Yours Truly, Coffee

What is Coffee?

History

It all started with some “frisky” goats.

-It is believed that coffee was found in Ethiopia by a goat herdsman.

• Coffee consumption has been dated as far back as 1000 A.D.

• The Arabs were the first to cultivate and trade coffee

• Popularity spread worldwide and coffee shops started to pop up everywhere.

• Now there is a coffee shop at almost every corner ( Starbucks – 18,000 locations worldwide, 15,000 in North America alone)

Seed to Cup

1. Planting-- Coffea canephora & Coffea arabica-- 3 to 4 years till the plant bears fruit

2. Harvesting– Strip picked (all @ once) or selectively picked

(only the ripe ones)

3. Processing– Dry (sun-dried) or wet (chemical or mechanical

pulp removal) method– The processed beans are dried to about a 11%

moisture content

5. Milling– Hulling machines remove husk (exocarp,

mesocarp, and endocarp)– Polishing– Grading/Sorting

6. Exporting– 7 million tons produced and shipped worldwide

each year

7. Roasting – Pyrolysis process which gives coffee it’s flavor

and aroma– Several degrees of roasting @ about 400 AF

(light, medium, dark)

8. Grinding and Brewing

Active Compounds

•Caffeine (most investigated)-stimulant-ground coffee contains anywhere from 30 to 175 mg

•Chlorogenic Acid (Flavonoid)-antioxidant activity-coffee contains anywhere from 20 to 675 mg

• Diterpenes– Cafestol and Kahweol– Cholesterol and TG raising compounds in coffee

(may be the cause of controversy)

Coffee and Diabetes

• Women experienced more benefits– 35% risk reduction , while men only experienced a

14% risk reduction (3+ cups/day)

• Another study reported that those who consumed over 12 cups experienced a 67% reduction in risk for diabetes

Coffee and CVD

• CVD risk rises shortly after consumption (short-term effects)

• Some studies have shown an increased risk of arrhythmia (due to caffeine), not confirmed

• Coffee may reduce risk of stroke by 10-20%• One study reported a 70% reduction in risk for coronary

heart disease in women who consumed >1 cup per day compared to women who did not consume coffee

• Recent meta analysis reported inverse relationship to risk of heart failure

Coffee and Mortality

• Several studies have suggested that coffee intake is inversely related to death due to all causes– 2+ cups per day

• Another found similar findings but only in women

Professional Position

People will continue to drink coffee but it is good to know that coffee consumption may have its benefits.

Also, it seems as though women tend to experience more benefits than men… so drink up!

We must remember that while coffee may be beneficial, it loses its value when other added ingredients come into play-ex. Sugar, creamer…

ReferencesBohn, S., Ward, N., Hodgson, J., & Croft, K. (2012). Effects of Tea and Coffee Consumption on Cardiovascular

Risk. Food and Function, 3, 575-591. doi:10.1039/c2fo10288aCano-Marquina, A., Tarin, J., & Cano, A. (2013). The Impact of Coffee on Health. Maturitas, 1-15. Retrieved from

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002Doo, T., Morimoto, Y., Steinbrecher, A., Kolonel, L., & Maskarinec, G. (2012). Coffee Intake and the Risk of Type

2 Diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Public Health Nutrition, 1-9. doi:10.1017/S1368980013000487Esquivel, P., & Jimenez, V. (2012). Functional Properties of Coffee & Coffee by-products. Food Research

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Stokel, K. (2012). National Institute of Health Discovers Protective Effects of Coffee. Life Extension, 18, 54-63.Sugiyama, K., Kuriyama, S., Akhter, M., Kakizaki, M., Nakaya, N., Ohmori-Matsuda, K., Shimazu, T., Nagai, M.,

Sugawara, Y., Hozawa, A., Fukao, A., & Tsuji, I. (2012). Coffee Consumption and Mortality Due to All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer in Japanese Women. The Journal of Nutrition, 140, 1007-1013. doi:10.3945/jn.109.109314

Trang. C. (2003). Coffee. Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, 429-434. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=Gale%7CCX34

Zhang, Y., Lee, E., Cowan, L., Fabsitz, R., Howard, B. (2011). Coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in men and women with normal glucose tolerance: The Strong Heart Study. Nutrition, Metabolism, & Cardiovascular Disease, 21, 418-423. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.10.20