Year 9 Geography Revision What is the Earth made up of? The earth is just like a giant apple. It has a thin layer called the crust, a softer part called the mantle and a liquid centre called the core. Some time after the earth formed, it got so hot that everything inside it melted. The heavier substances in the liquid sank and the lighter ones rose, forming layers. As the earth cooled, most of the layers turned solid. Earth was formed 4,600 million years ago. Since then it has been slowly cooling down and a thin crust has formed round the outside. The crust is broken into several enormous sections. The plates float above hot molten. The place where 2 sections/plates meet is called a plate boundary. The movement of these plate cause volcanoes & earthquakes. Earthquakes An earthquake is a sudden and short period of intense ground shaking. 1. Mercalli Scale The earthquakes intensity is split into twelve groups. Roman numerals I to XII are used to show the effects. It is based on observation and opinions. 2. Richter Scale This measures seismic waves using a seismograph. The Richter scale is logarithmic: an earthquake measured at 7 is 10x stronger than that at 6. Numbers range from 0 to 9 Earthquakes start at the focus. The epicentre is the point on the Earths surface above the focus, and is the first place to shake. The focus can be shallow or deep. Underground tectonic plates push past each other, building up pressure. This pressure is suddenly released along faults (cracks in the crust), sending out a huge pulse of energy. This travels out in all directions as earthquake waves. Volcanoes A volcano has different parts to it. It grows and each is different, but they all have certain features including a chamber, a vent and a crater. When they erupt, it can cause many problems for the people who live there. We saw that many people died when Mount Vesuvius erupted, but there was a sequence from not seeming too bad, to everything destroyed. People have their own reasons for living near to them. These include: 1. They have always lived there. 2. They dont think it will happen to them. 3. The fields are very rich in plant foods from the ash. United Kingdom China Where on earth is China? EUROPE AFRICA ASIA Austral asia EQUATOR One Child Policy With a population of 1.2 billion, China's population grows by 14 million people every year three-quarters of Australia's entire population! Up until the 1970s the Chinese government regarded a growing population as a benefit in bringing about economic development. By 1963, the average number of children born to a Chinese woman was 7.5. In recent decades, China's government has viewed population growth differently. With one-fifth of the world's population, but only 7 per cent of the world's farm land, continuing strong population growth would bring about great hardships, extreme poverty and famine. The Chinese government decided in the 1970s to control population growth. This has proved a very complex task. The main strategy the government introduced in 1982 was a radical family planning program to encourage couples to restrict their family size to just one child. This has become known as the 'One Child Policy'. Since 1982, detailed annual population plans have been drawn up for all provinces and cities. Birth targets or quotas have been set and controlled and all pregnancies are supposed to be planned and authorised. Because the One Child Policy is implemented and monitored by local authorities, it has been applied differently across the nation. For example, there has been stricter enforcement of the policy in urban areas than in rural areas. The policy is attempting a huge shift in the values of most Chinese people. Government campaigns are still achieving only limited success. Policy incentives salary bonus (urban) bigger land allocation (rural) extended maternity leave paid medical and hospital expenses priority access to housing, employment and schooling for the child Disobeying the policy withdrawal of family allowance and medical benefits fines (even against everyone in the village or town) demotion or discharge from a government job Exceptions to the rule membership of a minority ethnic group (can be allowed two or even more children) having a first child with a disability that is likely to result in inability to work pregnancy after adopting a child risk of 'losing the family line' without a second child (the first child being a girl) rural families with 'real difficulties' (all children so far being girls) In a communist society workers had to work very hard, for long hours, without much rewards. In communism everybody is guaranteed a job, so there is no unemployment. Communist countries provide free education, health services and subsidised food to millions of people who were denied these under the old Capitalist system. Transport was cheap, rents were cheap, housing was cheap, and most people had a job. Communism did bring certain things - a sense of community, and a sense of society. Rich people should share their wealth with the less fortunate. Although Capitalism is good at manufacturing products. It is unsuccessful at distributing products. Only if you can afford the product, you can have it. In America, only the rich can afford the best health care, schools and universities. Think about the way our country is heading?? High university bills? Private healthcare? Churches and religion may be banned. Basic Communist Principles * One Party Dictatorship * Industries and farms owned and run by the state *No individual ownership of property * Individuals lives tightly controlled. In a communist society. The state controls all news- papers, books, films and radio programmes. Capitalism is seen to make "Considerable progress" on ending poverty. Factories and companies should be owned by individuals because People should be free to earn as much (or little) money as they want. In a Capitalist society you a free to vote for whatever party you want. Capitalism encourages people to invent, improve and advance technology. Capitalism - An economic system that features private ownership of the means of production (such as factories, offices, and shipping enterprises). Market forces determine the way in which goods are produced and the means by which income and profit are distributed is called capitalism. Work for profit and wages which are not equal Capitalism and Democracy are usually linked, A democracy is a form of government in which the people, either directly or indirectly, take part in governing. The word democracy originates from Greek, and means rule of the people. The government may set few controls on the economy to ensure it runs successfully (tax, interest rates) Foxcann is the worlds largest electronics factory. Foxcann is owned by a Taiwanese company, it makes iPads, iPhones and iPods for Apple. An investigation occurred in 2010 after 10 people committed suicide, the investigation show that rules were be broken on working hours and the safety of workers. It employs over 300,000 people and they get paid 30p an hour. Apple promised to check whether the factory was safe and whether it should continue to make products for them. In 6 months 10 people under the age of 25 jumped from the roofs to their death. The reasons why the workers had jumped was due to the 12 hour shifts they worked and strict working conditions. Workers have to repeat their tasks at high speed, under military style supervision every day. It may be so small as to put one screw in a certain place. Some complaints of the factory include not being able to sit, take toilet breaks, not being paid for overtime and poor living conditions. Workers say they get beaten with an iron bar and whips The factory has tried to stop the suicides by hiring 2000 singers, dancers and gym trainers. Also it is putting up nets to catch the jumpers. It promisd to rise wages and move workers closer to their homes. Most workers live in dorms next to the factory Is there poverty in China? Some 27 million people were classified as rural poor last year by the government, earning less than 55 cents a day (30p) The government have said by 2020 no-one in China would need to worry about food and clothing. Those classified as poor are entitled to government help such as subsidies, job training, discounted loans and employment opportunities Girls are also more at risk than boys of becoming poor. China now has more billionai res than any other country except the USA. The gap between rich and poor is already too large. Development is the process of change for the better. What is a Dam? A dam is any barrier that holds back water; dams are primarily used to save, manage, and/or prevent the flow of excess water into specific regions. In addition, some dams are used to generate hydropower. Another term often used when discussing dams is reservoir. A reservoir is a man-made lake that is primarily used for storing water.