Year 7 Tudor work booklet Name________________________________________________________________

Was Henry a ‘Great’ monarch?

Henry VIII who ruled England and Wales between 1509 and 1547 is perhaps the most well

known king in British history. He was known for ‘display’. When he met one of his rivals, King Francis I of France, just outside Calais in 1520, a complete town of tents and timber was built for the meeting. Yards of velvet, satin and cloth of gold were sent to decorate the temporary

palaces. It was called "The Field of the Cloth of Gold." Henry loved all this display: by the end of his reign he had fifty-five palaces, two thousand tapestries, one hundred and fifty paintings and

nearly one thousand eight hundred books. He also spent vast sums fighting wars and made every effort to be known as a warrior king. Nearly 72,000 people were executed during his

reign. So is there any wonder he is remembered. During the reign of Elizabeth I, Henry VIII was called ‘Henry the Great’ or ‘Great Harry’. The question is does he deserve to be remembered as ‘Great’, or was this more a matter of image than reality? You are going to carry out an enquiry to decide how he should be remembered. Read each of the sources and then write whether you think this made Henry deserve his nickname or not.

1.

Source 1 - A copy of a portrait of Henry painted by the artist Hans

Holbein the Younger in 1536.

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2.

3.

His Majesty is the handsomest ruler I ever set eyes on; above the usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg, his complexion very fair and bright, auburn hair combed straight and short, in the French fashion.... He speaks French, English and Latin, and a little Italian, plays well on the lute and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws the bow with greater strength than any man in England and jousts marvellously.... a most accomplished Prince.

Source 2 - The Venetian Ambassador

describing the young Henry VIII in 1509

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Source 3 - A portrait of Henry from about 1520 when he was 29 years old and young and healthy.

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Source 4 – Henry, jousting during a tournament held in 1511 to celebrate the birth of Prince Henry (who soon died). The image comes from a roll on jousting. Henry was more interested in jousting rather than running the country.

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Henry VIII... was very fond of having his own way... those who suffered most... were his ministers and the great nobles... But to tell the truth, the common people in England were often not sorry to see the great nobles who lived among them lose their heads or their properties, as long as King Henry... did not tax them too heavily. Whatever may have been his faults, and he had many, there can be no doubt that by far the greatest number of the people in England loved him. Source 6 - Historian H. O. Arnold-Forster, writing in A History of England (1897)

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Henry is so greedy that all the riches in the world would not satisfy him... to make himself rich he has impoverished his people. This King.... does not trust a single man... and will not cease to dip his hand in blood as long as he doubts the people. Source 7 – The French ambassador to England writing to the King of France in 1540. The King of France was a rival of Henry VIII.

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His rule was humane, his executions sporadic... he never killed anyone with his own hand... The number of victims... was not large. Source 10 – Historian John Bowle in his book Henry VIII (1964)

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What is your overall impression of Henry as King? Do you think he deserves the nickname ‘Great’? Explain your answer.

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Mary Tudor

How ‘bloody’ was ‘Bloody Mary’?

Mary Tudor replaced her half-brother Edward as Queen of England in 1553. She was the daughter of the Catholic Queen, Catherine of Aragon, and had herself been brought up as a Catholic. At first, many people in Tudor England were pleased to have a Catholic rule their country once again. The changes Edward VI had made to the appearance of churches had upset many people. Most people preferred the ornate churches of the past, with their decorated walls, stained glass windows and beautiful plates and robes. They hoped Mary would restore things to the way they had been before her Protestant half-brother had got hold of them. They were also pleased to see the Tudor

dynasty continue. Many still feared a return to the bitter fighting and uncertainty of the Wars of the Roses. However, Mary made several bad decisions. Firstly, she married the Spanish king, Philip II. Although Spain was a very wealthy country, many people saw Philip as a foreigner who would rob the country of all its wealth and rule it from afar. Secondly, as soon as Mary became Queen, as expected she began to change churches back to the way they had been before her brother’s

reign. However, the Protestants had grown in number and many of them occupied important positions in government and within the Church. The changes she made immediately caused problems.

