REVIEW FOR THE KEYSTONE EXAM

You will need to understand all of the concepts presented.

Why should you pass this the first time around? Because remediation is worse than

this…

2 types of cells…

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes -no nucleus - have a

nucleus No membrane -have

membrane Bound organelles organellesBACTERIA ONLY Everything

other than bacteria

What do they have in common? Plasma membrane (cell membrane) Cytoplasm DNA – genetic material Ribosomes- make protein

What do alveoli do for the lungs?

States of matter for water Most dense – liquid (water) Middle density – ice (solid) Least dense- water vapor (gas)

In a Lake….

Carbon

Hydrolysis- adding water to split

Dehydration Synthesis- removing water to connect

Enzymes! They are proteins They speed up (catalyze) chemical

reactions They are not consumed or affected in

the reaction They have an active site where the

substrate bonds

What affects the rate of enzyme activity? Temperature

Higher temps speed up reactions

Lower temps slow down reactions

pH Each enzyme has a specific pH

at which is operates best.

pH- Scale

Chloroplast A green organelle found within plant

cells Site of photosynthesis – converting

light energy into chemical energy

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Energy - ATP!!

Transport- passive Movement of molecules through a

cell membrane. Without using energy- they will move

from high concentration to low Thus they are moving WITH the concentration gradient .

Transport- Active Movement across a membrane from

low concentration to high concentration.

Requires ATP (energy)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Organelle within eukaryotic cells. Has ribosomes attached that make

proteins for the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle in eukaryotic cells Packages and processes cellular

products

What is homeostasis?

Processes an organism uses to regulate its internal environment.

Example- when you are hot you sweat, when you are cold you shiver.

Mitosis Division of the nucleus of a body

(somatic) cell Cloning of the cell- NO change to the

DNA One division

Meiosis

Division of the nucleus of sex cells Creates sperm and egg Genetic variation arises through this

process

There are 2 divisions in meiosis You start with one cell and end up

with 4

Draw a punnet square

21. Punnet Squares

Deletion: genes are completely deleted

Insertion: Genes are added Inversion: Flipping of genes Translocation: Genes move from one

chromosome to the next

22. Chromosome Variation

23. Pro vs. Eu

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes no nucleus - have a

nucleus No membrane -have membrane Bound organelles organellesBACTERIA ONLY Everything other

than bacteria

The rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and secretory proteins

Go through and cross off incorrect answers.

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum

25. DNA and Phenotypes

Cross out incorrect answers Genetic variation and diversity good Unplanned ecosystem interactions is

the answer

26. Genetics

Natural Selection Mechanism of Evolution Organisms with “bad” genes won’t make

it to reproduction age while organisms with “good” genes will reproduce more

Cross off incorrect answers

27. Natural Selection

DNA