordinary Level - idudkH fm< - id. fm.

NYSC : National Youth Services Council- cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdj

TIS : Transparency International Secretariat - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a f,alï ld¾hd,h

TISL : Transparency International Sri Lanka - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld

TV : Television - rEmjdysksh

YIS : Youth Integrity Survey - ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iñlaIKh

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A.1: id¾:l;ajh i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh - ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj 06

A3.1: ¥IKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj - ;reK iy jeäysá m%;sY;hla f,i 08

B.1: YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m<d;a wdjrKh jk mßÈ osia;%sla 10 lska wyUqf,i f;dard.kakd 15

,o ;reK ;reKshka 1004la iy jeäysáhka 1012la

B.2: Y%S ,xldfõ osia;%sla is;shu - ióCIKh meje;ajQ osia;%slal 15

A 1.1: iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i 17

A 1.2: iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^ia;%S mqreI& 18

A 1.3: iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^kd.ßl iy .%dóh& 18

A 1.4: weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a fndre fkdlrk$ jxpd fkdlrk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 19

A 1.5: weh$Tyq lsisúfgl;a kS;sh fkdlvk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 19

A 1.6: weh$Tyq lsisosfkl ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 19

A 2.1: weh$Tyq lsisosfkl ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs 20

A 2.2: jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka wdÞhu jeälr .ekSuo@ wjxl yd kS;s.relùuo@ 21

A 3.1: iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpkslhkag jvd id¾:ljkafkao@ 22

A 3.2: iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpkslhkag jvd id¾:ljkafkao@ ^wOHdmk uÜgug wkqj& 22

A 4.1: jxpdj fyda fndre lSu fkdlrk úg mdvq isÿjk wjia:dl§ Tjqkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh 23

ms<ssn| ±lau

A 4.2: kS;shg msgqmEug jvd mjqf,a iu.sh w.hlrk mqoa.,fhl=f.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau 23

A 4.3: iqms<smkaNdjh iys; mqoa.,fhl= ¥IKfha fhfokafka úhou wju jQ úgh 24

A 4.4: fndrelshk$jxpdlrk$ kS;shg jvd mjq, w.hk fyda iq¿ w,a,ia ,ndfok whf.a 24

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| kd.ßl iy .%dóh oDIaÀfldaKfhka jQ ±lau

B.1: m%foaY yhl ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï 25

B.2: ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï ixikaokh - ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 26

B.1 -1: rdcH wdh;kj, iuia: ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| ±lau 27

B.1 -2: úúO rdcH fiajd wdh;kj, iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau 27

B.2 -1: lsishï m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd ¥Is; .kqfokqjl kshe,Sug we;s leue;a; 28

B.3 -1: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; 29

B.3 -2: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 29

B.3 -3: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj 30

B.4-1: jeo.;a ,smsf,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a;- ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 31

B.4-2: jeo.;a ,smsf,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj 31

B.5-1: iÞpdr fkdjk whqßka /lshdjlg fyda mdie,a we;=,aaùulg we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj 32

B.6-1: iÞpdr fkdjk whqßka zwfmaËs; /lshdjZ ,nd.ekSug we;s leue;a; 33

C.1: ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reK ;reKshkaf.a N+ñldj - ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r 34

C.2: ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reK ;reKshkaf.a N+ñldj - ;reK ;reKshkaa iy 34

jeäysáhka w;r mÈxÑh wkqj

C.3: ¥IKh jd¾;d lsÍug we;s leue;a; - ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r 35

C.4: ¥IKhg tfrysj l:d fkdlsÍug fya;=- ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj 36

C.5: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka i|yd f;dr;=re ,efnk uQ,dY%hka 37

C.6: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s rduqj ms<sn|j we;s ±kqu 37

C.7: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s rduqj ms<sn|j 38

we;s ±kqu - wOHdmk uÜgu wkqj

2

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iñlaIK jd¾;dj

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld úOdhl wOHlaIjrhdf.a mKsjqvh

f,dj mqrd ¥IKh ;=rka lsÍug;a wjxlNdjh iy hymd,kh m%j¾Okh lsÍug;a lemù isák cd;Hka;r jHdmdrhla jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha YS% ,xld YdLdj g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;khhs (TISL).

oYlhlg muK fmr isg YS% ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh ¥IKfhka f;dr YS% ,dxlsl iudchla lrd hk .ufkaoS úúO md¾Yjhka yd tlaj lghq;= lr we;' iudcfha ld¾hlaIu iy WoaoSma; jQ fldgila jk fh!jkhkag ¥IKhg tfrysj flfrk igfka jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgql< yelsh' fuu jeo.;a ld¾hNdrh y÷kd.;a g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh ;u m%Odk ld¾hd,h u.ska rgj,a .Kkdjl iyNd.S;ajfhka isÿlrk ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKh YS% ,xldfõo wdrïN lrk ,§' fuu iólaIKhg iyNd.Sjk wfkl=;a rgj,a jkafka *Sð" bkaaÿkSishdj iy ol=Kq fldßhdjh'

fuu iólaIKh cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iydh we;sj újD; úYaj úoHd,h u.ska isÿlrk ,o w;r tys m%;sM, ;=<ska YS% ,dxlsl fh!jkhska f.a iqms<smka Ndjfha uÜgï ms<sn|j jgyd.ekSug yelsjkq we;' YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m,d;a ksfhdackh jk mßÈ Èia;s%la oyhlska ;reKhska 1004 fofkl=f.a ksheÈhla f;dard.kakd ,o w;r md,l lKavdula f,i jeäysáhka 1012 fofkl=o iólaIKh i|yd iyNd.S jk ,§'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKfha§ ,nd.kakd ,o m%uqL o;a;hka iy wkdjrKhka m%isoaêhg m;a lsÍug fmr ta ms<sn|j iudf,dapkhla lsÍug iy msgqn,h Èhhq;= wxY y÷kd.ekSug iudf,dapk /iaùula TISL wdh;kh úiska mj;ajk ,§' fcHIaG rdcH ks,OdÍka" ckudOHfõ§ka iy isú,a iudc ls%hdldÍka fuu úpdrKh i|yd iyNd.S jQy' fuu iólaIKfha m%;sM, iy o;a;hka ó,`. mshjf¾oS tkï" fh!jkhka ¥IKhg tfrys igkg fhduqlrjd .ekSug wjYH ie,iqï ilialsÍfï§ idlaIs iys; mokula ,ndfokq we;'

fuu iólaIKfha m¾fhaIl f,i lghq;=l< újD; úYajúoHd,fha, wdpd¾h Ydka; wfíisxy uy;dg, le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,fha wdpd¾h kd,l úl%uisxy uy;dg iy cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iNdm;s;=uka iy ld¾h uKav,hg fuu iólaIKh id¾:lj wjika lr.ekSug ±lajQ iyfhda.h ms<sn|j udf.a ia;=;sh iy lD;|;djh msßkukq leue;af;ñ'

tia rkq.af.aúOdhl wOHCIg%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld


cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iNdm;s$ wOHlaI fckrd,a;=uka f.a m‚jqvh

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Y%S ,xldfõ ;reK lghq;= wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhd iy cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ( —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHfha˜ iNdm;sjrhd jk uu" fujeks cd;sl iólaIKhlg uq, msÍu iïnkaOfhka g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;khg fnfyúka Kh.e;s fjñ' úfYaIfhka u" rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ;reKhkaf.a Yla;sh mkakr .ekaùug wm lghq;= lrñka isák ld,hl" rfÜ iudc-wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg n,mdk fuu iudcuh ndOdjka ms<sn|j ;reKhka ork woyia wjfndaO lr .ekSu w;sYhska m%fhdackj;a jkafka h'

md,kh" ¥IKh iy w,a,i ms<sn|j ;reK mrmqr i;= oekSu wjfndaO lrf.k isàu" wkd.;fha § fuu ndOdjka id¾:l f,i ;=rka l< yels fyda msgqoelsh yels jk mßÈ fyg Èk kdhlhka jk j;auka ;reK ;reKshka oekqj;a lsÍug iy iú n, .ekaùug cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdj jeks cd;sl wdh;kj,g fnfyúka Wmldrl jkq we;' rg ;=< isák iEu ;reKfhl= u b,lal lr f.k cd;sl ixj¾Okfhys ,d il%shj iïnkaO ùug ;reKhka n, .ekaùfï l%shdj,shl —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHh˜ fï jk úg ksr;j isà'

j¾;udkfha §" Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykfhka ie,lsh hq;= fldgila ^30]lg wdikak m%udKhla& meyeÈ,sj u wjqreÿ 15-29 w;r ;reK ;reKsfhda fj;s' Tjqkaf.a m%d¾:kdjka fnfyúka úúO jk w;r" m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka ish jev lghq;=j, iSudfjka Tíng f.dia tajd úuid ne,Su wjYH fõ' 2010 jif¾ § ;k;=r Ndr .;a úg fuu ;;a;ajh jgyd .; yels jQ neúka" tjl ;reK mrmqr ;=< mej;s Wiia wfmalaId iemsßh yels jk mßÈ moaO;s" m%úIaghka" jev igyka iy jHdmD;s h<s yev .iajk ,È' ;reK lghq;= iy ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H .re v,ia w,ymafmreu ue;s;=udf.a mQ¾K wdYS¾jdoh we;sj cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdjg y÷kajd fok ,o —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHh˜ kï ixl,amh" fmdÿfõ ;reK mrmqf¾ o ;reK ixj¾Ok lafIa;%fha kshe,s wka ish¨ md¾Yajlrejkaf.a o mQ¾K ms<s.ekSug ,la úh'

wm Y%S ,xld ;reK md¾,sfïka;=jg uq, msrefõ Y%S ,xldj ck jika;hla w;aú¢ iuhl h' ug kï" wka lsis lf,l fkdjQ ;rï úYd, ;reK ck.ykhla isàu iïm;ls' m%cd uQ, uÜgfï ;reKhka fj; <Õd ùfï hka;%Kh jk" fï jk úg rfÜ oi foi ñ,shk 1'2lg wdikak ;reK idudðl;ajhla iys;j fmrg hñka isák Y%S ,xld ;reK iudc iïfï,kh" w¾:dkaú; ;reK iyNd.s;ajh iy ;reKhka n, .ekaùu iy;sl lsÍug úYsIag ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lr we;' rg ;=< mj;akd merKs;u iy úYd,;u ;reK wdh;kh o" ienúka u fuu l,dmh ;=< mj;akd merKs;u iy úYd,;u ;reK jHdmdrh f,i o ie,flk —Y%S ,xld ;dreKHh˜ fuu j;auka m%.;sh ms<sn|j fnfyúka wdvïnr úh hq;= h'

Y%S ,xldfjys mj;akd j;auka ;;a;ajh iy miqìu ;=<" tla w;lska cd;sl ixj¾Okh ;=<;a wfkla w;ska ish fm!oa.,sl ixj¾Okfhys ,d;a il%shj iïnkaO ùug ;reKhkag jeä jeäfhka wjia:d ks¾udKh ù iy újD; ù we;' tfy;a rfÜ iudc-wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùug kï" ish fm!oa.,sl iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok m%uqL;djkag wu;rj Tjqka md,kh ms<sn|j o oekqj;alu w;a lr .; hq;= hehs wms oeäj úYajdi lruq'

fuu lreKq ie,ls,a,g .kakd úg" ;reKhka md,kh ms<sn|j ork woyia úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh fhdackd lr ;sfnk fuu jHdhduh by< ms<s.ekSulg ,la jkq ksiel h'

,,s;a mshqï fmf¾rd ^kS;sfõ§&"Y%S ,xldfõ ;reK lghq;= wOHlaI ckrd,a iycd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ iNdm;s

4



úOdhl iïmskavKh

úOdh

l i

ïmsk

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fh!jkhka hkq cd;shl Ôjkd,shhs' YS% ,xldfõ ñ,shk myl fhdjqka ck.ykhla we;' th rfÜ

ck.ykfhka 26] l m%;sY;hls' TjqkAyg /lshd wjia:d ,nd.ekSu .eg¨jlaj mj;sk w;r iEu

jirlu ms<sfj,ska YsIHhska 150"000 la iy 130"000la w'fmd'i' îd'fm& iy w'fmd'i' ^W'fm&

úNd.j,ska miq mdie,a moaO;sfhka neyer fj;s' Tjqka nyq;rh Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd fhduq

fkdfõ' fï wkqj ;reKhskaf.ka 92] la wiïmQ¾K uQ,sl wOHdmkhla muKla ,ndf.k /lshd

fidhd h;s' ishü ;reKhskag hym; i,ik idOdrK wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla ,nd.ekSug kï

;reKhska tu ls%hdj,sfha fldgialrejka úh hq;=h' fhdjqka iudcfha wkd.;h r|dmj;akd fuu

ixj¾Ok b,lalhka imqrd .ekSug kï Tjqka iqms<smkaNdjh iy wjxl;ajh fmr±ßlr f.k

¥IKhg tfrysùfï ±ä lemùulska lghq;= l< hq;=h'

fuu fya;=j ksidu g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh fh!jkhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh

iy ¥IKhg tfrys ùfï keUqrej m%j¾Okh lsÍfï m%h;akhla Èh;alrk ,§' g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh rg mqrdu isák fh!jkhska iu. lghq;= lrñka ;u m%cdjkaf.a

fukau cd;sl uÜgfukao we;s l< hq;= fjkialïj, ksfhdað;hsska ùu i|yd Tjqkaj n,.ekaùg

lghq;= lrkq we;' fï i|yd g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh" g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a f,alï ld¾hd,h iy g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a *Sð" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a

bkaaÿkSishd" g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ol=Kq fldßhd hk wdh;k yd tlaj lghq;= lrhs'

fuu ls%hdj,sfha m<uq mshjr jQfha ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKhla Youth Integrity Survey (YIS) meje;aùuh' uqyqKg uqyqK,d isÿl< iïuqL idlÉPd mokï lrf.k iúia;rd;aulj

isÿl< fuu iólaIKh u.ska iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh ms<sn|j ;reKhskaf.a wjfndaOh" wdl,am

iy yeisÍï iïnkaOj uQ,sl ;;ajh ikd: lrkq ,eîh' wruqKq folla mokï lrf.k isÿl<

fuu iólaIKh u.ska YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjfha j;auka uÜgu ±k .kakd w;ru

¥IKhg iy jHdc;ajhg tfrysj Tjqkaf.a iyNd.S;ajfha uÜguo fidhd.ekSu isÿúh'

gqj¾âia g%dkaiafmarkais úhÜkdï (Towards Transparency Vietnam) iy Tjqkaf.a yjq,alrejka úiska

uq,skau ilialrK ,o iólaIK ls%hdj,sh fuu ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh

i|ydo g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh úiska fhdÞ.kakd ,§' YS% ,xldfõ ixialD;sl

iy iudchSh h:d¾:hka ms<sìUq jk whqßka iólaIKh jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o w;r g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh fuu iólaIKh isÿl< wfkl=;a rgj,a iu. ióm ixikaokhka isÿlsÍug

yelsjk mßÈ flakaøSh m%Yak iy uQ,O¾u tf,iu mj;ajd.kakd ,§'

;reK ;reKshka 1000lg jeä ixLHdjla uqyqKg uqyqK,d isÿl< fuu iólaIKhg iyNd.S jQ

w;r Bg wu;rj md,l lKavdhula f,ig 1000l jeäysáhkao tlajQy' iyNd.SjQ iEu wfhlau

Tjqkaf.a ia;S% mqreI Ndjh" .%dóh iy kd.ßl mÈxÑh" wOHdmkh iy wfkl=;a iudc o;a;hka

wkqj fjkalrk ,oS' iyNd.SjQ ishü jeäysáhka iy ;reKhska YS% ,xldfõ m<d;a kjfhka ^9&

wyUqf,i f;dard .kakd ,o w;r kd.ßl iy .%dóh ck.ykh iudkqmd;slj ksfhdackh úh'

6


A. wkdjrKh lr.;a m%Odk lreKq

A.1 iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys we;s jákdlï iy wdl,am

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfha m<uq wruqK jQfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j

;reK woyia .fõIkh lsÍu yd tys iajdh;a; iy mrdh;a; jákdlï iy tajd ;uka i|yd iy

wkHhka i|yd m%;HlaIlr .kakd wdldrh fidhd ne,Suh' ta wkqj ;reKhskag fmdÿfõ ;ukaf.a

wdl,amhkao" úfYaIfhka wkqka ms<sn|j iy mj;sk Ôjk ;;a;ajhkag wkqj iqms<smkaNdjh

ms<sn|j jgyd.; yels m%Yak ud,djlaa fhdÞ.kakd ,§'

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j kHdhd;aulj ie<lshhq;= wjfndaOhla ,nd we;s

nj ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfhaoS fy<súh' flfia fj;;a YS% ,xldfõ

m%dfhda.sl Ôjk h:d¾:hka yuqfõ iqms<smkaNdjh hkqfjka woyialrk ;;a;ajhka iy ffoksl

Ôú;fha§ iqms<smkaNdjh m%ldY lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j we;s wjfndaOh fndfydaúg kuHYS,S úh'

iqms<smkaNdjh ;u Ôú;j,g jeo.;anj iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska f.ka 88] la m%ldY l< w;r

fuu lemùu m%dfhda.sl ;,fha§ t;rï m%n, fkdùh' iqms<smkaNdjfhkaa hq;= mqoa.,fhl= ;u

mjqf,a iduqysl;ajh /l .kq i|yd kS;sh lvlsÍu nyq;rhla úiska wkqu; lrk ,§' iqms<smka

mqoa.,fhl= w;ska iuyrúg kS;sh lvúh yels nj iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 20] la m%ldY lrk ,o w;r

iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 24]la m%ldY lf<a iqms<smkaNdjh iqÿiq jkafka iuyr wjia:dj,§ muKla njh'

uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh yd iïnkaO lreKq j,§o tfiau úh' óg wu;rj wjxlùu iy kS;s.rel