Mary treated her opponents very harshly. For example, the sixteen-year-old Lady Jane Grey had been named by Edward as his successor (mostly because she was a Protestant). When Mary became Queen she promised to forgive Lady Jane, but promptly changed her mind and had her executed along with her husband and all her family. Protestants who refused to convert back to Catholicism were treated even more harshly. Over 300 were burned at the stake as heretics (people who did not follow the official religion of the day), including the Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of those who were killed were ordinary people, who saw in Protestantism a new and simpler religion. The nickname ‘Bloody Mary’ began to be applied to the Queen. Many escaped execution by fleeing abroad, to Protestant countries like Holland or Switzerland. Questions:

1. Who were Mary’s parents? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why were many people happy to see Mary on the throne? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why was it a bad decision to marry Phillip II? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What religion did Mary change the church to? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Who was Lady Jane Grey and what happened to her? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What did Mary do to people who refused to become Catholic? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

TASK On each of the following statements write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to show whether you think Mary deserved her nickname ‘Bloody Mary’. Then write an explanation underneath to explain your thoughts.

A list of changes Mary made: The official religion of England was Catholicism once again The Pope was once more head of the Church in England Churches were returned to their appearance before the time of Edward VI Married priests were forced to leave their wives Services, Bibles and prayer books were in Latin again

Mary burned to death 284 Protestants in five years.

One person was burned by Mary on average every five days.

Other monarchs did not kill as many people by burning them at the stake: Henry burned 81 people in 38 years. Edward burned 2 people in 6 years. Elizabeth burned 5 in 35 years.

Mary killed important people in the church such as the Archbishop.

Other monarchs executed far more people than Mary in other ways.

The book which tells us how horrible Mary’s executions were is written by a Protestant. He wanted to make her look evil and almost certainly exaggerated the stories. He says that she executed 284 people but a close inspection of his book shows that he has often counted the same person twice.

Mary could see that the burnings were having no effect on changing people’s faith yet she still continued with them.

Mary’s actions were similar to those in other countries. Mary’s father-in-law, who had been King of Spain, burned, beheaded or buried alive 30,000 Protestants during his reign.

Most of the English population were completely unaffected by Mary’s executions.

It was normal in the 16th century to punish anyone who disagreed with you by executing them. Mary’s sister, Elizabeth, once executed 300 people at once after they rebelled against her and Mary’s father Henry VIII executed 70,000 people for challenging his authority.

Executing people for crime was very common in the 16th century. The punishment for stealing was hanging.

Mary broke her promise to Lady Jane Grey and had her executed.

When Mary became Queen they were celebrations because large numbers of people wanted her to make England Catholic again.

Many Protestants living in England feared for their lives and fled to other countries like Holland or Switzerland.

Mary appears to have disliked brutality. Early in her reign, she forgave 400 people who rebelled against her in a rebellion known as Wyatt’s rebellion.

Rumours say that Mary had evidence that her half-sister Elizabeth had plotted to kill her but Mary decided to destroy the evidence because she did not want Elizabeth to be killed for treason.

Mary allowed 800 Protestants to leave the country. She could have stopped them from doing this and killed them.

Mary was probably influenced by her advisers, particularly Cardinal Pole who had been treated badly when Edward was king and wanted revenge on the Protestants. He was appointed to his position in 1555 and this is when the burnings began.

Do you think Mary deserved the nickname ‘bloody’? Explain your answer.

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A Nasty Nursery Rhyme

You’ve all heard it. Most of you will have sung it. Mothers sing it to babies; children sing it in nursery classes and students sing it in the playground. But would you sing it if you really knew what each line

was about?

Mary, Mary, quite contrary

How does your garden grow?

With silver bells

And cockleshells,

And pretty maids all in a row.

Look through each of the fact boxes below. Decide which line of the nursery rhyme each clue helps you to understand. After doing this write a sentence underneath each line in the nursery rhyme above, explaining what it really means.

CLUE 1: Mary wanted a baby. She was delighted when she thought she was pregnant soon after marrying her husband, King Philip of Spain. However, she soon found out that she wasn’t pregnant at all; her stomach pains were in fact the symptoms of a terrible disease, possibly cancer. One line of the rhyme ridicules (makes fun of) the fact that nothing will grow inside her. Which line of the nursery rhyme does this clue help you understand? __________________________________________

CLUE 2 Mary enjoyed listening to the sound of church bells. This music was not that popular at the time. Which line of the nursery rhyme does this clue help you understand? ___________________________________

CLUE 5: Mary was rumoured to have had some children, but each little girl was stillborn – Mary was supposed to have had them buried secretly in a long row of graves. Which line of the nursery rhyme does this clue help you understand? ____________________

