Your Body SystemsYour Body Systems

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Body OrganizationBody Organization

Your Body is made of Your Body is made of trillionstrillions of cells. of cells. CellsCells are the simplest and most basic are the simplest and most basic

units of all living organisms.units of all living organisms. A group of cells that are similar and work A group of cells that are similar and work

together to perform a specific function is together to perform a specific function is called a called a tissue.tissue.

Two or more tissues that work together to Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called an perform a specific function are called an organ.organ.

Body Organization Cont.Body Organization Cont.

A group of organs that work together A group of organs that work together for one purpose is called a for one purpose is called a body body system.system.

Body Systems:Body Systems:Nervous system, Endocrine Nervous system, Endocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Circulatory System, & System, Circulatory System, & Respiratory System.Respiratory System.

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System The The Nervous SystemNervous System is the body is the body

system that gathers and interprets system that gathers and interprets information about the body's internal information about the body's internal and external environments and and external environments and respondsresponds to that information. to that information.

Your nervous system is composed of Your nervous system is composed of your your brain, spinal cord, nerves, brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs,and sensory organs, such as your such as your eyes, ears and taste buds on your eyes, ears and taste buds on your tongue.tongue.

The Nervous System Cont.The Nervous System Cont.

The nervous system controls your The nervous system controls your body by body by conductingconducting electrical electrical messages to and from various parts messages to and from various parts of your body. of your body.

These electrical messages are called These electrical messages are called nerve impulses.nerve impulses.

The Nervous System Cont.The Nervous System Cont.

Your BrainYour Brain Your Your brainbrain is the is the

mass of nervous mass of nervous tissue that is tissue that is located inside located inside your skull.your skull.

The brain consists The brain consists of three parts– The of three parts– The cerebrumcerebrum, the , the cerebellumcerebellum, and , and the the brainstembrainstem..

The Central Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous System

The central nervous system, or CNS, The central nervous system, or CNS, includes your includes your brainbrain and and Spinal Cord.Spinal Cord.

The major function of the spinal cord is The major function of the spinal cord is to relay impulses between the to relay impulses between the brainbrain and different parts of the and different parts of the body.body.

These impulses control most of the These impulses control most of the voluntaryvoluntary activities of the body. activities of the body.

The Peripheral Nervous The Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is composed of composed of nervesnerves that connect all parts that connect all parts of your body to the CNS.of your body to the CNS.

A A NerveNerve is a bundle of cells that conducts is a bundle of cells that conducts electrical signals through the body.electrical signals through the body.

Nerves are found only in the Nerves are found only in the PNS.PNS. Nerves serve as a means of Nerves serve as a means of

communicationcommunication between the CNS and between the CNS and the rest of the body.the rest of the body.

Common Problems of the Common Problems of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Problem Description Treatment or Prevention

Concussion An Injury to the brain caused by a blow to

the head; may cause a brief loss of

consciousness.

Usually no hospitalization is required; may be

prevented by wearing protective headgear

Stroke The death of brain tissue due to lack of

blood to the brain

Requires immediate medical attention and

hospitalization

Rabies A viral infection of the brain that causes irritation of the brain and spinal cord; passed by the saliva or bite of an infected animal

Can be prevented by avoiding wild or

unfamiliar animals; requires medical

attention

The Endocrine System Your Endocrine System is a

network of tissues and organs that release chemicals that control certain body functions.

Hormones are chemicals that travel in the blood and cause changes in different parts of the body.

* Epinephrine is the hormone that is released to help fight off stress.

The Endocrine System Cont.Your glands: A gland is a tissue or group of

tissues that makes and releases chemicals.

Endocrine glands make hormones. The glands of your endocrine system

are located at Various places in your body, but the hormones each gland releases can reach the entire body.

The Endocrine Glands

See Attached example

Your Hormones

Your body makes and releases different amounts of hormones at different times of the day, month, and different times of your life.

For example, when you reach puberty, you begin to grow rapidly because your body releases more sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone. (pg.114)

Common Problems of the endocrine System

ProblemDescription

Treatment

Type II Diabetes

A disease that is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood.

May be controlled by diet and exercise; may require insulin injections.

Gigantism

Individual has a very large body caused by excess production of HGH

May be treated with medications that reduce the production of HGH

Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormone.