ùu Ôú;hg hï m%udKhlg muKla jeo.;ajk nj 30] lf.a woyi úh'

rEm igyk A.1 id¾:l;ajh i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh -ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj

uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh i|yd jxpksl nj jvd;a iqÿiq ud¾.hka jk nj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka

fldgila ^30]& úiska úYajdi lsÍu u.ska ¥IKhg fm<öu i|yd we;s keUqre;dj ms<sìUqfõ' fuh

uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh iu. ;Èka ne£ mj;S' idfmalaI jYfhka by, Ôjk úhoï uÜgula iy

.egqïldÍ wia:djr b;sydihla iys; rgla i|yd tfia ùu úu;shg lreKla fkdfõ'

0 10% 20%3 0% 40% 50%6 0% 70% 80%

66%

32%

71%

27%

jxpdldÍ mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

iqms<smkaNdjfhka hq;a mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

ia;%S

mqreI


A.2 w;a±lSï iy p¾hdjka

miq.sh jir ;=< ¥IK ls%hdjl kshe,S we;af;a iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska f.ka 25]lg wvq

ixLHdjls' fuf,i we;af;kau ¥IK ls%hdjl fh§ we;af;a idfmalaIj wvq ixLHdjla jk kuq;a

ie<lsh hq;= ;reKhska ixLHdjla lsishï ¥Is; ls%hdjl kshe,Sug leue;a; m< lr we;'

wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka YsIHhska f.ka 70]la lsisu ¥Is; ls%hdjl kshe,S fkdue;s kuq;a whym;a

;;a;ajh jkafka 80]lg;a jeä nyq;rh /lshd wjia:djla i|yd fyda lsishï jeo.;a ,shú,a,la

,nd .ekSu i|yd ¥Is; ls%hdjl kshe,Sug leue;a; m<lsÍuh' fuu ;;a;ajh ;re‚hkag jvd

;reKhska w;ro kd.ßlhskag jvd .%dóh ;reKhska w;ro jeä nj fmkSf.dia we;' fuh mqoa.,sl

jákdlï ms<sìUq lrk isÿùula fukau fudjqka wdpdrYS,S fkdjk wjYH;djhkag fyda wNsfhda.

hkag uqyqKfok nj ms<sìUq lrkaklao úh yelsh'

kd.ßl ;reKhska f.ka 40]lao .%dóh ;reKhska f.ka 23]lao ;u {d;sfhl= f.a wjYH;djhlg

fyda mj;sk idudkH ;;a;ajh ksid wdpdrYS,S fkdjk yeisÍul fh§ug miqng fkdjk nj mjid

we;' fuhska fmkajkafka ×;six.%h iy wúêu;a Wmldrhka lsÍfï ixialD;sh YS% ,xldj ;=<

lemSfmfkk ,laIKhla jk njh' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| m%n, jákdlï iys; ;reKhskag mjd

fuu idudÔh iy mjqf,a mSvkhka yuqfõ wdpdrYS,S fkdjk yeisÍïj,g wkq.;fkdù isàug

fkdyelsjkq we;'

¥IKh ms<sn|j w;a±lSï i|yd ;reKhka wdNdIh ,nkafka iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh Tjqka

olsk wdldrh wkqjh' tuksid rdcH wdh;k iïnkaOfhka Tjqkaf.a úYajdih ms<sn| m%Yakh

úfYaIfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍug g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh (TISL) ;SrKh lrk

,§' wfmalaIdl< mßÈu" rdcH ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j úfYaIfhkau fmd,sish iy m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh

flfrys" ;reKhska olajk ,oafoa b;d my;a ye`.Suls' fuu rdcH wdh;kj, mj;sk uq,a nei.;a

by, ¥Is; ;;a;ajhka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| Yla;sh iSudlrk ;j;a

idOlhla jQjd úh yelsh'

A.3 ;reK iqms<smkaNdjhg we;s jk n,mEï iy .; yels ls%hdud¾.

TISL wdh;khg ;reKhka ;u woyia$ u;jdo f.dvk.d.kakd wkaou ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.;

yelskï ta wkqj Tjqkaf.a u;hka iqnjd§j iy Okd;aulj ilia lsÍug yelshdj ,efí' fï wkqj"

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd wdldrh;a iudcfha mj;sk iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh

ms<sn|j Tjqka fl;rï ±kqïj;a±hs ;yjqrelr .ekSu;a YIS iólaIKfha m%n, wfmalaIdjla úh'

iólaIKhg wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska udOH .Kkdjlska f;dr;=re ,nd.kS' tajd w;r rEmjdysksh

^31]&" .=jkaúÿ,sh ^20]& iy cx.u ÿrl:kh ^18]& we;=<;ah' flfia fj;;a rfÜ fndfyda

m%foaYj,g wka;¾cd, myiqlï fkdue;sùu ksid iudc udOHh fyda wka;¾cd,h u.ska jeo.;a

f;dr;=re ,nd.; yelafla wfmalaIs; ixLHdjg jvd wvq ixLHdjlgh' ̂ ms<sfj,ska 5] la iy 4]la&'

wjdikdjlg fuka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhkag ¥IKh ms<sn|j rfÜ mj;sk kS;s rduqj ms<sn|j

f;dr;=re ,nd§ug fuu udOHhkag we;af;a w,am yelshdjls' iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 6]

la muKla fyd¢kau ¥IKh ms<sn`o ±kqj;a hhs is;d isá w;r 55]la lsisjla fkdo;a fyda b;d

w,am jYfhka o;a lKavdhug wh;a úh' tfukau" fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka wOHdmk moaO;sh

;reKhskag ksis u.fmkaùu ,nd § fkdue;' m%d:ñl" oaú;Sh fyda ;D;Sh wOHdmk uÜgï w;r

¥IKh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j we;s ±kqïj;a nfõ fjkila olakg

fkd,enqks'

úOdh

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8


rEm igyk A3.1 ¥IKh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj ;reK iy jeäysá m%;sY;hka

wjidkfha§ ;uka ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug leu;s±hs iólaIKh yryd ;reKhka

f.ka úuik ,§' ;reKhska 73]la wvqu ;rñka iuyr wjia:dj,§ fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj

y~ke.Sug iQÞkï nj mejiSu n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy.; ;;ajhls' tkuq;a ienúkau tfia isÿlr

we;af;a ;reKhska f.ka 7]la muKla jk w;r wfkla whg tfiA fkdlr isàug úúO fya;= ;snqks'

tuksid fjkila isÿlsÍug leue;a;la olajk fuu ;reKhskag ienúkau ¥IKhg tfrysùug

yelshdj ,efnk mßÈ Tjqka n,.ekaùu wksjd¾hfhkA isÿl< hq;=h'

B. ks.uk iy ks¾foaY

iqms<smkaNdjhg m;aùfï iy ¥IKhg tfrysùfï ienE jákdlu YS% ,dxlsl ;reKfhda ols;s'

tfiajqj;a f;dr;=re ys`.lu" ¥Is; ks,OdÍkaf.ka we;sjk ixialD;sl iy iudcuh mSvkh" mjq,a

in|;d iy ffoksl Ôjk rgdj u.ska fudjqkaf.a lemùu ÿ¾j,lr we;'

iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQ msßñ iy .eyekq md¾Yjhka w;r m%n, fn§ula olakg ,enqkq w;r

.eyekq md¾Yjh ;=< iqms<smkaNdjhg ±ä lemùula jpkfhka fukau ls%hdfjkao olakg ,enqks'

tfukau kd.ßl ;reKhska ;u .%dóh i.hkag jvd iqms<smkaNdjh w.hlrkq ,eîh' flfiakuq;a

fuu ;;ajhkag fya;=ù we;af;a fuu lKavdhï ,nk w;a±lSï iy uqyqKfok mSvkhka úkd

Tjqka;=< we;s iÞpdrd;aul fyda ixialD;sl fjkialï fkdfõ'

wvq;rñka we;eï wjia:dj,§ fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka

nyq;rhla leue;af;ka isà' fuu leue;a; ìh yd ;ud wirKhehs we;s jk ye`.Su ksid

hgm;aù ;snqqko tajd ch.; yels wNsfhda.hkah' iqms<smkakj Ôú; .;lsÍug we;s wfmalaIdjka

imqrd.ekSug iydhùug iy ta i|yd ;reKhskaa n,.ekaùug m%n, mshjr .ekSug yelskï Y%S

,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a wkd.;h §ma;su;a jk njg ks.ukh l< yelsh'

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

wÞ, ke; fyd¢ka okS;rulab;d w,amhfkdokS

jeäysá

;reK

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

17%

21%

38%

38%

39%

34%

6%

7%


fuu wruqK fmrgqlrf.k iy ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh mokï lrf.k

TISL wdh;kh my; i|yka ks¾foaYhka bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh u.ska u;=jQ .eg¨ j,g ms<s;=re imhd.kq

i|yd ¥IKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j w;sf¾l ióCIKhka iïmQ¾K lsÍu'

• .=rejreka" wÞ< wud;Hjreka iy rdcH ks,OdÍka iu. tlaj ¥IKhg tfrys WmfoaYhkaf.a

m%ñ;sh kexùug;a wOHdmk fuj,ï fj; iómùug we;s yelshdj jeä lsÍug;a lghq;= lsÍu'

• TISL iqms<smka ;dreKH ms<sn| jevigyk u.ska miq-mdie,a wOHdmksl jevigyka yryd

¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd ienE kdhlhska njg m;aùug ;reKhskag wjia:dj

,nd§u'

• ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍug ;reKhskag we;s wjia:d jeälsÍug Tjqka yd iyfhda.fhka

lghq;= lsÍu iy Tjqka tfia lrk úg kfjda;amdol iudc cd,hka Ndú;dlrñka iy ¥IKhg

tfrys m%uqL;d ÿrl:k wxlhla y÷kajd foñka Tjqkag iydh ùu'

• iqms<smkaNdjhg m;aùfï§ YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska úiska uqyqKfok wNsfhda. yqqjdolajñka

iqms<smkaNdjfhA w¾:j;a jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úêu;a udOH jHdmdrhla Èh;alsÍu'

• m%isoaO we.hSï iy m%Þkhka u.ska wdo¾Yj;a N+ñldjka isÿlrk ;reKhska we.hSu" Tjqkaf.a

lghq;= m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy ;reK kdhlhska i|yd WmfoaYk jevigykla ls%hd;aul lsÍu'

• fmd,Sish iy rdcH ks,OdÍka w;r ¥Is; .kqfokq m%;slafIam lsÍug;a ¥Is; b,a,Sï wju

lsÍug;a ;reKhska yd tlaj kj l%ufõohkaa ilia lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'

úOdh

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ïmsk

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10



y`ÿk

ajdo

Su

y`ÿkajdoSu

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh

ms<sn|j iólaIKfha wruqKq

jkafka(

• YS%,dxlsl;reK

;reKshkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh

ms<sn|j uQ,sl miqìu

y÷kd.ekSu'

• ;reKhka¥IKhgtfrysj

yd iqms<smkanj wNsfhda.hg

,laùug tfrysj l%shd;auljk

uÜgu kS¾Kh lr .ekSu'

j¾;udkh jk úg os.= ld,Sk hqoaOhl m%;sM,

j,ska iqjh ,nñka isák rgla jk Y%S ,xldj

j¾.jdoS .eg¨jg úiÿqï fidhk w;r rg;=,

Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS md,k jHyhla m%;sIaGdmkh

lr.ekSfï;a f.da,Sh jYfhka ms<s.;a udkj ysñlï

iq/lSfï;a wNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hh wNsuqj isák

ta ms<sn`o Wkkaÿfjka miqjk rgls1' tu wruqKq

bgqlr .ekSug yels ienE moku mßmQ¾K iudchla

f.dvke.Su nj ta i|yd lemù isák g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kfha (TISL) úYajdihhs'

iqms<smka iudchla f.dvke.Su i|yd YS% ,dxlsl

;reKhska w;r iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iúu;a

jákdlï iy mqoa., lemùu ixj¾Okh lsÍu

wjYHh' fuu iólaIKh tf,i jákdlï iy

lemùï f.dvke.Sfï mq`:,a ls%hdj,shl m<uq

mshjr f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuu wruqK idlaId;a

lr.ekSu i|yd TISL wdh;kh" g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha uyf,alï ld¾hd,h iy

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a *Sð" g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a bkaaÿkSishd" g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a" ol=Kq fldßhd hk wdh;k yd

taldnoaOj lghq;= lrhs'

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh

wjOdkh lrkq ,enqfõ YS% ,xldfõ ;reKhska

úiska iqms<smkaNdjh hk ixl,amh jgydf.k we;s

wdldrh;a ¥IKh yd iïnkaO wjia:djka ms<sn|

Tjqkaf.a ±kqïj;a nj iy wjfndaOh" ¥IKhg

uqyqKÿka úg Tjqkaf.a wdl,am" yeisÍu, ls%hdjka"

fukau ;reKhskaf.a jákdlï iy yeisÍï j¾Okh

i|yd n,mdk idOl ljf¾o hkak ms<sn`oj;ah'

fuu iólaIKh i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh w¾: olajd

we;af;a mqoa.,hska fukau wdh;k úiska ms<s.; hq;="

¥IKhg tfrysj ndOl ks¾udKh lrk" iÞpdrhg

iy wdpdrO¾uj,g wkql+, m%;sm;a;Ska iy m%ñ;Ska

iuqÞhla f,ih' fuu w¾: ±laùu g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska 2009 jif¾ ksl=;al<

ud¾f.damfoaYl w;afmdf;ys i|yka lr we;'

iólaIKfha§ ;reKhska f,i i,ld we;af;a jir

15 isg 30 olajd jhia iSudfõ miqjkakkah'

12



l%ufõoh

l%ufõoh

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a YS% ,xld wdh;kh úiska isÿ lrk ,o ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh

ms<sn| iólaIKh i|yd mokï jQfha gqj¾âia g%dkaiafmarkais úhÜkdï (Towards Transparency Vietnam) úiska 2011§ id¾:lj ksulrk ,o ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKhhs'

iólaIKh ls%hd;aul lsÍu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd" gqj¾âia g%dkaiafmarkais úhÜkdï" g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a f,alï ld¾hd,h iy g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a *Sð" g%dkaifmarkais bkagkeIk,a

bkaaÿkSishd" g%dkaifmarkais bkagkeIk,a ol=Kq fldßhd hk wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hska 2012 wms%fh,a

udifha§ YS% ,xldfõ ó.uqfõ§ yuqjk ,§' úhÜkdufha iy f,alï ld¾hd,fha ksfhdað;hskaf.a

úfYAI{ ±kqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k iólaIKh i|yd mrdñ;Ska idlÉPd lrk ,o w;r tajd foaYSh

;;a;ajhkag wkq.; lrk Wmdh ud¾.hka y÷kd.kakd ,§' ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|

iólaIK ls%hd;aul lrk ,o úúO rgj,a w;r iuyr fjkialï ;sìh yels kuq;a wm ;reK

iqms<smkaNdjh kxjd,Sug iy oQIKh msgqoelSug tlaj lghq;= lrk ksid iyfhda.S;djhg iy

ixikaokhg yelshdj ,enqKs'

cd;Hka;r ixLHdk m%ñ;Skag wkql+,j ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKh i|yd YS%

,xldfõ m<d;a kjhu ksfhdackh jk mßos nyqúO ksheÈ l%uhla Ndú;dlrk ,§' YS% ,xldfõ

ck.yk >k;ajh iy jd¾.sl ixLHdk ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhlska miqj tla tla m<d;lskaa jeäu

ck.ykhla iy jd¾.sl úúO;ajhla we;s Èia;s%lal wgla ksheÈh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,§' niakdysr

m<df;aoS w. k.rh jk fld<U k.rh fukau rfÜ iuia; ck.ykfhka 1$5 la isák niakdysr

m<df;a jeäu ck.ykhla isák Èia;s%lal fol iólaIKh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,§'

fï wkqj tla tla Èia;s%lalhlska kd.ßl m%foaY 11la o .%dóh m%foaY 11la o ^m%dfoaYSh f,alï

fldÜGdY& f;dard.kakd ,§' fufia f;dard.;a m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdY j, W;=re" kef.kysr"

ol=K" niakdysr iy uOHu fldgia ksfhdackh jk mßÈ kd.ßl ksheÈ tall 10lao .%dóh ksheÈ

tall 10 lao ne.ska ̂ .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdY& wyUq f,i f;dard.kakd ,§' wk;=rej" f;dard.;a .%du

ks,Odß fldÜGdY i|yd YS% ,xld ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lr we;s .Dy

uQ,sl ,ehsia;= Ndú;dfldg iólaIKh i|yd iyNd.Slr .kakd b,lal lKavdhu ^;reK& iy

md,l lKavdhu ^jeäysá& f;dard.kakd ,§2' wjidkfha§ cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdfõ idudðlhska

ieÿï,;a ióCIK lKavdhula úiska ;reKhska 1004 fofkl= iy jeäysáhka 1012 la iyNd.S jQ

uqyqKg uqyqK ,d flfrk iïuqL mÍlaIK isÿlrk ,§'

A. m%Yakdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍu

;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j iólaIKfha jHqy.; iïuqL mÍlaIK i|yd jQ m%Yakdj,sh

jHdmD;sh i|yd tlajQ rgj,a y;ru mq`:,aj ;yjqre lrk ,§' my; i|yka úIhhka wdjrKh

jk mßÈ fuu m%Yakdj,sh ukdj l%udxls; lrk ,§(

• iÞpdrh iy wdpdr O¾u - yeisÍu ms<sn| iïu;hka .ek ixl,amsl wjfndaOh'

• m%;sm;a;s - l=ulao jeros l=ulao ksjeros fjkalr y`ÿkd.ekSu.• kS;s.rel nj - iudch úiska mkjd we;s kS;suh rduqjg wkq.;jk m%udKh'

• ¥IKhg olajk m%;sfrdaOh - ¥Is; ls%hdjkag tfrysj wNsfhda. lsÍfï yelshdj'

14


iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka iu. uqyqKg uqyqK ,d isÿl< iïuqL mÍlaIK j,ska ,nd.;a o;a;hka

wkqj ;reKhska f.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| mrdñ;Ska ;=kla y÷kd.;a w;r tajd fuu jd¾;dfõ

§¾> jYfhka úYaf,aIKh lr we;(

A.1 iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys ;dreKHfha jákdlï iy wdl,am

;reKhska ÿIKh jgydf.k we;s wdldrh uekne,Su fuu wOHhk mrdñ;sh u.ska W;aidy lrk

,§' iqms<smkaNdjh wdrlaIdlr .ekSu, uqo,a bmhSu iy kS;s.rel ùu ms<sn|j idfmalaI jeo.;alu

ixikaokh lsÍu ms‚i úfYaIs; m%Yak iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wik ,§' wka whf.a iqms<smkaNdjh

flfrys ;uka olajk ie,ls,a, iy Tjqka ;=< we;s úYaùh wjfndaOh wkqj iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd

idfmalaI jákdlula ,nd§u ms<sn|jo iyNd.SjQjka f.ka úuik ,§'

A.2 ;reK w;a±lSï iy yeisÍï

iyNd.SjQjkag ¥IKh ms<sn|j we;s i;H w;a±lSï iy tajdg Tjqka ±lajQ m%;spdr ms<sn|j fuu

wOHhkh u.ska fidhd n,k ,§' Tjqka wvq jeä jYfhka ¥IKh bjid isá úfYaI wjia:djka

ms<sn|j y÷kd.ekSuo fuu m%Yak j,ska wfmalaId lrk ,§' rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh YS% ,xldfõ

ie<ls,a,g Ndckh úh hq;= lreKla f,i ks;r olajd we;' tu ksid fuu mrdñ;sh ;=< úúO

rdcH fiajd imhkakka w;r mj;sk ¥IK ;;a;ajhka ms<sn`oj ;u wjfndaOh olajk f,i

iyNd.SjQjka f.ka b,a,d isák ,§'

A.3 mßir n,mEï iy ls%hdud¾.