CLUE 3: ‘Contrary’ means ‘opposite’. If a person is contrary, it often means that they take a different view just for the sake of it. Mary was accused of being awkward by wanting to change England back to a Catholic country so soon after it had become a Protestant one. Which line of the nursery rhyme does this clue help you understand? _____________________

CLUE 4: Mary’s husband wasn’t very loving. King Philip hardly ever saw her during their marriage. Also, he had affairs with lots of other women. In Tudor England, this was called cuckolding. Which line of the nursery rhyme does this clue help you understand? __________________________________________

Elizabeth I as Princess attributed to William

Scrots

Born: 7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace

Became Queen: 17 November 1558

Coronation: 15 January 1559 Westminster Abbey

Died: 24 March 1603 Richmond Palace

Buried: 28 April 1603 Westminster Abbey

Elizabeth's life was troubled from the moment she was born. Henry VIII had changed the course of his country's history in order to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping that she would bear him the strong and healthy son that Catherine of Aragon never did. But, on September 7, 1533 in Greenwich Palace, Anne gave birth to Elizabeth instead.

Anne did eventually conceive a son, but he was stillborn. By that point, Henry had begun to grow tired of Anne and began to plan for her downfall. Most, if not all, historians agree that Henry's charges of incest and adultery against Anne were false, but they were all he needed to sign her execution warrant. She was beheaded on the Tower Green on May 19, 1536, before Elizabeth was even three years old.

Elizabeth was probably at the royal manor at Hunsdon when her mother was arrested and executed after being at court for Christmas (and likely the last time she saw her mother). Henry had remarried and was eagerly awaiting the son he hoped Jane Seymour was carrying. As it turned out, she was indeed to bear Henry a son, Edward (future Edward VI). Jane died shortly after her son was born.

Elizabeth's last stepmother was Katherine Parr, the sixth queen to Henry VIII. Katherine had hoped to marry Thomas Seymour (brother to the late Queen Jane), but she caught Henry's eye. She brought both Elizabeth and her half-sister Mary back to court. When Henry died, she became the Dowager Queen and took her household from Court. Because of the young age of Edward VI, Edward Seymour (another brother of Jane's and therefore the young King's uncle) became Lord Protector of England.

Because Elizabeth was a daughter of the late King Henry VIII, she was in line to the throne (despite several attempts to remove her from the chain, she was in Henry's will as an heir) and was therefore a most sought-after bride. During the reign of Edward VI, Thomas Seymour (Katherine Parr’s husband before her death) asked for Elizabeth's hand in marriage, which she refused. From this incident, both Thomas and Elizabeth were suspected of plotting against the king. Elizabeth was questioned, but was never charged. Seymour however, after an attempt to kidnap the boy king, was arrested and eventually executed for treason.

Anne Boleyn

Edward may have contracted what was then called consumption (possibly tuberculosis) or had a severe respiratory infection. When it looked inevitable that the teenager would die without an heir of his own body, the plots for his crown began. Reports of the young King's declining health spurred on those who did not want the crown to fall to the Catholic Mary. It was during this time that Guilford Dudley married Lady Jane Grey, who was a descendant of Henry VIII's sister Mary, and was therefore also an heir to the throne. When Edward VI died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen by her father Henry Grey and her father-in-law John Dudley, who rallied armies to support her. However, many more supported the rightful heir: Mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Nine days after Jane was proclaimed Queen, Mary rode into London with

her sister Elizabeth. Jane Grey and her husband Guilford were imprisoned in the Tower.

Shortly after becoming Queen, Mary was wed to Prince Philip of Spain, which made the Catholic Queen quite unpopular. The persecuted Protestants saw Elizabeth as their saviour, since she was seen as an icon of "the new faith". After all, it was to marry her mother Anne Boleyn that Henry instituted the break with Rome. Because of this, several rebellions and uprisings were made in Elizabeth's name, although she herself probably had little or no knowledge of them. However, Mary sensed the danger from her younger sister, and imprisoned her in the Tower.

Elizabeth was released from the Tower after a few months of imprisonment and was sent to Woodstock where she stayed for just under a year. When it appeared that Mary had become pregnant, Elizabeth was no longer seen as a significant threat and the Queen let her return to her residence at Hatfield, under semi- house arrest. Mary Tudor was nearly 40 years old when the news of her "pregnancy" came. After a few months, her belly began to swell, but no baby was ever forthcoming. Some modern historians think that she had a large ovarian cyst, and this is also what lead to her failing health and eventual death.