Treated with medication, surgery, or radiation.

The Digestive and Urinary Systems

Digestion is the process by which your body breaks down the food you eat.

Digestion takes place in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.

After the digestion, the food products are absorbed into the blood and the nutrients are used by the cells.

Nutrients are the substances in the foods that your body needs to function properly.

The Journey of food1. Mouth2. Saliva moistens food to make it easier to

swallow3. Throat (pharynx) 4. Esophagus5. Stomach6. Small Intestine (gall bladder, liver, and

pancreas release digestive aiding chemicals).

7. Large Intestine (no digestion happens) The entire process of digestion takes

about 24 hours.

The Journey of food

How the Body Absorbs Nutrients

In the stomach, alcohol, simple sugars, and simple salts are absorbed.

Most nutrient absorption happens in the small intestine.

Digested carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are absorbed in the small intestine.

Villi: fingerlike projections that cover the walls of the small intestine, increase the surface area and help with nutrient absorption.

Villi

Common Digestive Problems

Problem Description Treatment

Ulcers

A round, open sore in the lining of the stomach or small intestine caused by bacteria.

Avoid certain foods and take antibiotics.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix in the large intestine,

which can release harmful bacteria.

surgery

Heartburn

Burning feeling in the esophagus

caused by a back flow of acid from

the stomach.

Treated by antacids or medication.

Excretion: Removing Liquid Excretion: Removing Liquid WastesWastes

The removal of liquid wastes from The removal of liquid wastes from the body is called the body is called excretion.excretion.

Three of your body systems are Three of your body systems are involved in excretion: involved in excretion: your skin,your skin, lungs,lungs, and the and the urinary system.urinary system.

The The urinary system urinary system removes removes waste products from your body.waste products from your body.

The Urinary System Cont.The Urinary System Cont. Your blood carries wastes from your Your blood carries wastes from your

cells to the cells to the kidneys.kidneys. Your kidneys clean the blood of Your kidneys clean the blood of

liquid waste.liquid waste. Clean blood leaves the kidneys and Clean blood leaves the kidneys and

travels through the travels through the body.body. The wastes pass from the kidneys to The wastes pass from the kidneys to

the the bladderbladder by way of tube like by way of tube like structures called structures called ureters.ureters.

The Urinary System Cont.The Urinary System Cont. The The bladderbladder is a muscular, baglike is a muscular, baglike

organ that organ that storesstores this liquid waste this liquid waste until it can be released from the until it can be released from the body.body.

When the bladder is full, the waste When the bladder is full, the waste leaves the body through a single leaves the body through a single tube like structure called the tube like structure called the urethra.urethra.

The release of this waste from the The release of this waste from the body is called body is called urination.urination.

The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System

Filtering BloodFiltering Blood When blood enters a kidney, the When blood enters a kidney, the

blood contains blood contains nutrientsnutrients, gases, , gases, water, and water, and waste productswaste products..

Inside your kidneys are microscopic Inside your kidneys are microscopic filters called filters called nephronsnephrons that remove that remove harmful products from your blood.harmful products from your blood.

The nephrons remove the wastes The nephrons remove the wastes from the blood through a process from the blood through a process called called filtrationfiltration..

How the Kidneys Filter How the Kidneys Filter BloodBlood

Common Problems of the Common Problems of the Urinary SystemUrinary System

Problem Description Treatment or Prevention

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

An infection of one or more of the organs of the urinary tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Treated with antibiotics or antiviral drugs; may be prevented by drinking plenty of water and urinating frequently.

Stones Crystallized mineral chunks that frequently form in the kidneys and the bladder; small, stones will leave the body with the urine; larger stones may become trapped and cause pain.

Treated with medications that dissolve the stones or with surgery to remove the stones.

Overactive bladder

Inability to control urination Treated with medications, surgery or inserting a catheter.

The Circulatory and The Circulatory and Respiratory SystemsRespiratory Systems

Circulation: All Aboard Circulation: All Aboard Your Circulation system is a system Your Circulation system is a system

made up of three parts– your made up of three parts– your heartheart, , your your bloodblood vesselsvessels, and your , and your bloodblood..

The major function of this system is The major function of this system is to transport to transport nutrientsnutrients and and gassesgasses to different parts of the body where to different parts of the body where they can be used by the cells.they can be used by the cells.