;reKhska ¥QIKh ms<sn|j ±k.;af;a fld;eklskao iy Tõyq YS% ,xldfõ ¥IKhg tfrys kS;s

iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j fl;rï ÿrg ±kqïj;a±hs ±k.ekSug fuu wOHhkh fhdÞ.kakd ,§' óg

wu;rj iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka Tjqka olskd ls%hdud¾. iy ;u iudch ;=<

¥IKh isÿùug n,mdk ndysr idOl ms<sn|jo iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wik ,§' fuu mrdñ;sfhys

wruqK jQfha YS% ,xldfõ fjkila isÿlsÍug ;reKhskaf.a we;s iQÞku iy tfia lsÍug Tjqkg we;s

ndOd y÷kd.ekSuh'

fuu iólaIKhg iyNd.S jQ wfkl==;a rgj, Ndú;d l< m%YAk fuys§o fndfydaúg Ndú;dlrk

,§' tfia jqjo YS% ,xldfõ ;reK iqms<smkaNdjh y÷kd.ekSug w¾:j;a Þhl;ajhla iólaIKh

u.ska ,nd.ekSu ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd iyNd.SjQjka f.a iudc yd ck úldYk .;s,laIK

Ndú;fhka w;sf¾l o;a;hkao ,nd.kakd ,§' úfYaIfhka ia;%S mqreI iy kd.ßl .%dóh hk Y%S

,dxlsl iudcfha mj;sk jeo.;a fjkialñ fol ms<sn|jo fuu iólaIKh u.ska fmkajdfok

,§' YS% ,xldfõ kd.ßl yd .%dóh ck iudchka w;r ;shqKq fn§ula ;sfnk w;r tuksid fuu

o;a;hka fjkalsÍu jeo.;aúh3' ia;%SmqreINdjh iy kd.ßl .%dóh fNaohka ksid iyNd.SjQjka w;r

m%;súreoaO;djhka wfmalaId lrk ,§' fuu m%;súreoaO;djhka §¾>jYfhka bÈßfha§ idlÉPd lr

we;'


B. lafIa;% lghq;=

TISL ld¾h uKav,h" cd;sl ;reKfiajd iNdjg wkqhqla; ;reK iafõÉPd lKavdhï iu.

taldnoaOj lafIa;% lghq;= isÿlrk ,§' lafIa;% iólaIlhska iy wëlaIlhska YS% ,xld cd;sl

;reKfiajd iNdjg wkqhqla; ;reK iudc kdhlhska w;=ßkaa m;alr.kakd ,§' iuia:hla jYfhka

m<d;a kjfhka iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka 2000 lg wêl úh'

rEmigyk( B.1 YS% ,xldfõ ish¨u m<d;a wdjrKh jk mßÈ Èia;s%la 10lska wyUqf,i f;dard.kakd ,o

;reKhska 1004la iy jeveysáhka 1012la

rEmigyk( B.2 : Y%S ,xldfõ osia;%sla is;shu - ióCIKh meje;ajQ osia;%slal

hdmkh

wkqrdOmqrh

l=reKE.,

.ïmy

fld<U

r;akmqrh

.d,a,

wïmdr

nÿ,a,

kqjrt<sh

0 km 50 km

0

5

10

15

20 jeäysá

;reK

.ïmy

fl

d<U

nÿ,a,

.d,

a,

r;

akmqrh

hdm

kh

wk

qrdO

mqrh

l=reK

E.,

wïmdr

kqjrt<sh

k.rh

%

l%ufõoh

16


iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu wfkl=;a

lreKq j,g jvd ;u Ôú;j,g

nrm;, .eg`:jla nj ióCIKhg

iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska nyq;rhla úYajdi

lrhs' tuksid YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska

;u mqoa.,sl Ôú; j,g;a" ;u mjq,a

j,g;a" wd¾Ól ÈhqKqjg fukau fmdÿfõ

rgg;a iqms<smkaNdjh jeo.;ajk nj

jgydf.k we;s njg ks.ukh l<

yelsh'


m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

A. iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ;reK jákdlï iy wdl,am

YS% ,xldfõ mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka jk ;reKhkaf.a idudkH ±lau"

jákdlï iy wdl,am ms<sn|j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu fuu wOHhkfha uQ,sl moku úh' fuu lreKq

ms<sn|j ;reKhka úiska orK m%uqL woyia y÷kd.ekSu u.ska Y%S ,dxlsl ;reK ixialD;sh

ms<sn|j iy w¾:dkaú; iudc fjkilg Tjqkaf.a we;s yelshdj ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd

.ekSug yelsfõ' iqms<smkaNdjfhyss we;s idfmalaI jeo.;alu" fN!;sl iïm;a mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh

blaujdhk iSudjka" ukd iqms<smkaNdjhla we;s wh ;u iudkhka úiska olsk wdldrh hk lreKq

ms<sn|j wik,o m%Yak wdY%fhka ;reKhka w;r iqms<smkaNdjh yd iïnkaO N+ñldjka iy

;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug iólaIKh u.ska yelshdj ,enqks'

A.1 iqms<smkaNdjfhys jeo.;alu ms<sn| ±lau

;reKhka ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| jeo.;alula we;sùu YS% ,xldfõ Okd;aul iudc

fjkila i|yd wjYH ;SrKd;aul idOlhls' iqms<smkaNdjhla fkdue;sùu ^¥IKho we;=,;aj&

(i) ;reKhska jYfhka ;ukag" (ii) ;u mjq,aj,g iy ñ;=rkag" (iii) jHdmdrj,g iy fmdÿfõ

uQ,Huh lghq;= j,g iy" (iv) rfÜ ixj¾Okhg n,mdkd m%Odk .eg¨jla f,i olskafka±hs

hk m%YaKh iyNd.Sjkakka f.ka weiSfuka iólaIKfha fuu fldgfia§ fuu úp,Hh ms<sn|j

.fõYkhla lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'

tys m%;sM, wkqj" iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu wfkl=;a lreKq j,g jvd ;u Ôú;j,g nrm;,

.eg¨jla nj ióCIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhska nyq;rhla ^84]& úYajdi lrhs' tuksid YS% ,dxlsl

;reKhska ;u mqoa.,sl Ôú; j,g;a" ;u mjq,a j,g;a" wd¾Ól ÈhqKqjg fukau fmdÿfõ rgg;a

iqms<smkaNdjh jeo.;ajk nj jgydf.k we;s njg ks.ukh l< yelsh'

rEmigyk A1.1 : iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;snj nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i

m%Odk wkdjrKhka

0

20

40

60

80

100

rggwd¾Ólhgmjq,aj,g;reKhskag

%

iudc tall

88%86% 84% 85%

18


iólaIK o;a;hka ia;%S mqreI iy" kd.ßl iy .%dóh jYfhka fjkal< miqo iudk m%;sM,

olakg ,enqks'

rEmigykA A1.2 : iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;snj nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^ia;%S iy mqreI&

ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh wkqj iyNd.SjQjka w;r woyiaj, b;d iq`: fjkialï olakg ,enqkq kuq;a

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska w;r iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j b;d ±ä Wjukdjla iy Wkkaÿjla we;s nj

meyeÈ,sh' rfÜ iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IK ksjdrKh m%j¾Okh lsÍug fuu Wkkaÿj W;af;ackhla

f,i Ndú;d l< yelsh'

b,lal.; m%foaY w;ßkaa iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i woyialrk nj

mejiQ .%dóh ;reKhska ixLdj kd.ßl ;reKhskag jvd 5] muK jeäùula fmkaùh' fuh my;

idlÉPdlr we;s m%jK;djhkag tkï" .%dóh ;reKhska ¥IKh ms<s.ekSug jeä keñhdjla we;s

nj iu. mriamr;djhla fmkajhs'

iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i woyialrk nj ;reK iy jeäysá we;=`:

ióCIKhg iyNd.SjQjka w;=ßka nyq;rhlf.a ^80] jeä& u;h úh' tfiajqjo .%dóh iy kd.ßl

;reKhska w;r we;s ie,lshhq;= fjki u.ska fmkajkafka kd.ßl ;reKhska ;u .%dóh i.hkag

jvd ¥IKh flfrys wixfõ§ njla ±laùu úh yelsh'

rEmigykA A1.3: iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;snj nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i ^kd.ßl iy .%dóh&

02 04 06 08 0 100

kd.ßl

.%dóh

kd.ßl

.%dóh

%

88%87%

89%89%

81%82%

81%87%

88%86%

88%

91%

83%82%83%

86%

Tnmjq,a$ñ;=rkajHdmdr$wd¾Ól ixj¾OkhrfÜ ixj¾Okh

;reK

j

eäy

sá

02 04 06 08 0 100

Tnmjq,a$ñ;=rkajHdmdr$wd¾Ól ixj¾OkhrfÜ ixj¾Okh

mqreI

ia;%S

;reK

j

eäy

sá

mqreI

ia;%S

85%85%

85%89%

84%85%

86%89%

86%84%

86%

89%

85%84%

86%

88% %


YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;sùu nrm;, .eg¨jla f,i fndfydaÿrg iudkju

woyia lrk nj o;a;hka u.ska ;yjqre jk kuq;a tu ks.ukh fyd¢kau jgyd .; yelafla

iqms<smkaNdjh hkafkys w¾:ho tf,iu jgydf.k we;s nj ;yjqrelr .ekSfuks' iólaIKfhaoS

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| w¾: oelaùï ;=kla Ndjs;d l< w;r Tjqka tu w¾: ±laùï yd tl`.±hs

wik ,§'

i) lsisúfgl;a fndre fkdlshk$ jxpd fkdlrk ksid Tyq $ weh ms<sn|j wkawh úYaajdih ;nhs'

ii) lsisúfgl;a l=uk fya;=jla ksidj;a kS;sh lv fkdlrhs'

iii) w,a,ia .ekSula fyda §ula lsisúfgl;a isÿ fkdlrhs'

rEmigykA A1.4 : weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a fndre fkdlrk$ wkqkag jxpd fkdlrk úg iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs'

remigykA A1.5: weh$ Tyq lsisúsfgl;a kS;sh fkdlvk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs'

by; i|yka rEmigyka wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska kS;sh leãug jvd fndrelSu iy jxpdj

iqms<smkaNdjh ke;slr .ekSula f,i olsk nj fmkajd fohs' fuu fjki m%udKj;a ;rï úYd,

fkdjk kuq;a o< jYfhka ;reKhska 22]lao jeäysáhka 20]lao kS;sh ms<sn|j úYajdihla fkdue;s

nj olajd we;' tfukau 15]lg jvd ;reKhska fndrej fyda jxpdj iqms<smkaNdjh lvùula

fkdjk nj weoySu úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduql<hq;= lreKla fõ'

rEmigykA A1.6: weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs'

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

;reK

jeäysá

m%;spdr fkdolajhske;Tõ

87.2%

84.5%

12.5%

0.3%

0.2%

15.3%

;reK

jeäysá


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

82.7%

85.6%

17.0%

0.3%

0.3%

14.1%

;reK

jeäysá


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

78.8%

77.4%

20.8%

0.5%

0.4%

22.2%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

20


YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska nyq;rhla kS;sh leãug jvd ¥IKh iqms<smkaNdjh ke;sùug fya;=jkakla

f,i woyk nj jvd meyeÈ,sh' tfiau jeäysáhkag jvd jeä ;reKhska ixLHdjla ¥IKh

iqms<smkaNdjh ke;sùug fya;=jk nj ms<s.ekSuo iksgqyka l< hq;=h' flfia fj;;a ¥IKhg

iïnkaO ùu ksid iqms<smkaNdjh ke;s fkdjk nj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 14]lf.a woyi ù

we;'

A.2 jákdlï

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh w.hk njo iqms<smkaNdjh ke;sùfï idOlhla f,i ¥IKh

kS;sh leãug;a jvd nrm;, idOlhla fia olsk njo meyeÈ,s jk w;r fuu úYaajdihkag

iïnkaO mqoa.,sl jákdlï ;yjqre lr .ekSuo jeo.;ah' fuu jákdlï uek .ekSu i|yd

iqms<smkA nfjys jeo.;alu iy mjqf,a wdÞhu jeälr .ekSfï jeo.;alu iei¢h yels m%Yak

ud,djla iyNd.SjQjkaa f.ka wik ,§' úfYaIfhkau m%Yakdj,sfhka my; i|yka m%Yak wik ,§(

1. fmdfydi;a ùu jvd;a jeo.;a lreKla jk neúka tu wruqK idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd

fndrelSu fyda jxpdj" iuyr kS;s fkdi,ld yeÍu iy n,h wksis f,i Ndú;h ms<s.;

yelsh'

2. fmdfydi;aùu wjxl ùug jvd uola jeo.;ah'

3. wjxl ùu fmdfydi;aùug jvd uola jeo.;ah'

4. wjxlùu fmdfydi;a ùug jvd b;d jeo.;ah'

fuys m%;sM, u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka nyq;rhla iqms<smkaNdjh jvd;a

jeo.;a yd jákdlu nj woyk w;r tu ixLHdjg fndfydaÿrg iudk ;reKhska m%udKhla

iqms<smkaNdjh fukau j;alïo jeo.;a jákdlï ,ndfok nj úYajdi lrhs' jvd;a idOkSh

lreK jkafka ;reKhska f.ka 3]la muKla fmdfydi;a ùu jvd jeo.;afldg i,lkq ,nkafka

;reKhkaf.ka 3]la muKla ùuh'

rEmigykA A2.1: weh$Tyq lsisúsfgl;a ¥IKhg iïnkaO fkdjk ksid iqms<smkaNdjh we;sfjhs'

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

fkdokS&iqms<smkaNdjh b;d jeo.;ah

iqms<smkaNdjh ;rula jeo.;ah

fmdfydi;aùu ;rula jeo.;ah

fmdfydi;a ùu jvd;a jeo.;ah

ia;%S

mqreI

ia;%S

mqreI

jeä

ysá ;

reK

3% 18% 30% 47% 2%

2% 12% 29% 55% 2%

2% 20% 27% 49% 1%

4% 15% 24% 54% 2%


ióCIK o;a;hka ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj fn§fï§ ;reKshka iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys jeä jákdlula

;nk w;r fmdfydi;a ùu ms<sn|j olajkqfha ie,lsh hq;= wvq jákdluls' Y%S ,xldfõ iudc

fjkila isÿlsÍfï .dul n,h f,i fndfydaúg ldka;djka bÈßfhka isák nj fmkajQ fjk;a

m¾fhaIK m%;sM, fuu iólaIK m%;sM, u.skao m%;srdjh ù we;4' iuia:hla jYfhka iyNd.S jQ

;reKhka fukau ;re‚hka f.ka 1$3la iqms<smkaNdjh jvd jeo.;a nj;a iqms<smkaNdjh fukau

j;alïo jeo.;a jákdlï f,i fmkajd§ we;' fuhska woyia flfrkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska

fuu m%Yakh foi m%dfhda.slj msúfik njh' tkuq;a ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;Ska

iy jákdlï flfrys fl;rï .eUQrg lemù we;a±hs hk m%Yakh mek k.S'

rEmigy A2.2: jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka l=ulao@ wdÞhu jeälr .ekSuo" wjxl yd kS;s.rel ùuo@

iólaIKfha§ kS;sh iïnkaOfhka ;reKhkaf.a we.hSuo úuik ,§' fuys§ ,o m%;sM, úfYaIfhkau

