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TRANSCRIPT
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Using analogue missions to develop Using analogue missions to develop Lunar exploration strategiesLunar exploration strategies
Marianne MaderCarleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Space fairing Nations are developing their plans for space exploration:• US Vision for Space Exploration (2004)• ESA Aurora Program• New JAXA’s Vision “JAXA 2025”(2005)• China manned space program as well as planned robotic
missions to the Moon (Chang’e-1, -2, -3)• Russia revamped space program include the development
of a new crew transportation as well as robotic missions to Moon and Mars’moon;
• India’s Chandrayan mission to Moon (launched October 22, 2008).
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Global Exploration Strategy (2007) adopted by 14 Space Agencies ensures that this will be a global effort and encourages international collaboration
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Target Destinations• Moon as the next immediate target
Focus is astronaut landing• Mars remain important long-term destination with strong
scientific caseFocus is science
• Several robotic missions planned for Moon and Mars in next 10-15 years
• Human landing mission to Moon starting 2020Drivers• Advance scientific knowledge• Further economic interest• Inspire
Serve as stepping-stone for future exploration
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Analogue Site“An environment on Earth, in nature or by simulation, for which there are, or could be, analogous characteristics on the planetary
body in question, either at the present-day or sometime in the past”. (Osinski et al., 2006).
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Analogue Site“An environment on Earth, in nature or by simulation, for which there are, or could be,
analogous characteristics on the body in question, either at the
present-day or sometime in the past”. (Osinski et al., 2006).
Moon
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• Main geological processes: volcanism, impact cratering
• Daily mean temperature 107°C to -153°C • Negligible atmosphere • Only weak gravity (1/6th of Earth's gravity)• Lack of volatile elements (except presence of
hydrogen at the lunar poles)• Electrostatically charged dust!
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Cinder Lake, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Cinder Lake, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Cinder Lake Crater Field, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic(39 Ma impactStructure)
Mauna Kea, Hawaii(volcanic cinder cone)
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(An environment on Earth, with analogous characteristics of the Moon).
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Simulated Lunar yard/chamber
Antarctic/desert Underwater
Parabolic flights
Laboratory
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An analog is an activity performed in a representative environment that is similar to a feature of the target mission
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Astronauts investigating man-manned craterCinder Lake Crater Field, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Apollo 15 Astronaut James B. Irwin
Hawaii Moon
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Lunar Landing Research VehicleDryden Flight Centre
Lunar Roving VehicleFlagstaff, Arizona
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Moses Lake, Washington
Devon Island Hawaii
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Exploration Science Studies• Train personnel• Test operational parameters and instrumentation
Encompasses:Psychology and Group DynamicsInstrument and Technology TestingCommunications and Computing for Planetary ExplorationTelemedicine and Operational Space Medicine Robot–Human Interactions Mission Control Operations Science OperationsField Operations, including Training Astronauts …
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Comparative planetology• Difficult to visit and directly analyse
lunar surfaces • Learn from similar environments on
EarthProcess studiesCharacterization of analogue material
E.g., properties of lunar dust
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Lunar rille: over 120 km long, up to 1500 m across, and is over 300 m deep in places. (3.3 Ga).
Mauna Loa braided lava channel . Lava channels on Hawaii are usually less than 10 km long and are only 50‐100 m wide.
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Haughton Impact StructureDevon Island, Canada
Barringer (Meteor Crater)Arizona, USA
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Outreach and EducationEngage the public in lunar exploration• NASA Spaceward Bound
Students and Educators participate in exploration science in analog environments
• CSA Educator’s in the North Project (2008)Educators collaborated in the field with a team of scientists, to carry out scientific experiments, and learned more about Geology and Astrobiology on site
Axel Heiberg IslandCanadian High Arctic2008
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An Analogue Mission is an integrated set of space exploration activities, conducted by a team, at a site which offers multiple environmental conditions of a planetary target and results in system level interaction
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Analogue Missions:IntegrationMechanism
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Team work
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What planetary mission does the analogue apply to?Which activities are you focused on?How will you record data systematically• Quantitative (i.e. using metrics)
Example: recording time, distance, mass, etc.• Qualitative
Example: Human factors survey• Combination
Example: How do you calculate work efficiency index?
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Preliminary human lunar missions: ~4 astronauts, short period of timeComparative planetology: Use analogue sites with lunar surface characteristics (e.g., remoteness, landscape, geology)Focus on geological mapping:adapting terrestrial mapping techniques to lunar environmentMake use of portable geophysical instruments
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How can students can get How can students can get involved?involved?
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Arctic field experienceInterdisciplinary backgroundPlanetary geology interestGroup work!
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Government agencies• Co-op terms, internships• In Canada, several programs for student employment:
FSWEP, Co-op, RAPUniversities: Engineer design projects, co-op terms, honors projectsSpace Societies: Mars Society (MDRS)Outreach Programs: Spaceward Bound (for US students)Be creative…..
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Claire Samson, PhD supervisor, Carleton UniversityMarie-Claude Williamson, PhD Supervisor, CSAMartin Lebeuf, CSAMatthew Bamsey, Guelph Universitiy
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Battler, M. , et al. (2008) Surface exploration metrics of a long duration polar analogue study: implications for future Moon and Mars missions, IAC-08-B3.5.7.
Kobrick, R., et al. (2007) Operational monitoring and analysis of space, time, and schedule as part of a space analogue mission on Devon Island, IAC-07-A1.I.02.
Lebeuf, M. and Williamson, M-C. (2008) Analogue Missions on Earth, A New Approach to Prepare Future Missions on the Moon, COSPAR abstract and presentation.
Osinski, G.O. et al. (2006) Terrestrial analogues to Mars and the Moon: Canada's role, Geoscience Canada 33 (4), 175-188.