The The heartheart is the pump that pushes is the pump that pushes blood through your body.blood through your body.

What Is Blood?What Is Blood? Blood is a Blood is a tissuetissue that is made of that is made of

liquid, cell parts, and two types of liquid, cell parts, and two types of cells.cells.

Your body has about 5 liters of blood.Your body has about 5 liters of blood. Approximately Approximately 5555 percent of blood is a percent of blood is a

liquid called plasma. liquid called plasma. 9090 percent of percent of plasma is water.plasma is water.

Plasma contains proteins that are Plasma contains proteins that are important for important for blood clottingblood clotting and and fighting diseasefighting disease..

What Is Blood Cont.What Is Blood Cont. The other 45 percent of blood The other 45 percent of blood

consists of solids that include blood consists of solids that include blood cells and cell parts called cells and cell parts called plateletsplatelets..

Platelets are cell fragments that help Platelets are cell fragments that help repair repair blood vesselsblood vessels and form blood and form blood clots.clots.

Red blood cellsRed blood cells transport oxygen transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bodyand carbon dioxide through the body

White blood cellsWhite blood cells are large cells are large cells that help fight off infection.that help fight off infection.

The Components of BloodThe Components of Blood

Supply LinesSupply Lines When the heart When the heart contractscontracts, it pumps , it pumps

blood into the arteries.blood into the arteries. Arteries are Arteries are blood vesselsblood vessels that that

carry blood away from the heart.carry blood away from the heart. The vessels that return blood to the The vessels that return blood to the

heart are called heart are called veinsveins.. The microscopic blood vessels of the The microscopic blood vessels of the

body that link the arteries and veins body that link the arteries and veins are called are called capillariescapillaries..

Problems of the Circulatory Problems of the Circulatory SystemSystem

Problem Description Treatment or Prevention

Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the body

Lose weight, eat healthy, don’t smoke, and some medications

Heart Attack

The blood supply to the heart is reduced or stopped, which injures the heart muscle

Must be treated by a medical professional immediately

Anemia A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal

Treated with vitamin B-12, iron supplements, and medications to increase red blood cells.

Hemophilia A genetic disease in which the blood does not clot or clots very slowly.

Treated by blood transfusions and by avoiding situations that might cause bleeding.

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System The respiratory system is the body system The respiratory system is the body system

that brings that brings oxygenoxygen into the body and into the body and removes removes carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide from the body. from the body.

When you breathe, air enters the body When you breathe, air enters the body through the through the nosenose and and mouthmouth..

Air then passes into the throat, or Air then passes into the throat, or pharynxpharynx..

Then, air passes into the voice box, or the Then, air passes into the voice box, or the larynxlarynx..

Air then enters the windpipe, or Air then enters the windpipe, or tracheatrachea..

The Respiratory System The Respiratory System Cont.Cont.

The trachea divides into two tubes The trachea divides into two tubes called called bronchibronchi, which allow the air , which allow the air to enter into the lungs.to enter into the lungs.

The lungs are large, sponge like The lungs are large, sponge like organs in which oxygen and organs in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are passed carbon dioxide are passed between the between the bloodblood and the and the environmentenvironment..

How You BreatheHow You Breathe The movement of air into and out of The movement of air into and out of

the lungs is caused by movement of the lungs is caused by movement of the the diaphragmdiaphragm..

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the muscle beneath the lungs.lungs.

When the diaphragm and the muscles When the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs between the ribs contractcontract, air enters , air enters the lungs.the lungs.

In the lungs, gases move between the In the lungs, gases move between the blood and tiny air sacs called blood and tiny air sacs called aveoliaveoli..

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

Problems of the Respiratory Problems of the Respiratory System.System.

Problem Description Treatment or Prevention

Tuberculosis

A contagious infection that affects the lungs and causes chest pain and difficulty breathing; caused by bacteria in the air

Antibiotics

Pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli become filled with a thick fluid

Treated with rest, fluids, and antibiotics, may be prevented by avoiding contact with infected people

Asthma An allergic response in which the airways constrict and fill with mucous; caused by pollen, dust, smoke, cold air, stress, or strenuous exercise.

Treated with drugs that widen the airway and reduce mucous production; may be prevented by avoiding triggers