.eg¨ldÍ úh' jeäysáhka fuka fkdj ;reKhska wjxlùu iy kS;s.relùu ms<sn|j b;d wvq

jeo.;alula olajd ;snqks' ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj i,ld n,k úg ;re‚hka wdÞhu flfrys

wvq jeo.;alulao iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys jeä jákdlulao ,nd § ;snqks' ;reKhskaf.a iy

jeäysáhkaf.a m%;spdr w;r fjki l=vdjk kuq;a ^4 -6]& thska .uH jkafka ;reK mrmqr ;=<

kS;sh ms<sn|j wvq úYaajdihla mj;sk njhs' A2.2 rEmigyka j,ska ±lafjk mßÈ fndrelSu"

jxpdj fyda ¥IKhg jvd kS;s .rel fkdùug wvq jeo.;alula fmkajd we;' iólaIKh i|yd jQ

jeäysáhkag jvd ;rKhskaf.a ixLHdjo wvqh'

A.3 wdl,am

iqms<smkaNdjhla iys;j cSj;a ùug lemùisásk ;reKhkag mjd tu iqms<smkaNdjh lv lsÍug

isÿjk mSvkhkag uqyqK§ug isÿjkq we;' YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh

yuqfõ mdjdÈh hq;a;la f,ig olskafkao ke;fyd;a iqms<smkaNdjh uq,H id¾:l¾jhg w;aje,la

jkafkao hk lreK ms<sn|j iólaIKfha fuu fldgfia§ i,ld n,k ,§' iqms<smkaNdjh uq,H

id¾:l;ajh yuqfõ mdjdosh hq;a;la f,i i,lkafka kï ;reKhkag iqms<smkaNdjh /l.ksñka

¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsßug w;s yelshdjg RKd;aul mSvkhla f.k fokafkah'

ia;%S

mqreI

ia;%S

mqreI

jeä

ysá ;

reK

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

fkdokSwjxlùu iy kS;s.rel ùu b;d jeo.;ah

wjxl ùu iy kS;s.rel ùu ;rula jeo.;ah

wdÞhu jeälr .ekSu ;rula jeo.;ah

wdÞhu jeälr .ekSu jvd;a jeo.;ah

4% 23% 28% 43% 2%

1% 19% 30% 48% 2%

4% 24% 24% 46% 2%

2% 20% 24% 52% 2%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

22


rEmigykA A3.1: iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpkslhkag jvd id¾:lNdjhg m;aùug fndfydaÿrg bvlv

mj;S@

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhka iy ;re‚hka hk fomd¾Yjhu iqms<smkaNdjh we;s whg id¾:l úh yelsh

hk úYajdifhka miqùu Okd;aul m%jk;djhls' tkuq;a ;reKhska f.ka 1$3 la muK is;kafka

id¾:l;ajh i|yd jxpdl< hq;= njh' fuu m%jk;djh ;re‚hkag jvd ;reKhka w;f¾ lemS

fmfkk w;r Tjqkaf.ka mq¾K 1$3lau mjikafka id¾:l;ajh i|yd jxpdj wjYHh njh'

rEmigykA A3.2: iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh jxpdlrkakkag jvd id¾:ljkafkao@ ^wOHdmk uÜgug wkqj&

o;a;hka wOHdmksl uÜgï wkqj fnÞ fjkal< úg jvd;a .eg¨ iy.; m%;sM, ,enqks' wvqu

wOHdmk uÜgï iys; wh id¾:l;ajh i|yd fyd|u udj; iqms<smkaNdjh nj mjid we;s nj

meyeÈ,sh' ta w;r ;D;Shsl wOHdmkh ,enQjkaf.ka ;sfofkl=f.ka tla wfhl=f.a úYajdih jQfha

¥IKh iy jxlNdjh id¾:l;ajhg u`. fmkajk njh' fuh .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhla jkafka wd¾Ól

moaO;sh ms<sn|j jvd;a fyd¢ka jgyd.;a lKavdhu id¾:l;ajh ,`.dlr fok udj; ¥IKh

yryd jeà we;s nj úYaajdi lsÍuh' tfukau id¾:l;ajhg m;ajQ wh fufia úYajdi lrk njo

fuhska fmkajdfohs' ;reKhska ;rï m%n,j fkdjqko fuu m%jK;djh jeäysáhka i|ydo tfiauh'

id¾:l;ajfha udjf;a bÈßhg hkúg ÿIKho jeäjk nj fï wkqj m%;HCI fõ' fuu m%jk;djh

ms<sn|j bÈßfha§ ksielfhkau ;jÿrg;a fidhd ne,sh hq;=h'

0 10% 20%3 0% 40% 50%6 0% 70% 80%

66%

32%

71%

27%

jxpdldÍ mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

iqms<smkaNdjfhka hq;a mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

ia;%S

mqreI

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

uQ,sl

oaú;Shsl

;D;Shsl57%

42%

65%

34%

66%

31%

jxpdlrk mqoa.,hskag Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

iqms<smkaNdjh we;s whg Ôú;h id¾:l lr .; yelsh

wOHd

mk

uÜgu


A.4 iqms<smkaNdjh lemlsÍug we;s leue;a;iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd lemjk nj m%ldY lsÍu myiqh' tkuq;a iqms<smkaNdjh wNsfhda.hg

,lajk wjia:dj,§ tu lemùu fld;rï .eUqrg mj;skafka ±hs ±k.ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

fuu f;dr;=re y÷kd.ekSu i|yd iqms<smkaNdjh /l.ekSu úhou jeäjk lreKla jk úg

fndrelSug" jxpdlsÍug iy w,a,ig leue;a; we;slr.kakd flfkl=f.a iqms<smkaNdjh .ek iy

mjqf,a iu.sh fjkqfjka iqms<smkaNdjh ydkslr.kakd wh ms<sn|j iyNd.Sjkakka f.ka úuik

,§'

rEmigykA A4.1: jxpd lsÍu fyda fndrelSu isÿ fkdl<fyd;a mdvq isÿúh yels wjia:djloS iqms<smkaNdjh

ms<sn| mqoa.,hl=f.a ±lau ^jeäysá " ;reK&

rEmigykA A4.2: kS;shg msgqmEug jvd mjqf,a iu.sh w.hlrk mqoa.,fhl=f.a iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|

±lau ^jeäysá" ;reK&

úhoï iy mjqf,a w.hka iu. iqms<smkaNdjh uekSug iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka b,a,d isá

úg mqÿuhlg fuka ,enqkq m%;sM,j, b;d id¾:l n,mEula olakg ,enqks' lsishï ;a;ajhla hgf;a

mqoa.,hl= fndre lshñka jxpdlrñka kS;s úfrdaëj lghq;= lrkjdkï tu mqoa.,hd iqms<smka

mqoa.,fhlaoehs ;reKhskaf.ka úuik ,oS' YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 47]lau m%ldY lr isáfha

tfia fkdlr isàfuka mdvq isÿjk ;;ajhla hgf;a fkdje,elaúh yels wjia:djl fndrelSu fyda

jxpdlsÍu ksid iqms<smkaNdjhg ydkshla isÿ fkdjk njh' nyq;rhla ;reKhska ^56]& lshd isáfha

mjqf,a iu.sh fjkqfjka kS;shg msgmEu ksid iqms<smkaNdjhg ydkshla isÿ fkdjk njh'

;reK

jeäysá

0.4%

0.6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%


52.5% 47.1%

53.8% 45.6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

;reK

jeäysá

42.6%

1.4%

0.9%

56.0%

47.1% 52.0%


m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

24


rEmigykA A4.3: iqms<smkaNdjh iys; mqoa.,fhl= ¥IKfha fhfokafka úhou wju jQ úgh'

wjidk jYfhka" YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska nyq;rhla l=vd mßudkfha ¥IKhka isÿlsÍu iqms<smkaNdjhg

ydkshla fia fkdi,lhs' fuu .eg`MldÍ fidhd.ekSu fmkajdfokq ,nkafka l=vd mßudK ¥IKh

ksid isÿjk nrm;, m%;súmdlhka ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a wOHdmkhla iy ±kqula ,nd§u wjYH

njh' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j w¾:±laùfï§ jeäysáhkag jvd ;reKhska wvq m%;sY;hlajqjo

kuHYS,S njla oelaùu úfYaIfhka i`oyka l< hq;=h'

rEmigykA A4.4: fndrelshk$jxpdlrk" kS;shg jvd mjq, w.hk fyda iq¨ w,a,ia ,ndfok whf.a

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| kd.ßl iy .%dóh oDIaÀfldaKfhka jQ ±lau

iqms<smkaNdjfhyss wka;¾.;h ms<sn|j ;on, fkdjQ woyila ork njg fmkajQ .%dóh ;reKhka

w;r fuu m%jK;djh úfYaIfhkau olakg ,enqks' tkuq;a Tjqka kd.ßl ;reKhkag jvd

iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lrk ,§' fuu m%jK;djh mjqf,a tluq;=j iy l=vd w,a,ia f.ùu ms<ssn|

m%Yak j,oSo olakg ,enqks' fuhg we;s fya;= ixlS¾Kh' .%dóh ;reKhska kd.ßl ;reKhskag jvd

¥IKh iu. .kqfokq lsÍfï wjia:djkag uqyqKfokjd úh yelsh' tuksid ;u jákdlï Tjqkaf.a

Ôjk h:d¾;hka iu. .,md.ekSug Tjqkag isÿù we;5' wOHdmkhg iy udOHh weiqrelsÍug

jeä wjia:d ,nk kd.ßl ;reKhd ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh lvùï bjiSfï iajNdjh wvqùuo ;j;a

fya;=jla úh yelsh'

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

36.5%

0.4%

63.1%

32.1%

0.5%

67.4%;reK

jeäysá


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

uqo, jeo.;afkdjk úg yer wka wjia:dj,§ ¥IKh m%;slafIam lrk

kS;shg jvd mjqf,a iu.sh w.hk

mdvq isÿjk úg yer fndre fkdlshk$jxpd fkdlrk

.%dóh

kd.ßl

.%dóh

kd.ßl

43%

37%

28%

62%

48%

37%

44%

44%

64%

51%

41%

32%

jeä

ysá

;reK


iduqyslj" fuu m%;sM, j,ska fmkajkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhd iqms<smkaNdjh fkdfi,aúh yels

m%;sm;a;shla f,i fkdolsk njh' Tjqka iqms<smkaNdjhg iydh olajk w;ru thska ;ukag

mqoa.,slj mdvq isÿjk úg fyda mjq,a in|;d j,g yria jk úg iqms<smkaNdjh fkdi,ld yß;s'

iuia; YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhka f.ka wvlg wdikak ixLHdjla uQ,sl jYfhka iqms<smkaNdjh wdÞhug

jvd jeo.;a f,i fkdie,lSu fuu lreK ikd: lrhs' ^A4.1,2,3,4&'

fjka fjkaj .;a l, YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhd mjqf,a iqms<smkaNdjh iy úhoï j,lajd.ekSu ms<sn|j

jeä jákdlula ,ndfok w;r l=vd m%udKfha ¥IKhka fkdi,ldyßk nj m%;sM, j,ska ksrEmkh

fõ' iqms<smkaNdjh iïnkaO fmdÿ wjfndaOh ms<sn| m%Yakh ióCIkfhaoS u;=fõ' flfia kuq;a

mjq,a jákdlï iy úhoï j,lajd.ekSu iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï yd ¥IKh je,elaùfï

l%shdud¾.hkaySoS Yla;su;a n,fõ.hka f,i fhdod.; yels nj ;yjqre fõ.

B. ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï

¥IKh f,djmqrd mj;sk h:d ;;a;ajhls' tkuq;a ;reKhska ¥IKfhys kshef,k m%udKh

Tjqka iqms<smkaNdjh olsk wdldrh" rdcH ;ka;%h flfrys Tjqkaf.a we;s úYajdih iy iudch

fjkialrkakka f,i lghq;= lsÍug Tjqkaf.a we;s leue;a; flfrys ie,lshhq;= n,mEula we;s

lrhs' fuu m%YaKh úi|d.ekSu i|yd iólaIKhg iyNd.Sjkakka úiska miq.sh jir ;=< ¥IKh

ms<sn|j ,o w;a±lSï jd¾;d lrk f,i b,a,d isák ,§' ;reKhkag uqyqKmEug isÿúh yels

úúO j¾.fha ¥IK we;=<;ajk mßÈ m%Yak fjka lrk ,§' ia;%SmqreINdjh" mÈxÑh iy wOHdmksl

iqÿiqlï jeks lreKqo Ndú;dlrñka w;sf¾l úYaf,aIKhka isÿlrk ,§'

rEmigyk B.1: m%foaY yfhys ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï

¥IKfhys fh§ isák ;reKhskaf.a m%;sY;h b;d l=vd nj fuu rEmigyk meyeÈ,sj fmkajhs'

jvd;a iq,n ¥IKhka isÿù we;af;a rdcH mßmd,kfha iy fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=fõh' YS% ,xldfõ

rdcH wxYfha ¥IKh nrm;, .eg¨jla njg mj;akd ms<s.ekSu fuu ióCIKh yryd kej;

ikd: fõ' wOHdmkfha iy ffjoH fiajdj, olajd we;s idfmalaIj wvq ¥IK m%udKhka i;=gqÞhl

;;a;ajhls' iqms<smkaNdjh we;s wh wOHdmkfhka neyer lsÍfuka iy fi!LH fiajd i|yd we;s

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

jHdmdrh ÈhqKqlr .ekSu

/lshdjla ,nd.ekSu

fmd,sia .eg`: u.yeÍu

ffjoH i;aldr

úNd. iu;aùu,smsf,aLk $n,m;%

¥Is; .kqfokq

14%

4%

6%

18%

7%

4%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

26


uQ,sl whs;Ska W,a,x.>Kh lrñka isÿjk fuu lafIa;%j, ¥IKh iudch ienúkau mSvdjg

m;alrkakg iu;a fõ' m%;sM, jeäÿrg;a fmkajd fokafka ;reKhskag jvd jeäysáhka iq`M jYfhka

fyda jeämqr ¥IKfha kshef,k njh' jeäysáhkaf.a fuu ls%hdjka wd¾Ólhg iy iudc moaO;shg

jeä noaOùula ksid isÿfõ±hs meyeÈ,s ke;' flfiafj;;a ;reKhska yd jeäysáhka w;r we;s

fuu fjki jeäÿr wOHhkhla lsÍug ;rñ ie<lsh hq;= ;;ajhla fkdfõ'

rEmigyk B.2: ;reK iy jeäysá wh w;r ¥IKh ms<sn| w;a±lSï iy ia;%SmqreINdjh yd yria

ixikaokhla

ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj iyNd.SjQjka fnÞ ixikaokh lsÍfï§ ÿIKh ms<sn| .eyekq msßñ

fomd¾Yjfha w;a±lSï w;r ie,lshhq;= fjkialï olakg ,enqKs' ldka;djka yd iei£fï§ msßñ

iyNd.SjQjka ¥IKh yd iïnkaO ùfï wjia:d jeäh' ^B.2& ie,lsh hq;= fjkialï olakg ,enqfka

rdcH wxYfhaa ¥Ikhka yd iïnkaOjh' mqoa.,sl wxYfha w,a,ia b,a,Sfï wjia:d fomd¾Yjfhau

fndfydaÿrg iudk úh'

fmd,sish yd iïnkaO ¥IK w;a±lSï ,enQ msßñka f.a ixLHdj jeäúh' msßñka isõ fofkl=f.

ka tla wfhla miq.sh jir ;=< fmd,sish u.ska w,a,ia b,aÆ wjia:djkag uqyqK § ;snqLs' tfukau

,sms f,aLk yd n,m;% ,nd.ekSfï § msßñka miafofkl=f.kau tla wfhla w,a,ia w;a±lSï ,nd

;snqKs' YS% ,dxlsl iudcfha iïm%Þhsl ,sx.sl ls%hdj,Ska iu. fuu w;a±lSï .e,fma' jdyk meoùu

jeäjYfhka isÿlrkafka iy ta wkqj fmd,sish yd rdcH ks,OdÍka iu. iïnkaO jkafka msßñkah'

fï ksid msßñka ¥IK w;a±lSï jeäfhka ,eîu ms<s.;yels ;;ajhla jk w;r .eyekqka msßñka

iu. iudcfha iudkd;au;djfhka lghq;= lsÍfï§ Tjqkago ¥IK iïnkaO w;a±lSï jeäjkq we;'

wOHdmk uÜgu" isú,a iudch iu. iïnkaOùu fyda mÈxÑh jeks ckúldYk idOlhka ¥Is;

.Kqfokq iïnkaOfhka ixLHdf,aKd;aulj id¾:l n,mEula isÿ lsÍula fkdfmkaùu úu;shg

lreKls'

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

jHdmdrh ÈhqKqlr .ekSug

/lshdjla ,nd.ekSug

fmd,sisfha ovhla u.yeÍug

ffjoH m%;sldrhla ,nd.ekSug

úNd.hla $jevigykla iu;aùug

,smsf,aLkhla$n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSug

ia;%

mqreI

ia;%S

mqreI

jeä

ysá

;reK

19%4%

7%

8%26%

5%

9%3%

5%9%

6%3%

4%12%

23%

26%7%

6%

1%11%

8%6%

3%10%


B.1 rdcH wdh;k ms<sn| wjfndaOh

YS% ,xldfõ rdcH wdh;k f.!rjhg md;% ù fkdue;s w;r tajd ksr;=rej ¥IK fpdaokd ,nhs6'

tu ksid iólaIKfha fldgila fuu rdcH wdh;k ms<sn|j ;reKhsf.a ±lau fidhd ne,Su i|yd

fhdÞ.kSug TISL wdh;kh ;SrKh lrk ,§' fndfyda fokd ks;r iïnkaO jk rdcH wdh;k jkafka

fmd,Sish" m%dfoaYSh mßmd,k wdh;k" cd;sl fi!LH fiajd wdh;k iy wOHdmk wdh;khkah' tu

ksid fuu wdh;k ms<sn| uyck woyia u.ska rch ms<sn|j iy fmdÿfõ kS;sh ls%hd;aulùu

ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a ±lau u.ska ±ä n,mEula isÿl< yelsh'

rEmigyk B.1 -1: rdcH wdh;kj, iuia: ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| ±lau

mqoa.,sl wOHdmkh" fi!LHh iy jHdmdr .re;ajh w;ska by, w.hla fmkajQ w;r iuia;hla

jYfhka rdcH wdh;k ÿ¾j, ;;ajhl mej;=Ks' Rcq ixikaokhla lsÍfï§ ;reKhska mqoa.,sl

wdh;k flfrys úYajdihla we;s nj fy,sjQ w;r rdcH fi!LH fiajh i|yd by, ms<s.ekSula

fmkajkq ,eîh' udkfha wfkla wka;h foi n,k úg iyNd.S jQjka wvlg jvd fmd,sia fiajh

zkrlZ fyda zb;d krlZ f,i j¾. lr ;snqKs' iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wvlg jvd wys;lr f,i j¾.