News of Mary's death on November 17, 1558 reached Elizabeth at Hatfield, where she was said to be out in the park, sitting under an oak tree. Upon hearing that she was Queen, legend has it that Elizabeth quoted the 118th Psalm's twenty-third line, in Latin: "A Dominum factum est illud, et est mirabile in oculis notris" -- "It is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes."

Elizabeth had survived and was finally Queen of England.

Queen Elizabeth I Questions

1. When was Queen Elizabeth born?

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2. What important event happened when Elizabeth was only 3 years old?

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Lady Jane Grey

Mary I

3. How do you think Elizabeth felt about this event?

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4. Why was Elizabeth in danger when her younger brother, Edward VI, was king?

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5. Who became Queen immediately after Edward’s death?

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6. What happened to her?

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7. When Mary became Queen, who did she marry?

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8. Why do you think Mary imprisoned Elizabeth in the tower?

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9. On what exact date did Elizabeth become Queen?

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10. Do you think Elizabeth’s early life had an impact on her when she became Queen?

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Match these statements to the correct Tudor monarch “I was very young to rule so my family

helped me.”

“I was very well educated; I could speak French, Greek, Latin and Italian. I was determined to make my own decisions and not be influenced by a husband.”

“I was beheaded on 12th February 1554 by my cousin Mary because she wanted to be Queen instead.”

“I was a devout Catholic. I was determined to undo the damage my father did to the English Church.”

“I ended the War of the Roses by winning the Battle of Bosworth, leading to me being crowned as King.”

“I set up the Church of England and closed the Catholic monasteries.”

Jane Grey

Edward VI

Henry VIII

Henry VII

Mary I

Elizabeth I

The Six Wives of Henry VIII

1. What was the name of Henry VIII’s first wife?

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2. Who had she been married to before Henry? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did Henry want to divorce Catherine? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How long did Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn last? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What was the name of the child they had together? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What happened to Anne and why? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Why did Henry want to marry Jane Seymour? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What was the name of the child they had together? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Why didn’t Henry like Anne of Cleves? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. How long were Henry and Katherine Howard married? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What happened to Katherine Howard and why? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. How long were Henry and Catherine Parr married? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Why did he marry her? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. When did Henry VIII die? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Henry VIII and the break with Rome

Shortly before Henry VII died he warned his son not to get involved in ______________ ________. Henry VIII failed to listen to this advice and in 1513 took an army to _________ where he beat the French at the Battle of the ___________. This expensive war however, used up most of Henry’s __________ and soon he was close to ____________. Two ________ before becoming King Henry married ___________ of ___________. Catherine was a good wife, even beating the ___________ at the battle of _________ while Henry was in France. However, Henry was desperate for a ______ believing that a woman would be too weak on the throne and England would be left in danger. Catherine and Henry had several babies, but only one, a ________ called _________ survived. By _________ Catherine was forty. Still desperate for a son, Henry fell in love with ________ ___________ and decides to ___________ Catherine. The problem is that ____________ is ___________ and the Pope does not allow divorce. This situation angers Henry who feels that he is losing control of his Kingdom. In 1533 Henry arrives at a solution. By making himself Head of the Church in England, Henry does not have to listen to the _______. In 1533 Henry and Catherine are divorced. Words to use Catherine son divorce expensive wars Scotland money girl Catholic Spurs Mary 1525 Calais bankruptcy England pope Months Flodden Aragon Anne Boleyn

Bloody Mary Wordsearch

Six Wives of Henry VIII Wordsearch

REFORMATION PROTESTANT CATHERINE ELIZABETH CATHOLIC COUNTER BURNING PHILIP CALAIS CANCER FRANCE HENRY SPAIN MARY

KATHRYNHOWARD KATHERINEPARR JANESEYMOUR ANNEBOLEYN ANNECLEVES CATHERINE ELIZABETH SIXWIVES DIVORCED BEHEADED SURVIVED ARAGON EDWARD HENRY TUDOR DIED MARY

REFORMATION ELIZABETHI PROTESTANT HENRYVIII EXCUTIONS HENRYVII EDWARDVI JANEGREY BOSWORTH SIXWIVES NINEDAYS CATHOLIC MONARCH ARMADA MARYI

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