lr ;snqfka fmd,Sish muKla jk kuq;a m%dfoaYSh iy cd;sl mßmd,k wdh;khkao ta wdikakfhau

úh'fuu wdh;k zfyd|Z fyda zb;d fyd|Z f,i y÷kdf.k isáfha iq`: nyq;rhla muKls'

1. b;d fyd|hs 2. ;rula fyd|hs 3. ;rula krlh 4. b;d krlhs

rEmigyk B.1 -2: úúO rdcH fiajd wdh;kj, iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

b;d krlhs;rula krlhs;rula fyd|hsfyd|hs

mqreI

ia;%S

mqreI

ia;%S 2% 37%

32%

34%

33%

50%

50%

53%

52%

11%

16%

12%

14%

2%

2%

2%

;reK

jeä

ysá

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

mqoa.,sl fi!LH uOHia:dk

cd;sl fi!LH uOHia:dk

mqoa.,sl wOHdmkh

cd;sl wOHdmkh fmd,Sish$ wdrlaIl wxY

m%dfoaYSh md,k wdh;k

cd;sl md,k wdh;k

mqoa.,sl jHdmdr

rdcH jHdmdr

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ±lau m%udKd;aulj

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

28


B.2 ¥IKfhys kshe,Sug we;s leue;a;

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska ¥IKh w¾: olajd we;af;a zmejÍ we;s n,h mqoa.,sl

,dNh i|yd wh:df,i Ndú;dlsÍuZ f,ih' ^g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ir, Wmfoia ix.%yh"

2009&' flfiakuqÿ ¥IKh úúO l%u iy úê j,ska meñfKa' w,a,i" ×;six.%yh" jxpksl

mßyrKh" n,y;aldrh" wNsu;h whq;= f,i ,nd§u" wksis wkq.%yhka fï w;ßka lsysmhls' fuu

¥IKhka fndfyduhla i|yd fomd¾Yjhla wjYHh' tla md¾Yjhla ¥IKh isÿùu m%;slafIam l<

fyd;a b;d ¥Is; ks,OdÍka mjd uev,sh yelsh'

tu ksid jd¾;dfõ fuu fldgfia§ YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska úúO ¥Is; .Kqfokqj, kshe,Sug we;s

leue;af;ys m%udKh ms<sn|j fidhdne,Sug TISL wdh;kh ;SrKh lrk ,§' ¥IKh isÿjk wjia:d

y;rla iólaIKfha§ úfYaIfhka y÷kd.kakd ,§' ^B.2-1&' my; i|yka lreKqj,ska tlla imqrd.

ekSug wjia:dj ,efí kï iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk fyda ¥Is; b,a,Sulg ;uka m%;spdrh olajkafka

flfia±hs iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQjka f.ka wik ,§(

1. jeo.;a úNd.hla iu;aùu

2. jeo.;a ,smshla fyda f,aLKhla ,nd.ekSu

3. fyd| mdie,lg $ iud.ulg we;=,aùu

4. uy;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;enQ /lshdjl iïuqL mÍlaIKh iu;a ùu

rEmigyk B.2 -1: lsishï m%fhdackhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd ¥Is; .kqfokqjl kshe,Sug we;s leue;a;

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

jHdmdrh ÈhqKqlr .ekSu

/lshdjla ,nd.ekSu

fmd,sia .eg`: u.yeÍu

ffjoH i;aldr

úNd. iu;aùu,smsf,aLk $n,m;%

¥Is; .kqfokq

14%

4%

6%

18%

7%

4%


rEmigyk B.3 -1: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a;

wOHdmkhg wÞ,j jxpdfjka bÈßhg hdug nyq;rhla YsIHfhda leue;a;la fkdolajk nj by;

o;a;hka f.ka ikd: fõ' wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< ¥IKfhys fhfokafka YsIHhka w;=ßka b;d

l=vd ixLHdjla nj ±lajQ m%;sM,h fuhskao ;yjqqre fõ' ^B.3-1&' we;af;kau wOHdmk lafIa;%fha

¥IKfhys fhÿkq nj mejiQ YsIH ixLHdj úNd.h iu;a ùug ´kEu fohla lrkakg leu;s YsIH

ixLHdj yd fndfydaÿrg iudk úh' fuu YsIHhskag wjia:dj ,enqkfyd;a ´kEu wjia:djl ;u

.=rejrekag w,a,ia Èug iQÞkï nj fuhska meyeos,s kuq;a fuu m%Yakh iïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a

m¾fhaIK lsÍu wjYHh'

rEmigyk B.3 -2: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - ia;%S$mqreINdjh wkqj

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

jeäysá;reK

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

úNd.h iu;aùu i|yd ´kEu fohla lrñ

fyd|u hy`:jdf.a Wmldr m;ñ

wiu;a jQj;a jxpdjlska f;drj

úNd.hg uqyqK foñ

70% 72%

27%24%

3% 3%1%0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

m%;spdr fkdolajhs



wiu;a jQj;a jxpdjlska f;drj úNd.hg uqyqK foñ

mqreI

ia;%S

mqreI

ia;%S

;reK

jeä

ysá

74% 24% 2%

74% 24% 2%

66% 29% 5%

70% 25% 4%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

30


iqms<smkaNdjh /l.ekSu flfrys ;reKhkag jvd ;reKshka f.a lemùu fmkaùu ;=<ska wOHdmk

úIhfhys ,sx.sl fjkialu lemS fmfka' B.3-2" rEmigyfkyss oelafjk mßÈ ;reKhskaf.ka

30] lau ;u úNd. iu;aùu i|yd l=uk wdldrhl fyda iopdrd;aul fkdjk ls%hdjl fh§ug

iQÞkï nj fmkajd we;' 5]la muKla iu;aùu i|yd ´kEu fohla lrk nj mjid we;s kuq;a

fuh wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= fy,sorõjls'

rEmigyk B.3 -3: jxpdlr iu;ajkjdg jvd úNd.hla wiu;aùug we;s leue;a; - mÈxÑh wkqj

.%dóh iy kd.ßl jYfhka fjkalsÍfï§ o iólaIKfha§ fy<sorõjQ fmdÿ m%jk;djhu ;yjqre

úh' .%dóh YsIHhska ¥IKfhys kshe,Sug fm<fUk w;r iÞpdrd;aul yeisÍu i|yd lemùu

wvqfjka fmkajd we;' flfia kuq;a m%;sM,h u.ska .=rejreka ¥Is; b,a,Sï isÿlsÍu by, uÜgul

mej;Sula fmkakqï lrkafka±hs fuu iólaIKfhka ikd: l< fkdyel'

B.4 jeo.;a f,aLkhla ,nd.ekSu

wfkla lafIa;%j,g jvd rdcH ks,OdÍka yd iïnkaO ¥Is; ls%hdjkayss kshe,SSug iólaIKhg

iyNd.SjQjka jvd jeä leue;a;la olajk nj fy<súh' jeo.;a ,sms f,aLk ,nd .ekSu i|yd

iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk yeisÍïj, kshe,Sug ;reKhska f.ka 30]lau leue;a; m< l< w;r 10]

lg wdikak ;reKhska ixLHdjla w,a,ia §ugo bÈßm;a jkq we;' rdcH wdh;k ls%hdldß;ajh

ms<sn| m%;sM, ^B.4-1,2& wkqj ;reKhskaf.a iÞpdrd;aul m%ñ;Skaf.a lsishï fjkila isÿlr.

kakjd fjkqjg ¥IKhg m%;spdr ±laùu flfrys jeä m%jk;djhlaa olajk nj fmkajd we;' B.4-1 rEmigyfkaa ±lafjk m%;sM,h ;reKhskaf.a iÞpdrh ms<sn| m%Yakhlg jvd rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a

ÿ¾j, ld¾h idOkh ms<sn| m%;sM,hla fia fmfka'

m%;spdr fkdolajhs



wiu;a jQj;a jxpdjlska f;drj úNd.hg uqyqK foñ

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

kd.ßl

.%dóh

kd.ßl

.%dóh 67% 27% 5%

65% 28% 6%

1%

77% 21%1%

1%

0%

74% 25% 0% 0%

;reK

jeä

ysá


rEmigyk B.4-1: jeo.;a f,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a;" ia;%SmqreINdjh wkqj

flfia fj;;a .%dóh iyNd.SjQjka wka whf.a iydh .ekSug fyda wh:d f.ùula isÿlsÍug jeä

m%jk;djhla ±laùu u.ska kd.rsl$.%dóh fjki meyeÈ,sj olakg yelsh' kd.ßl iy .%dóh

;reKhska fjka lsÍfï mq`:,a m%jk;djh yd tl`. fkdjk kuq;a fuh .%dóh m%foaYj, rdcH

ks,OdÍkaf.a w;sYh ÿ¾j, ls%hdldÍ;ajh flfrys olajk ,o m%;spdrhla f,i ±laúh yelsh'

rEmigyk B.4-2: jeo.;a ,smsf,aLk ,nd.ekSu i|yd w,a,ia ,nd§ug we;s leue;a;" mÈxÑh wkqj

B.5 /lshd ,nd.ekSu i|yd wdpdr O¾u ì|,Su

fuu m%YakfhA§ iÞpdr fkdjk l%uhlg /lshdjla fyda mdie,lg we;=,aùug wjia:djla ,nd§u

fyda Tjqka jvd;au ms%h l< iy wfmalaId l< /lshdj ,nd.; yelsjkafka kï Tjqka m%;spdr

olajkafka flf,il±hs iólaIkhg iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka wik ,§' Tjqka zTõZ iy zke;Z w;r

,ndÈh yels m%;spdrhka y;rlska tlla f;dard.kakd ,§'

mqreI

ia;%S

mqreI

ia;%S

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

ls%hdj,sh blaukalr .ekSu i|yd wh:d f.ùula lrñ

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

blaukska lr .ekSu i|yd ×;sfhl= fyd hy`:fjl= fidhd.ekSug fjfyfiñ

ld,h idOdrk lr.ekSu i|yd fldmuK l,a .;fõ±hs wiñ

,efnkf;laisáñ

25% 43% 26% 5%

19% 46% 27% 8%

18% 54% 23% 5%

19% 45% 27% 9%

;reK

jeä

ysá

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

17% 40% 33% 10% 0%

27% 49% 20% 3% 0%

15% 45% 30% 10% 0%

22% 53% 21% 4% 0%

ls%hdj,sh blaukalr .ekSu i|yd wh:d f.ùula lrñ

m%;spdr fkdolajhs

blaukska lr .ekSu i|yd ×;sfhl= fyd hy`:fjl= fidhd.ekSug fjfyfiñ

ld,h idOdrk lr.ekSu i|yd fldmuK l,a .;fõ±hs wiñ

,efnkf;laisáñ

;reK

jeä

ysá

kd.ßl

.%dóh

kd.ßl

.%dóh

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

32


rEmigyk B.5-1: iÞpdriïmkak fkdjk whqßka /lshdjlg fyda mdie,a we;=,aùulg we;s leue;a;"

mÈxÑh wkqj

idudkH mdie,a we;=,;aùu i|yd fyda /lshdjla ,nd.ekSula i|yd ;uka iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk

fhdackdjlg leue;a; m<lrk nj ;reKhska f.a w;s nyq;rhla m%ldY lrk ,§' (B.5-1)' .%dóh

iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka 17]la muKla ;uka fl,skau iÞpdr fkdjk fhdackdj m%;slafIam lrkq ,nkafkaa

kd.ßl iy .%dóh iyNd.SjQjka w;r ie,lshhq;= fjkila olakg ,enqKs' kd.ßlhska olajk

,o m%;spdrh Bg jvd uola mßmQ¾K;ajfhka hqla;h' tkuq;a lsishï we;eï wjia:djl§ 73]la

fhdackdj ms<s.kS' fuu ixLHdj fu;rï by, w.hla .kq ,enQfha ixialD;sl iy wd¾Ól lreKq

j, taldnoaO m%;sM,hla ksid úh yelsh'

wd¾Ól jYfhka .;a l, wOHdmksl iy wd¾Ól wjia:d Y%%S ,xldfõ úr, j olskakg ,efnk w;r

ÿ.Snj idfmalaI f,i by, uÜgul mj;S' fndfydaúg iyNd.SjQjka Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl ;;a;ajh

ms<ss.ksñka zke;Z hkqfjka mejish fkdyels ksid fuu m%YaKhg h:djd§j iy m%dfhdaa.slj ms<s;=re

ÿkakd úh yelsh'

ixialD;sho fuys§ n,mEula we;s lrhs' fuh idudkH fohla f,i i,ld ms<s.kakd nj kd.ßl

;reKhska 22]lao .%dóh ;reKhska 36]lao mjik ,§' ;j;a kd.ßl ;reKhska 40]lao .%dóh

;reKhska 23]lao mjik ,oafoa ;uka fuh ms<s.kafka tu wjia:dj ,ndÿka ×;shd i;=gq lsÍug

njh' fuu m%;spdrhkaf.ka fmkS hkafka YS% ,dxlslhka ;u /lshdfõ iy mdief,a bÈßhg hdu

i|yd mqoa.,sl in|;d iy ×;six.%yh u; fnfyúka úYajdilrk njls'fuh ol=Kq wdishdfõ

wkfmalaIss; ;;ajhla fkdjk kuq;a th fnfyúka w¾nqOldÍ o fõ' kd.ßl$.%dóh fjkalsÍïj,§

;jÿrg;a fmkShkafka iÞpdrj;a fkdjk /lshd ,nd§ï iy mdie,a we;=,alsÍï idudkH ixisoaêhla

jk njh' flfiakuq;a kd.ßl mßirfha§ 40]la iyNd.SjQjka mejiqfõ iÞpdr fkdjk wkaoñka

/lshdjla fyda mdi,lg we;=,;aùfï wjia:dj ×;sfhl= úiska i,id fokafkakï Tjqka ta ms<sn|j

wys;la fkdis;k njh' Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska iudcfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j ixl,am kexùug

kï fuu ixialD;sl lvbï ì|y, hq;=h'

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

fl,skau l< fkdyels nj mjihs

Tn leu;s ke;s kuq;a Tnf.a ×;shd i;=gq lsÍug zTõZ lshhs

th idudkH fohla f,i i,ld Tn zTõZ lshhs

th wmQrehs Tn b;d leue;af;ka zTõZ lshhs

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

0%22%

8%

23%

11% 22% 40% 26% 1%

36% 23% 17% 1%

22% 36% 34% 0%

31% 29% 19%

;reK

jeä

ysá

kd.ßl

.%dóh

kd.ßl

.%dóh


B.6 zisyskZ /lshd ,nd.ekSu

flfiakuqÿ" zisyskZ /lshdjla iïnkaOfhka m%Yakh fjkalr .;aúg m%;sM, uú; lrjk iq`:

úh' iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk wdldrhg /lshd ,nd.ekSug iyNd.SjQjka jeäfofkla leue;a;

olajkjd fjkqjg nyq;rhla fl,skau tu ,nd.ekSu m%;slafIam lr we;' wjdikdjlg fuka

fuu m%YaK jdlHhg k.d ;ssnQ wdldrh fjkia ùu ksid ixikaokhla l< fkdyel' flfiajQj;a

fuhska fmkajkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhkaa zisyskZ /lshdj ;u iqms<smkaNdjhg ydks fkdjk fia

,nd.;hq;= tlla nj úYajdi lsÍuh' iSñ; m%;sM, u; ks.ukhkag meñkSfï wjÞku we;sj"

B.6-1 rEmigyfkkaa olajkafka YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a wkd.;h b;d iqn Þhl njh'

rEmigyk B.6-1: iÞpdrfkdjk whqßka zisysk /lshdjZ ,nd.ekSug we;s leue;a;" mÈxÑh wkqj

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s fuh idudkH l%uh ksid leu;sùu

m%;slafIamlr" idlÉPdlsÍfuka

miq leu;sùu

fl,skau ztmdZ lSu

jeäysá ;reK

47%

38%

29%

20%

1% 1%

23%

41%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

34


C. mßirh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ls%hd

wdYdj iy n,h ms<sn| wfmalaIdjka u; mokï jQ ¥IKh m%n, n,fõ.hls' ¥IKhg tfrys igk

wmyiq ld¾hhla jk w;r mqrjeis ieuf.a tluq;=fjka l<hq;= fohls' fuu fya;=j ksid YS% ,xldfõ

iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug iy ¥IKh ke;s lsÍfï N+ñldjla i|yd fuu ;reKhskaf.a

we;s yelshdj TISL u.ska fidhd ne,Sh' fï iïnkaOfhka w¾:dkaú; f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd"

¥IKh ke;slsÍu i|yd Tjqka ls%hdlrkafka kï ¥IKhg tfrysj mqoa.,slju y~ke.Sug bÈßm;a

jkafka±hs iy" ¥IKhg úreoaOj ke.Sisàug fkdyelsjk fya;= fudkjd±hs iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka

wik ,§'

rEmigyk C.1: ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reKhdf.a N+ñldj" ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r

iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka f.ka 56]la ;reKhskag ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd m%Odk N+ñldjla ;sfnk nj iy

;j;a 33]la Tjqkag iSñ;jQ fyda N+ñldjla ;sfnk nj mejiSu Okd;aul ;;ajhls' ;reKhskag

m%Odk N+ñldjla ;sfnk nj jeäysáhkag jvd ;reKhskau úYajdi lsÍu is;a.kakd iq`:h' ta w;r

jeäysáhka fndfydaúg úYajdilrkafka ;reKhskag fï iïnkaOfhka lsisjla l< fkdyels njls'

rEmigyk C.2: ¥IKh ÿrelsÍu i|yd jk ;reKhdf.a N+ñldj" ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r mÈxÑh

wkqj

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

fkdokSwmg N+ñldjla ke;

wmg we;af;aiSñ; N+ñldjls

wmg m%Odk N+ñldjla we;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

;reK

jeä

ysá

44% 33% 21% 2%

51%

51%

61%

37%

36%

31%

9%

11%

5%

2%

2%

3%

.%dóh

kd.ßl

.%dóh

kd.ßl

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

fkdokSwmg N+ñldjla ke;

wmg we;af;aiSñ; N+ñldjls

wmg m%Odk N+ñldjla we;

;reK

jeäysá 47%

56% 33% 8%

2%

1%

35% 15%

2%

1%


fuu o;a;hka fnÞ fjka l< úg kd.ßl iy .%dóh ;reKhska w;r lemS fmfkk fjkilaa olakg

,enqKs' kd.ßl ;reKhska ¥IKh ke;s lsÍu i|yd jvd;a n,.eka ù we;s nj ms<s.kakd w;r

;ud fuys§ iïmQ¾Kfhka n,rys; hehs nj ms<s.ekSug wlue;súh' fuu ;;a;ajh idudkH ms<s.

ekSu yd ieioSfïoS .%dóh ;reKhd ¥IKh bjik iy iÞpdrd;aul fkdjk yeisÍïj, fhoSfï

m%jK;dhla mj;S' .%dóh m%foaYj, ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysùug Yla;shla fkdue;s hhs is;Sug

jvd bvlv we;s w;r tneúka Tjqka ¥IKh ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha wx.hla f,i ms<s.kS' ta wkqj

.%dóh ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysj fufyhùu i|yd n,.ekaùug jeä wjOdkhla fhÈh hq;=h'

rEmigyk C.3: ¥IKh meñ‚<s lsÍug we;s leue;a;" ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r

¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug iyNd.SjQjkaf.a we;s leue;a; úuik mßÈ m%YaKh fjkia l< úg

m%;sM, jvd;a ixlS¾K úh' ;reKhska f.ka 7]la muKla ¥IKhg tfrysj ±kgu;a y~k.d

we;' tfukau 27]la ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug fldfy;au iQÞkï ke;' fuhska fmkajkafka wvq

jYfhka ;reKhska f.ka 20]la ;ukag fjkila isÿlsÍug yels fj;ehs úYajdi lrk kuq;a tu

fjki ;uka úiskau lsÍug leue;a;la fkdoelaùuh'

jvd;a i;=gg m;aúh yels lreK jkafka iEu ;reKhska ;sfofkl=f.ka flfklau ¥IKhg

tfrysj y~ke.Sug leue;af;ka isák w;r tjeksu jQ ixLHdjla ieuúgu fkdj iuyr úfgl

muKla fyda y~ke.Sug iQÞkï ùuh' flfiakuq;a fuu m%;spdrhka ms<sn|j jgyd.; hq;af;a Y%S

,dxlsl iudc ikaO¾Nh ;=<h'

l=ßre hqoaOhlska miq ;ju;a m%;sidOkh jk YS% ,xldfõ udkj ysñlï jd¾;dj ms<sn|j tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" yshquka rhsÜia fjdÉ wdh;kh (Human Rights Watch) iy bkagkeIk,a l%hsisia

.DDma (Internationl Crisis Group) iy ;j;a wdh;k m%YaK lr we;7' fndfyda ;reKhska" úfYaIfhkau

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

ke;" uu tfia fkdlrñ ieuúgu fkdfõTõ" uu th lrkafkñTõ" uu th lf<ñ

jeäysá;reK

8.5%6.9%

31.7%32.3%31%

34.3%

28.3%26.7%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

36


iq`: jd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g wh;ajk ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrys ùfï§ Tjqkaf.a wkd.;h ms<sn|j

muKla fkdj YdÍßl wdrlaIdj ms<sn|jo ie,ls,su;a jkjd we;' C-4 rEmigyfkka fmkajk

mßÈ iEu Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska isõfofkl=f.ka tla wfhla ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ fkdk.kafka

ìh ksidh'

rEmigyk C.4: ¥IKhg tfrysj l:d fkdlsÍug fok ,o fya;=" ia;%S mqreINdjh wkqj

flfia kuq;a ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ fkdke.Sug we;s jvd;a id¾:l fya;=j f,i iyNd.SjQjka úiska

i,lk ,oafoa tfia lsÍu M, rys; ksidh hkakh' Y%S ,xldj jeks idudkH m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgl

fuh b;d w¾nqoldÍ m%;spdrhls' ¥IKhg tfrysùu iïnkaOfhka isÿl< yels N+ñldjla ;ukag

we;s nj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.ka nyq;rh ms<s.kakd úg fuu ;reKhska f.ka wvla muK ^45]&

i,lkafka ;u y~ke.Su M, rys; fohla f,ih' Bg w;sf¾lj ;j;a ;reKhska 23] la mjid

isáfha ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ ke.Su ;ukaf.a j.lSu fkdjk njh' fuh wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajhls'

ulaksido h;a" ¥IKhg tfrysj l:d lsÍfï jeo.;alu ms<sn|j ±kqj;a nfõ wvqjla thska ms<sìUq

jk ksidh' ¥IKh ms<sn|j meñ‚,s isÿ lrk l%ufõoh ;reKhska f.ka 6]la fkdokakd nj

mejiSu by; fy<sorõj ;jÿrg;a ikd: lrhs'

fuhska ;yjqrejkafka YS% ,dxlsl Ôjk ikaO¾Nh ;=< ;reKhska ¥IKhg trysj y~ke.Sug

leue;a;la we;;a th isÿjkafka iuyr fldkafoais iïmQ¾K jqjfyd;a muKla hkakh' m<uqj" tfia

lsÍu wdrlaIdiys; nj Tjqkag ye`.Shd hq;=h' fojkqj" ¥IKhg tfrysj l:dlsÍfï jeo.;alu

iy tjeks ls%hdldrlï j,ska ienE Ôú;hg we;súh yels n,mEu ms<sn|j Tjqka fyd¢ka ±kqïj;a

úh hq;=h'

;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Su j,lajkafka wOHdmkfha iy ±kqïj;anfõ wvqmdvqjla ksid

kï ;reKhska ¥IKh ms<sn|j ±k.kafka flfia±hs wjfndaOlr .ekSu jeo.;ah' iólaIKfha

fuu wjidk fldgfia§ YS% ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j Tjqka

fldf;laÿrg ±kqïj;ao hkak iy Tjqka tu f;dr;=re ,nd.;af;a flfiao hkak ms<sn|j

iyNd.SjQjkaf.ka m%Yak lrk ,§'

fndfyda iyNd.SjQjka ;u f;dr;=re ±kf.k we;af;a rEmjdysksh ^31]&" .=jka úÿ,sh ^20]&

iy uqøs; mqj;a m;a u.ska ^17]& yryd ùu úu;shg lreKla fkdfõ' tfiajqjo úfYaIfhkau

;reK iyNd.SjQjka cx.u ÿrl:k yryd o ^18]& f;dr;=re ±kf.k ;snQ w;r tfia f;dr;=re

oek.;a jeäysá iyNd.SjQjka isáfha wvq ixLHdjls ^10]&' iudc cd,hka iy wka;¾cd,h ;=<

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

fuh uf.a j.lSula fkdfõ

fy,dolskafka flfia±hs uu fkdoksñ

th M, rys;jk ksid

wdrlaIl fya;+ka ksid

mqreI

ia;%S 6%

8% 34% 32% 26%

31% 37% 26%


;reKhska flakaø.; jQ idlÉPdjka ks;r we;sjk kuq;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< fuh i;Hhla fkdjk nj

m¾fhaIK j,ska fmkS f.dia we;' iudc udOHhka u.ska f;dr;=re ,nd.;a nj mejiQ ;reKhska

isáfha 5]la muKh' ishhg 4la wka;¾cd, mqj;am;a u.skao 4]la iudc cd,hka u.skao f;dr;=re

,ndf.k ;snqks' fuhska woyiajkafka YS% ,xldj ;=< ¥IKhg tfrys wOHdmkh iudc udOHhg iy

wka;¾cd,hg tla lsÍu i|yd úYd, jev fldgila lsÍug b;sßù we;s njh' flfia fj;;a YS%

,xldj iSñ; wka;¾cd, myiqlï iys; rgla f,i mj;sk njo igyka lr.; hq;=h8'

rEmigyk C.5: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd uQ,dY%hka

rEmigyk C.6 ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j

we;s ±kqu

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

fjk;aiudc cd,hka

wka;¾cd, mqj;am;a

iudc udOHh

uqøs; mqj;aam;a

cx.u ÿrl:k

.=jkaúÿ,shrEmjdysksh

jeäysá ;reK

31%33%

20%

26%

18%

10%

17%

23%

5%4% 4%

2%4%

2%1% 0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

m%;spdrhla fkdue;s

m%udKj; f;dr;=re mj;S

f;dr;=re iSñ;h

f;dr;=re b;d iSñ;h

f;dr;=re fkdue;

;reK

jeäysá 21%

17% 38% 39% 6%

38% 34% 7%

m%Odk

wk

djrK

hk

a

38


;reKhska úúO uQ,dY%hkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd kuq;a tu lsisÿ uQ,dY%hla ;reKhskag m%udKj;a

f;dr;=re imhkafka ke;s njo meyeÈ,sh' f;dr;=re ,ndfok m%Odk uQ,dY%h jk rEmjdysksh

keröfï myiqlï ;ju;a we;af;a ;reKhskaf.ka 31] lg muKls'

¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j Tjqka okakd m%udKh ms<sn|j ;reKhska f.ka úuiQ

úg f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï ÿIalr;djh fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s úh' ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis

ms<sn|j zfyd¢kau okakdZ nj mejiQfõ ;reKhskaf.ka 6]la muKls' ishhg 39 la z;rulaz ±kisá

kuq;a ;reKhskaf.ka nyq;rh ^55]&zb;d iq`:fjka okakd njfyda lsisjla fkdokakdZ nj mejiQy'

iólaIKfha wfkl=;a fndfyda m%;spdrhka ms<sn|j iy-iïnkaO;djhla we;slr .ekSug fuu

f;dr;=re Wmldr fõ' ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j iuyr ;reKhkag fyd|

jegySula we;s kuq;a ;j;a fndfyda fofkl=g tu jegySu fkdue;' tuksid" ;reKhskaf.ka lsishï

m%;sY;hla ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh fkdue;s nj iy wdpdrYS,S fkdjk yeisÍï ms<s.kakd nj;a mejfik

m%ldY jgyd.; hq;af;a fuu idfmalaI jYfhka fkd±kqj;a nfõ ikaO¾Nh ;=<h'

wjdikdjlg fuka wOHdmk moaO;sh u.ska fuu .eg¨jg úi÷ula ,ndfokafka ke;' C.7 rEmigyfkkaa fmkajk mßÈ iyNd.SjQjka m%d:ñl wOHdmk uggfï isg ;D;Shsl uÜgug hdfï§

¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s iy fr.=,dis ms<sn|j zlsisjla fkdo;aZ fyda zb;d w,am jYfhka okakdZ

ixLHdj wvqjQfha 7]lska muKls^61] isg 54] olajd&' ta w;r z;rula okakdZ ixLHdj 7]lska

jeäù we;s w;r zfyd¢kau okakdZ ixLHdfõ fjkila isÿù fkdue;' fuu m%;sM, wkqj ¥IKh yd

iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ;reKhska ±kqïj;a lsÍfï wOHdmk wjYH;djhka wOHdmk

moaO;sh u.ska imqrkafka fkdue;s hehs hk .eg`:ldÍ ks.ukhg t<ôh hq;=j we;' Y%S ,dxlsl

;reKhskag ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka hym;a wOHdmkhla ,ndfkdokafka kï ¥IKhg tfrys uqyqKg

uqyqK,d lrk ls%hdl,dmhka flfrys Tjqkaf.a woyia iy wdl,am fjkia lsÍu i|yd ,efnkafka

b;d mgq wjia:djls'

rEmigyk C.7: ;reKhska iy jeäysáhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j

we;s ±kqu - wOHdmk uÜgu wkqj

;reK

jeä

ysá

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

m%;spdrhla fkdue;sfyd¢kau;rula b;d w,amhke;

m%d:ñl

oaú;Shsl

;D;Shsl

m%d:ñl

oaú;Shsl

;D;Shsl 12%

15%

30%

13%

16%

33% 28% 33% 6%

38% 40% 6%

41% 40% 6%

32% 32% 5%

43% 36% 6%

40% 33% 14%


jeäysáhkag jvd ;reKhska ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ±kqïj;a njla m%ldY

lsÍu m%YxikShh' fomd¾Yjh w;r fjki idudkHfhka l=vd jk w;r úfYaIfhkau wvq wOHdmkhla

,o jeäysáhka ¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ±kqïj;a njla fkdue;s wh jQy'

tkuq;a ;D;Shsl wOHdmkh;a iu. m%;sM, fndfyda fihska fjkia fjhs' fyd¢ka wOHdmkh ,o miq

¥IKh yd iïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn|j ±kqïj;a jQ jeäysáhka ixLHdj fo.=Khlg;a jvd

jeäúh' iaÓr ks.ukhlg meñKSug fuu m%;sM, m%udKj;a fkdjk w;r" ;D;Shsl wOHdmkfha

m%ñ;sh ms<sn| .eg¨ldÍ m%jk;djhla fuhska fmkajhs'

m%Odk

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;reKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| iólaIKfha (YIS) wruqKq folls( YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhskaf.a mqoa.,

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<ssn|j j;auka mdolf¾Ldj msysgqjd .ekSu iy iqms<smkaNdjh lvùï iy ¥IKhg

tfrysj ;reKhskaf.a ls%hdldß;aj uÜgu fidhd .ekSuh' fuu wruqKq folu w¾:dkaú;j imqrd.;

yels úh' fuys bÈßm;a lr we;s iólaIK fidhd.ekSï wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh

w.h lrk kuq;a fuu jákdlï ish ffoksl Ôú;fha§ idlaId;a lr .ekSfï§ wmyiq;djhkag

uqyqK§ug isÿjk nj fmkajd § we;' iqms<smkaNdjh hkq igkalr /l.ekSug ;rï iqÿiq uQ,sl

yrj;a jákdlula f,i i,lkjd fjkqjg ¥IKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh lvùï Tjqka f,dalh foi

n,k oDIaÀh wkqj Tjqka ;=< ld jeoS ;sfnk kue;s h:d¾:hg YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska nyq;rhla

uqyqK Èh hq;=h'

A. ks.uk

iólaIKfha m%uqL mrdñ;Ska i;r ms<sn|j fuys my; idlÉPd lr we;s w;r ta tla tla mrdñ;sh

yd iïnkaO m%Odk fidhd.ekSï iy ks.ukhka o i|yka lr we;' YIS iólaIKfha wruqKq

,`.dlr .ekSfï§ fukau .;hq;= ls%hdud¾.hka ms<sn| ks¾foaY ,nd.ekSu i|yd wjYH ±kqï

uQ,hla we;slr .eksugo fuu f;dr;=re ;SrKd;aul jkq we;'

A.1 iÞpdrh iy idrO¾u - yeisÍfï iïu;hka ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl wjfndaOh

¥IKh flfrys ;reKhskaf.a jegySu" wdl,am iy jákdlï ms<sn| mrdñ;Ska .ek úmrï l<

úg ksielju ,efnkafka úiq`: Ñ;%hls' Y%S ,dxlsl ;rKhska iqms<smkaNdjh hkq l=ula±hs okakd

w;r ;u Ôú; w,,d iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lr;s' iqms<smkaNdjh jeo.;a njg m%;spdr olajk

kuq;a iqms<smkaNdjhg t,a,jk úúO ;yxÑ iy iSudjka yuqfõ fuu m%;spdrhka b;d ÿ¾j, fõ'

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| úúO w¾:l:khka .ek úuiQ úg ie,lsh hq;= wvq ixLHdjla ^12] isg 20]

olajd& fndrelSfuka" ¥IKfhka iy kS;sh lvlsÍfuka je,lSu we;=<;ajk fmdÿ wr:±laùu

yd tl`. fkdfj;s' fuu m%jk;djh jvd;a m%n, jkafka kS;sh lvlsÍu yd iïnkaOfhks' kS;sh

lvlsÍu flfkl=f.a mqoa., iqms<smkaNdjh ì| .ekSula fkdjk nj iEu YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska mia

fofkl=f.kau tla wfhla úYajdi lr;s'

ziqms<smka mqoa.,fhl==Z i;=úh hq;= .=Kdx. ms<sn|j YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska ;=< we;s jegySu o

kuHYS,S nj fmkS hhs' fkdlr isàfuka mdvq isÿjk wjia:dj,§ ziqms<smka mqoa.,hdZ fndrelSu fyda

jxpdj isÿlrkq njg YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka wvla muK úYajdi lr;s' mßmq¾K mqoa.,hd ;u

mjqf,a iu.sh fndrelSug" jxpdjg iy ks;sh leãug jvd by,ska ;nd i,lk nj Bg;a jvd jeä

;reKhska ixLHdjlf.a úYajdih úh' ^A.4-1,2,3,4 rEmigyka& wjidkfha§ ziqms<smka mqoa.,hdZ

iq`: mßudk ¥IKj, fhfokakg leu;s flfkl= hehs YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska f.ka 67]la ms<s.ks;s'

ks.uk iy ks¾foaY

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A.2 m%;sm;a;s - yß jerÈ ms<sn| fjki jgyd .ekSug we;s yelshdj

uq,Huh id¾:l;ajh iy WÞr Ôú;hla .;lsÍu ixikaokh lrk f,i b,a,d isá úg YS% ,xldfõ§

id¾:l mqoa.,hl= we;s mSvkh mßmQ¾K m%;sm;a;Ska wNsnjd hk nj meyeÈ,sh' iqms<smka Ôú;hla

.; lsßu b;d jeo.;a hhs ;reKhskaf.ka 50]lg wdikak m%udKhla úYajdil< w;r j;alïj,

iy iqms<smkakNdjfha iunr;djhla mej;Su i;H jYfhkau jeo.;a wruqKla nj nyq;rhlf.a

±lau úh' óg wu;rj Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska miafofkl=f.ka tla wfhla iqms<smkaNdjhg jvd

j;alu w.h lr;s' fuu m%;sM, ;reKhska úiskau iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd m%ldYl< jákdlï iu.

fl,skau mriamr;djhla olajhs'

tlaj .;a l< fmkShkafka Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhd iqms<smkakNdjfha jeo.;alu y÷kdf.k we;s kuq;a

iqms<smkak Ôú;hla .;lsÍu hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula±hs ieuúgu jgydf.k fkdue;s

njh' iqms<smkaNdjh fi,úh fkdyels m%;sm;a;shla f,i ieuúgu i<ld fkdue;s w;r th foaYsh

iïm%Þhkag iy mj;sk ienE wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk kuHYS,S ixl,amhla f,i i,ld we;'

Tjqkaf.a ienE Ôú;j,§ iuyr úhoï iy in|;d iqms<smkaNdjhg jvd jeo.;a hhs i<lk YS%

,dxlsl ;reKhska jxl .kqfokqj, fhfoñkau Tjqkaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh /l.; yelshhs úYajdi

lrhs' flfiakuq;a YS% ,xldfõ iS>% f,i by, hk w;HdjYH øjH iy bkaOk ñ, yd jeäjk

we;ske;s mr;rh yuqfõ ÿ.Snj m%n, wjOdkhla fhduqúh hq;= idOlhla nj igyka l< hq;=h'

tuksid fndfyda ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh mrÿjg ;nd j;alñ flfrys Wkkaÿùfï wjYH;djhla

ols;s'

;re‚hka iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys jeä lemùula we;s njo lemùu ÿ¾j,u jQfha .%dóh ;reKhska

w;r njo YIS iólaIKfhka fmkS f.dia we;' fuu ;;ajh o;a;hka .Kkdjlskau ;yjqre

jQ w;r thska woyia jkafka kd.ßl ;re‚hkag iudc fjkialï isÿ lsÍfï mqfrda.dñka ùfï

yelshdj w;s njh' tfukau .%dóh ;reKhska úfYaIfhkau .%dóh msßñka iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|

wOHdmkh ,nd§fï iy m%j¾Okfha uq,sl b,lal lKavdhï úh hq;=h' fuu fjkialï j,g

n,mdkd fya;= y÷kd .ekSu wmyiqh' ia;%SmqreINdjh w;r we;s fjkialï úúO wOHdmk uÜgï

yrydo fkdfjkiaj mj;sk w;r kd.ßl iy .%dóh fn§u fmkajd fokafka fuu mr;rhka Y%S

,dxlsl ixialD;sh iu. uq,a nei.;a tajd njh'

kd.ßl iy .%dóh fjkialï jvd;a ixlS¾Kh' iólaIKfhka fmkajd fokafka .%dóh ;reKhska

ksr;=reju ¥IKh yd .efgk w;r idïm%Þhslju ×;s ix.%yh mj;sk iudc wka;¾ in|;d

iu. Ôj;aùug Tjqkag isÿ ù we;s njh' mßmQ¾K mqoa.,hkag ,efnk wjia:d ms<sn|j .%dóh

;reKhskag olakg ,efnkafka wvqjYfhka jk w;r Tjqka ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha fldgila f,i

wdpdr O¾uhkag mgyeks lreKq ms<s.ekSug isÿfõ' fuu fya;+ka ksid .%dóh ;reKhka wvq

iqms<smkaNdjhla we;s msßila njg m;a fkdjk kuq;a iqms<smkaNdjhg jvd;a m%;sjd§ jk Ôjk

l%uhlg Tjqkaf.a jákdlï iy yeisÍï n,y;aldrfhka wkq.; lr .ekSug Tjqkag isÿù we;'

A.3 kS;s.rel ùu - kS;shg wkql+,jk m%udKh

iqms<smkaNdjh w¾: ±laùfï§ kS;sh lv lsÍug jvd fndrej" jxpdj iy ¥IKh iqms<smkaNdjhg

tfrys ls%hdjka f,i ;reKhska y÷kd.kakd ,§' fuu fidhd.ekSfuka fmkajkafka Y%S ,dxlsl

;reKhska kS;sh flfrys olajk meyeÈ,s m%;sfrdaOhhs' ksoiqkla f,i ;reKhska rdcH ks,Odßfhl=g

fyda fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=g w,a,ila §ug leue;a; ±laúh yels kuq;a .=rejrfhl= úIhfhys tfia

fkdfõ' úfYaIfhka fmd,Sish flfrys úYajdihla fkdue;snj fujeks wdl,amhka we;sjk uQ,h

f,i ±laúh yelsh'


miq.sh jir ;=<§ ienE f,iu ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lrk ,oafoa ;reKhska iq`: ixLHdjla jk

kuq;a iuia:hla f,i YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysùu i|yd úYañ; leue;a;la ±laùh'

fuhska w`.jkafka fuu ;reKhkag iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys lemùu i|yd iy ¥IKhg tfrysùu

i|yd wjYH wOHdmkh ,ndÈh hq;= njh'

msßñka ¥Is; ls%hdjkays kshe,Su ie,lsh hq;= f,i jeä nj iksgqyka lr .ekSuo jeo.;ah'

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| jákdlï j,§ iA;%SmqreI úIu;djhka f.a m%;sM,hla f,i fuh isÿù

±hs mejiSu wmyiqh' ;reKhska ¥IKh i|yd jvd;a fm<Uùug ,lajk w;r tu ksid ;u

Ôú;fha jákdlï moaO;sh;=< ¥IKh n,y;aldrfhka ms<s.ekSug Tjqkag isÿ úh yelsh' fuu

.eg`:ldÍ m%jk;djhg fya;= jgyd.ekSug jeäÿr m¾fhaIK isÿl< hq;=h' fuu fya;=j fkdi,ld

iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a wjfndaOh jeälsÍug iy ¥IKhg m%;sfrdaë ùfï yelshdj

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ;reKhska b,lal lr.; hq;= nj meyeÈ,sh'

A.4 ¥IKhg m%;sfrdaë ùu - ¥Is; mqreÿ fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj

¥IKh je,elaùu i|yd ;u mrmqr úiska isÿl< hq;= N+ñldjla we;s nj ;reKhska nyq;rhla

úYajdi lr;s' fuh wjOdrKh lr.; hq;= idOkSh ks.ukhls' flfiafj;;a YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska

f.ka 6]la muKla ienE f,iu ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka ;reKhskaa ¥IKh

uev,Sug ie,lsh hq;= ld¾hNdrhla m%dfhda.slj bgq fkdlrk njh' tkuq;a iEuúgu fyda iuyr

wjia:dj,§ ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ke.Sug ;reKhska nyq;rhla leue;af;ka isà' ienE ls%hdj iy

is;=ú,s w;r we;s fuu mriamrhg fya;= fm!oa.,sl fukau jHqyd;aulh'

id¾:l;ajhg fyd|u udj; ¥IKh f,i olsk ;reKhska tu h:d ;;ajhg wNsfhda.lsÍug

leue;a;la fkdolajkq we;' wjdikdjlg fuka id¾:l;ajhg we;s fyd|u udj; fyda tlu udj;

jxpdj f,i YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska fndfyduhla ols;s' fuu úYajdih .%dóh ;reKhska w;r fukau

wOHdmkhla ,enQjka w;ro nyq,h' ¥IKh ;=<ska id¾:l;ajh fmkajkakka iu. fndfydaúg

.efgk lKavdhï jkafka fudjqka nj fuhska ms<sìUq fõ'

YS% ,xldfõ rdcH fiajd imhkakka ms<sn|j ;reKhska nyq;rhla ;=< we;s my;a u;h fuu

ks.ukh ie,lshhq;= mßÈ Yla;su;a lrhs' fmd,Sish iy m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh hk fowxYhu by,

uÜgul ¥IKhla iy wvq uyck úYajdihla ,ndisák nj biau;= lr ;snqKs' fuu wdh;k

j,ska ´kEu tlla iu. ks;r we;sjk wka;¾ ls%hdjka ksid ;reKhska ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh mj;ajd

.ekSfï iy m%j¾Okh lsÍfï yelshdj wvqúh yelsh' wfkla w;g" rdcH ks,OdÍka iu. wka;¾

ls%hd mj;ajk lKavdhï ;=< iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd kuHYS,S iy úúO jQ lemùula mj;sk nj

ks.ukhka fmkajdfohs'

jHQyd;aul jYfhka iEu ;reKhska ;sfofkl=f.ka flfkla Tjqkag ÿIKhg tfrysj lghq;=

lsÍug Yla;shla fkdue;s njla y`.jhs' ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ ke.Su ;u j.lSu fkdjk nj ;j;a

;reKhska 25] lf.a woyih' lsishï uÜgul ÿria: Ndjhla iy wiïnkaO;djhla w`.jk fuu

úYajdihka b;d w¾nqoldÍ jk w;r th ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrys ùfï m%h;akhka fudglrkakla

úh yelsh' flfia kuqÿ fuu .eg¨ i|yd idfmalaI jYfhka ir, úi÷ïo we;'

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B. ks¾foaY

YIS iólaIKh ±kqu W;amdokh l< fuj,ulg jvd jeä fohls' iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd iy ¥IKhg

tfrysj igka lsÍu i|yd ;reKhska n,.ekaùfï cd;Hka;rh yd taldnoaO mq`:,a ls%hdkaú;hl

m<uq mshjr o fuhhs' tuksid TISL wdh;kh"fuu jd¾;dfjka ;u ;ukaf.a ks.ukhkag t<öug

fuh mßYS,kh lrkakka Èß.kajk w;r Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhska n,.ekaùu i|yd my; i|yka

ks¾foaYhka bÈßm;a lrhs' fuu ks¾foaYhka imqrd.ekSu i|yd wÞ, ish,a,ka iu. TISL wdh;kh

lghq;=lrkq we;s w;r ;dreKHfha iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j lemjk ish,a,kagu fuu wr.,fha§

wm yd tlajk f,i werhqï lrkq ,efí'

B.1 ÿIKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| úu¾IK

YS% ,xldfõ ;reKhskaf.a iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh ms<sn|j jeo.;a uQ,sl ióCIK f;dr;=re

YIS iólaIKh u.ska imhkq ,eîh' flfiakuqÿ fuu f;dr;=re kj .eg¨ u;=lr we;s w;r tlS

.eg`: j,g ms<s;=re fiùu u.ska iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug TISL wdh;khg yelsjkq we;'

iólaIKhg iyNd.SjQ ;reKhskaf.a .%dóh$ kd.ßl fn§ug fya;= idOl" iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j

jeo.;a f;dr;=re iu. ;reKhska weu;Sfï jvd;a M,Þhl l%u fudkjdo hkak iy ;re‚hka

iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd jeä lemùula fmkaùug fya;= wjfndaOlr .ekSu i|yd úfYAIfhkau jeäÿr

f;dr;=re wjYHfõ'

fuu m¾fhaIK i|yd w;sf¾l iólaIKhka wjYH fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg ;u uQ,sl oeKqu ÈhqKqlr

.ekSu i|yd TISL wdh;kh ;=ka wdldr m%fõYhla ls%hd;aul lrkq we;' m<uqj" m¾fhaIlhska

±kg TISL wdh;kh i;= cd;sl iqms<smkakNdjfha moaO;s we.hSu iy mqrjeis jd¾;dm;a iólaIK

jd¾;d we;=`: m%ldYk mßYS,kh lr tu m%;sM, YIS iólaIK m%;sM, iu. ii|kq we;' fojkqj"

TISL wdh;kh ±kg isák iyNd.SjQjka iy iylrejka yd tlaj wÞ, lKavdhï iu. wúêu;a

iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajd iólaIKfha m%;sM, ms<sn| úfYaIs; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd.ekSug lghq;=

flf¾' ;=kafjkqj" wfkl=;a ;reK ls%hdldß;aj jevigykaj, fuka TISL wdh;kh Yla;su;a

wëËKh lsÍfï iy we.hSfï ls%hdj,shla mj;ajdf.k hkq we;' fuu ls%hdj,shka ;=<ska by;

i|yka m%Yakj,g ms,s;=re f,i w.kd f;dr;=re o;a;hka ckkh lrkq we;' fuu fuj,ï ;=k

taldnoaO jQúg wjYH ±kqï mr;rhka mqrjd .ekSug yelsjkq we;s w;r ta wkqj ;reKhska w;r

id¾:lj iqms<smkaNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍug TISL wdh;khg yelsjkq we;'

B.2 mdie,a wOHdmkh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu

;reKhska m%d:ñl wOHdmk uÜgïj, isg ;D;Shsl wOHdmk uÜgï olajd hk úg ¥IKh ms<sn|

kS;s yd fr.=,dis ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a idfmalaI ±kqu ÈhqKq fkdjk nj iólaIKfhka fy<s úh' fuhska

fmkajkafka ¥IKh iy iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| ;SrKd;aul ±kqu mdie,a moaO;sh ;=<ska ;reKhskag

fkd,efnk njh' ta wkqj mqoa.,slj .=rejreka iu.;a wÞ, wud;Hjreka iu.;a rdcH ks,OdÍka

iu.;a fuu Wmfoia ,nd§fï m%ñ;Ska ÈhqKq lsÍug;a ta i|yd wjYH wOHdmksl fN!;sl iïm;a

,nd§ug;a TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'fuu iïm;a w;r bf.kSug iy wjfndaOhg iqÿiq

f,i ilia jQ wdpdrO¾u" jákdlï iy iÞpdrd;aul yeisÍu ms<sn|j lshùu i|yd fmd;a iy

m%ldYk we;=<;a úh yelsh'

ÿ.S nj by< uÜgul mej;sho Y%S ,xldj Yla;su;a wOHdmk moaO;shla mj;ajdf.k hk w;r

b;du by< idlaIr;d uÜgï ms<ssn|j Woï wkk rgls' tu ksid fuu ls%hdj,sfha§ mdie,aj,g


iy .=rejrekag M,ÞhS iylrejka úh yelsh' wjYh iïm;a iy mqyqKqj ,nd§u u.ska ¥IKhg

tfrysj igkalsÍug ;reKhska n,.ekaùu i|yd fuu Yla;su;a wOHdmk moaO;sh Ndú;d lsÍug

TISL wdh;kh wfmalaId lrhs'

B.3 mdief,ka miq wOHdmkh iy ±kqu j¾Okh

mdie, wOHdmkfha jeo.;a wxYhla jk w;r úêu;a mka;s ldurfhka neyer jQ mßirhla ;=<

;reKhska yd lghq;= lsÍfï uy`.= wjia:djka mj;sk nj TISL wdh;khg fmkS f.dia we;'

wNsfm%arKh jQ ;reKhskag iqms<smkaNdjh iy ¥IKh .ek .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug;a

fjkila we;slsÍfï kshuqjka ùug;a wjia:djla we;' TISL wdh;kfha iqms<smkA ;dreKH jevigyka

u.ska ¥IKhg tfrys igfka§ ienE kdhlhska ùug wjYH fuj,ï ,nd.ekSug ;reKhskag

wjia:dj ,efí' fuu wjia:dj fld<ôka neyer ;reKhskago ,nd§ug TISL wdh;kh wfmalaId

lrhs' iólaIKfha§ fmkS.sh mßÈ .%dóh ;reKhska fuys b,lal lKavdhu úh hq;=h' tuksid

;reKhska i|yd úIh ndysr ls%hdldrlï iy iïm;a ,nd§ug ish .%dóh iylrejka iu. tlaj

TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'

B.4 wdo¾Yk Yla;shlska hqla;j ¥IKh wëËKh i|yd ;reKhska Èß.ekaùu

YIS iólaIKhg wkqj ;reKhska nyq;rhla ¥IKhg tfrysj y~ ke.Sug leue;a;la ±lajQjo ta

i|yd ienE f,iu lghq;= lrkafka iq`: msßils' ÿIKhg tfrysj igkalsÍug ;reKhskag we;s

wjia:d jeälsÍug TISL wdh;kh Tjqka yd tlaj lghq;= lrk w;r Tjqka tu ld¾hhfha kshef,k

úg ta i|yd iyfhda.h o ,ndfokq we;' kùk iudc udOH fuj,ï Ndú;dlrñka iy ÿIKhg

f.dÿrejQjkag iy ¥IKfha idlaIslrejkag ffk;sl Wmfoia ,ndfok uOHia:dkhla jk ziqieß

fijkZ (Shelter for Integrity) uOHia:dkh yryd ;reKhskag fl,skau Wmldr lsÍug TISL wdh;kh

wfmalaId lrhs' tfukau TISL wdh;kh ;reKhskag ;u woyia m%ldYlsÍu i|yd fõÈldjla ilia

lr §ug;a ¥IKhg tfrysj igkalsÍu i|yd wdOdr lsÍug;a bÈßm;a jkq we;'

flfiajqjo ;reKhska ¥IKhg tfrysj ;u y~ ke.Sug ±k.; hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a tu ls%hdjka

j,ska n,mEula we;s l< yels njg ye`.Sula iy úYaajdihla Tjqkag we;súh hq;=h' tu ksid ¥IK

ls%hd ms<sn|j meñ‚,s l< hq;= l%ufõohka ms<sn| ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍug;a ¥IKh uka;=lrKh

lsÍug iy ¥IKhg tfrys ls%hdldrlïj, n,mEu ms<sn|j wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug;a TISL wdh;kh

lghq;= lrkq we;' ;reKhska i|yd we;s cd;Hka;r ksïj<¨ mq`:,alsÍu i|yd YIS iólaIKh;a

iu. we;s lr.;a cd;Hka;r cd,hka WkkaÿlsÍugo TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;' fuu.ska

¥IKhg tfrys igfka cd;Hka;r mßY%ufha fldgila f,i ;reKhska lghq;= lrkq we;s w;r

wfkl=;a rgj, w;a±lSïj,ska iy id¾:l ls%hdj,Ska f.ka mdvï bf.k.ekSugo Tjqkag yelsjkq

we;'

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B.5 nyq - udOH iy iudc udOH ;=<ska iqms<smkakNdjfha jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska iqms<smkaNdjh w.h lrk kuq;a fuu we.hSï kuHYS,S jk nj;a iuyrúg

wvq ±kqj;anjla olajk nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ' tuksid iqms<smkakNdjfha w¾:dkaú; jákdlï

m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd TISL wdh;kh udOH m%pdrKhka Èh;alrkq we;' fndfyda YsIHhska ;u

f;dr;=re ,nd.kafka rEmjdysksfhka iy .=jkaúÿ,sfhka jk w;r cx.u ÿrl:k u.ska f;dr;=re

,nd.kakd ixLHdj jeäfjñka mj;S' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j Yla;su;a m‚jqv iu. ;reKhka

lrd hdug TISL wdh;kh fuu udOHhka úfYaIfhkau cx.u ÿrl:k iy .=jkaúÿ,sh Ndú;d lrkq

we;' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn| jákdlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu u.ska fuu jákdlï Yla;su;a lsÍug iy

meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug ;e;alrk w;rutajd ms<sn| wdo¾Y lemùï f.dvkef.kq we;'

B.6 - ;reKhska i|yd wdo¾Yj;a pß;

YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska fndfydafofkl= is;kafka fndrej iy jxpdj id¾:l;ajhg wjYH ud¾.hka

njhhs YIS iólaIKfhka fmkajd § we;' iqms<smkaNdjh ms<sn|j kuHYS,s ixl,amhka we;s whg

.relsÍugo ;reKhska leue;a;la olajhs' m%dfhda.slj w,a,ia §u isÿlrk ;reKhska ixLHdj wvq

jk kuq;a w,a,ila §u jrola fkdjk ls%hdjla f,i fndfyda ;reKfhda ols;s'

;reKhska wkqka wkq.ukh lsÍug fmf<fUk w;r Tjqkag u. fmkajk WmfoaYlhka iy ùrjrhka

isá;s' fuu wdo¾Yj;a pß; u.ska ;reKhskaf.a wdl,am iy jákdlï uQ,sljYfhka fjkial<

yelsh' tuksid ienE iqms<smkaNdjh fmkajk iy fuu jerÈ wdl,am ì|fy,k wdo¾Yj;a pß;

Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhskag wjYHh' fuu m%h;akfha§ w;S;fha isá iy j¾;udkfha isák m%isoaO pß;

iy iqms<smkaNdjh ;=<ska iqúfYaIS ;;a;ajhka ,nd.;a idudkH YS% ,dxlslhka we;=<;aúh hq;=h'

úYsIaG YS% ,dxlslhskag m%Kduh mqolrk cd;sl iqms<smka iïudkhla TISL wdh;kh ±kgu;a

ls%hd;aul lrhs' ienE mßmQ¾K mqoa.,fhl= f,iska id¾:l;ajhg m;aùug YS% ,xldj ;=< wjia:dj

;sfnk nj ;reKhska ±k.; hq;=h' fïksid TISL wdh;kh jHdmdßl f,dalfha" rdcH wxYfha iy

l,d fËa;%fha wh w;=ßka w;súYsIag kdhlhska fidhd Tjqkg m%isoaêfha Wmydr olajkq ,nhs'

TISL wdh;kfha wOHdmksl iy ls%hdldß;aj jevigyka j,g iyNd.Sùug f;dard.kakd ;reKhska

i|yd TISL wdh;kfha ld¾huKav,h mqoa.,sl uÜgfuka ;ks ;ksj WmfoaYk iydh ,nd fokq

we;' fuu ls%hdj u.ska ,nd.; yelafla b;d mgq n,mEula jqjo tu.ska .eUqre n,mEula ,eîfï

yelshdjlao we;' ±kqfuka iy u.fmkaùfuka ;reKhska n,.ekaùu u.ska YS% ,dxlsl ;reKhska

w;=ßka fjkila we;s lsÍug yelshdj we;s Yla;su;a lKavdhï ìyslr úh yelsh'

B.7 ;re‚hkag úfYaIs;jQ ls%hdjka

TISL wdh;kh ;re‚hka b,lal lr.;a wOHdmk ls%hdldrlï isÿlrkafka Tjqka iudcfha fjkialï

w;s lrk lKavdhula f,i n,.ekaúugh' YIS iólaIKhg wkqj YS% ,dxlsl ;reKshkaf.a

iqms<smkaNdjh flfrys iy ¥IKhg tfrysùu flfrys Yla;su;a lemùula we;s nj fmkajd

we;' TISL wdh;kh fuu ;re‚hkag wOHdmkh" iyfhda.h iy WmfoaYkh ,nd§fuka Tjqkag

wkq.%yh olajkq we;'

YS% ,dxlsl iudcfha ldka;dj ks;r fldkajQ ;;a;ajhl miqfõ' tkuq;a mjqf,a iy fmdÿ iudcfha

jeo.;a N+ñldjlao weh bgq lrhs' úfYaIs;jQ ;re‚hka iu. ls%hdlrñka iqms<smkaNdjh f.dv

k.kq i|yd;a ¥IKhg tfrysj;a igka lrk kj ldka;d kdhl;aj mrmqrla we;s lsÍug TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'


B.8 b,lal .; .%dóh ¥IKh

by; olajk ,o ks¾foaYhka f.a ikaO¾Nh ;=< TISL wdh;kh úfYAIfhkau .%dóh m%foaY b,lal

lrkq we;' YS% ,xldjg ,efnk wdOdr iy iyfhda.hka fndfydaúg w.kqjrg tald.% ù we;'

wdOdr .%dóh ck;dj fj; ,`.djk úg tajd fndfydaúg .egqï iy iajdNdúl úm;aj,ska ;u Ôú;

mSSvdjkag m;ajQjka i|yd ,ndÈh hq;= yÈis wdOdr i|yd fjkafõ' .%óh iudchka i|yd flfrk

fuu iSñ; lghq;= j,ska Tíng hk fuu jHdmD;sh ck j¾.h fyda mÈxÑh fkdi,ld iuia; YS%

,dxlsl ;reKhska flfrys n,mEula we;slsÍu i|yd ls%hd;auljk jHdmD;shls'

f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj" wd¾Ól wjia:d" fi!LHh fiajd iy ;j;a myiqlï w;ska YS%

,dxlsl .%dóh ck;dj ;jÿrg;a fldkaù isà' TISL wdh;kh .%dóh ;reKhska uqyqKmd we;s

fuu wNsfhda. y÷kdf.k isák w;r ;u ;reK jevigyka i|yd fuu ;reKhskaj we;=<;alr

.ekSug iy Tjqkaj n,.ekaùu i|yd lghq;= lsÍug n,j;a m%h;akhla orkjd we;'

B.9 b,lal.; fmd,sia iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a ¥IKh

fmd,sisfha iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍka f.a mj;sk ¥IKh Y%S ,xldõ m%isoaO .eg¨jls' wjdikdjlg

fuka fuu lKavdhïj, ks¾Oh ¥Is; ls%hd iEu wdldrhlskau ;reKhskag n,mEïlrk w;r

Tjqkag iqms<smkaNdjfhkaa hq;a Ôú; .;lsÍugTjqkag we;s yelshdj wysñ lrjhs' fujeks ¥IKhka

;reKhka flfrys fukau" Tjqkaf.a Ôjk jákdlï" wdl,am iy iqms<smkaNdjh i|yd ke.S isàu

flfrys RKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrk nj YIS iólaIKhg wkqj fmkSf.dia we;'

fujeks kSp ¥IKhka wjika lsÍug TISL wdh;kh ish b;sydih mqrdu ±äfia lemù we;'

bÈßhgu hk fuu wr.,h i|yd kj ±kqula iy kj iïm;a imhñka YIS iólaIKh kj

uxfm;a újr lr § we;' ¥Is; .kqfokq ms<sflõ lsÍfï kj Wmdh ud¾.hka we;slsÍug;a ¥Is;

b,a,Sï wju lrñka fmd,sish iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;r iqms<smkaNdjh we;s lsÍug;a ;reKhska

iu. tlaj TISL wdh;kh lghq;= lrkq we;'

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1' rcfha ks, ixLHd wkqj 2012 § o, cd;sl ksIamdokfha j¾Okh 6'5]la úh' 2008 f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;h yuqfõ fuh

Yla;sula wd¾Ól m%;sidOkhls' tfukau o, cd;sl ksIamdokhg l¾udka; wxYfhka ,o Þhl;ajfha ilial< w.h

10] jQ w;r fuh wkd.; jegqma iy wdÞhï j¾Okfha Yla;su;a miqìuls'(http://www.sttistics.gov.lk/national _accounts/

press%20 release/gdp%20summary%20 indicators%202012%20annula.pdf n,kak'&

2' m<d;a uÜgfuka ksfhdackh l< ;reK iy jeäysá ixLHdjka iy m%;sY;hka my; olajd we;(

m,d; ;reK jeäysá tl;=j

ixLHdj % ixLHdj % ixLHdj %

uOHu 55 5.5 55 5.4 110 5.5

kef.kysr 109 10.9 92 9.1 201 10.0

jhU 107 10.7 117 11.6 224 11.1

W;=re ueo 64 6.4 62 6.1 126 6.3

W;=re 45 4.5 47 4.6 92 4.6

inr.uqj 162 16.1 160 15.8 322 16.0

ol=K 73 7.3 75 7.4 148 7.3

W!j 54 5.4 64 6.3 118 5.9

ngysr 335 33.4 340 33.6 675 33.5

tl;=j 1004 100.0 1012 100 2016 100.0

m,d;a 10ka f;dard.;a ;reK yd jeäysá iyNd.SjQjka f.a ksheÈh úisr isá wdldrh'

rEmigyk(iyNd.SjQjka f.a ksheÈh" kd.ßl iy .%dóh jYfhka

miq igyka

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

.%dóh

kd.ßl

jeäysá;reK

50.6% 49.4% 49.8% 50.2%


miq i

gy

ka

3' rcfha ks, ixLHdk wkqj jvd kd.ßl m<d;a ^ol=Kq iy niakdysr m<d;a& rfÜ uOHu" W;=re yd kef.kysr fldgfia

jvd .%dóh m,d;a yd ii|k úg b;d ie,lshhq;= fjkila fmkajhs' .%dóh m<d;aj, ldka;d ú/lshdj b;d by,h"

tfukau iuia:hla jYfhka .%dóh ckhd ldhslj Y%uh fhosh hq;= iys; /lshd ̂ lDIsl¾uh jeks& j, ksr; fj;s' jdyk

whs;sh" wdydr msiSu i|yd or Ndú;h" k, c, myiqlï jeks uQ,sl o¾Yl j,ska mjd kd.ßl iy .%dóh m%foaY w;r

m%Odk fjkialï fmkajhs' fuu fjkialï 30] isg 50] olajd fõ'

m<d;a w;r iudc wd¾Ól ixLHdkhkaf.a mQ¾K ú.%yhla i|yd http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/

statistics/other/socio_econ_%20data_2011_e.pdf fjí wvúh n,kak'

4'idfmalaI jYfhka iA;%S mqreI fNaofhka f;dr n,.ekaùu ms<sn|j YS% ,xldfõ Yla;su;a kS;s mj;sk w;r ,sx. iA;SmqreI

fNaofhka f;dr wOHdmk wjia:d .ek hym;a jd¾;djla we;' tfiakuq;a tÈfkÞ ienE ;;a;ajhka hgf;a" úfYaIfhkau

ÿ.S nj ksid fyda fjk;a whqrlska fldkaù isák ldka;djka yd iïnkaOfhka ;ju;a wiudk ,sx.sl in|;d .eg¨

iys; cd;shla njg m;aù we;' /lshd iïnkaOfhka ldka;djka wjdisÞhl ;ekl isák w;r ksjfia§ iu;ek ,nd.

ekSu i|ydo ±ä m%;sfrdaOhlg uqyqK fohs' rg;=< wj;ekaj isák ldka;djka úfYaIfhkau wmyiq wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK

fo;s' ksoiqkla f,i hqoaOfhka ydksjQ m<d;aj, /lshd wjia:d ,eî we;s ldka;djkaf.a ixLHdj b;d l=vdh' ksoiqkla

f,i" W;=re m<df;a ldka;d /lshd kshqla;sh 14]ls' ^my; i|yka fjí wvúfhka ,nd.; yels Y%S ,xld rcfha ks,

ixLHd f,aLk n,kak( http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/socio_econ_%20data_2011_e.pdf ).

fuys m%Óm,hla jYfhka ldka;djkaf.a tÈfkÞ w;a±lSï Tjqkaf.a msßñ iudkhkag jvd fjkiah' Tjqka woaú;Sh

ixialD;sl w;a±lSï ,ndf.k we;s w;r YIS iólaIKfhys ±lafjk Tjqkaf.a fjkiajQ m%;spdrhka ta wkqj jgyd.;

hq;=h'

YS% ,xldfõ iA;S%mqreI iudc Ndjh ms<sn| f;dr;=re úia;r i|yd “Sri Lanka gender Assesment, Asian Developmnet Bank,

2008” jd¾;dj n,kak' ^fuh http// www2.adb.org/ documents/ reports/cga-sri.pdf fjí wvúfha we;=<;ah&' tfukau" “SwarnaJayaweera & Chandra Gunawardena, Social Inclusion:Gender and Equity in Education Swaps in South Asia,Sri lankan

Case Study. Unitied nations Children’s Fund Regional Office for South Asia.” jd¾;djo n,kak'

^fuh http://www.unicef.org/rosa/unicef_rosa%28srilanka_case_study%29.pdf fjí wvúfha we;=<;ah&'

5'.%dóh ck;dj m%dfoaYSh mßmd,k wdh;k iy fmd,sia fiajd uÜgfuka ¥IK b,a,SSï j,g ks;;=reju ,lajk nj TISL

wdh;kfha 2010 cd;sl mßmQ¾K;aj iólaIkfhka iy mqrjeis jd¾;d m;a ^2011& u.ska fy<súh' http://www.tisrilakna.org.

fjí wvúfhka ;j;a f;dr;=re ,nd.; yelsh'

6' YS%S% ,xldfõ rdcH ks,OdÍka fndfyduhla iïnkaOfhka .eUqre wúYajdihla iy l,lsÍula we;s nj TISL wdh;kfha

2010 cd;sl iqms<smkA iólaIKfhka fy<súh' fuu ;;ajhka m%dfoaYSh mßmd,k wdh;k yd fmd,sish iïnkaOfhka jvd

;S¾j úh' cd;sl iqms<smkA iólaIKh ms<sn| iïmQ¾K m%;sM, i|yd lreKdlr http://www.tisrilakna.org/pub/ reports/

NIS_SL_2010.pdf fjí wvúh n,kak'

7' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ljqkais,h úiska 2012 ud¾;= udifha§ YS% ,xldfõ ;snQ isú,a hqoaOfha wjidj Èkj,

isÿjQ njg fpdaokd t,a,jk hqO wmrdO ms<sn|j mÍlaIKhla lrk f,i YS% ,xld rcfhka b,a,d isák fhdackdjla

iïu; lr .kakd ,§' fuu fhdackdj" hqoaOfha wjidk wjia:dfõ§ fou< irKd.;hskag ie,l+ wdldrh ms<sn|j rch

cd;Hka;r jYfhka .¾ydjg m;alsßfï tla mshjrls' fï ms<sn| úia;r i|yd( Human Rights Watch, 2013, Sri lanka Chapter (Available at http://www.hrw.org/world-report 2013/country-chapters /sri-lanka): Sri Lanka’s Authoritarian Turn: The

Need for International Action.Asia Report No.243 Feb. 2015. n,kak'

8' udOH ms<sn| rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla jk zksoyia ksjiZ (Freedom House) ixúOdkhg wkqj 2011 jif¾§ YS% ,xldfõ

wka;¾ cd, .%dylhka (penetrations) 15]la úh' fuu ixLHdj jeäfjñka mj;S' iudk wd¾Ól uÜgï iys; rgj,a w;r

mjd fujeks my;a uÜgfï wka;¾cd, .%dykhka widudkHh'

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g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a185$5" yhsf,j,a mdr" fld<U 6" YS% ,xldÿrl:k ( 011 4369781 - 3*elaia ( 011 2506419B-fï,a ( [email protected]í ( www.tisrilanka.org

iqms<smkaNdjh yd ;dreKHhiólaIK jd¾;dj

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