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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHN OLOGY,

OWERRI.

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

A

REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

DONE AT

ATLA S AND GLOBAL NIG LTD

A SUBSIDIARY OF

ATLA S AND GLOBAL IN TERNATIONAL

OCTOBER 2011 TO NOVEMBER 2011

BY

AK HIDIME OISEIK HUEMI MESHACHS

20092641943

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

In Partial Fulfillment for the Award of a Bachelor in Engineering

(B.Eng).

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DECLARATION

I, Akhidime Oiseikhuemi M, hereby declare that this technical report reflects the actual work

carried out by me during my student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) training

which lasted for six weeks in Atlas and Global Nig Ltd, Benin City.

This report has been prepared in accordance with the regulation governing the preparation

and presentation of SIWES report at Federal University of Technology, Owerri.

NAME: Akhid im e Oise ikhuemi M

SIGNATURE: _________________________

REGISTRATI ON NO: 200 9264 1943

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this technical report to memory of my late brothers who were not just brothers to

me but best of friends; Akhidime Shedrach and Akhidime Oisereimen and finally to The

Almighty God who created heaven and earth, in His control is everything and He is the mostmerciful.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Almighty God who, in His infinite mercy created

heaven and earth and guided me throughout the period of my industrial training.

Sincere gratitude goes to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Akhidime who have shown me so much

love, care and support throughout the preparation of this report.

My company based Manager; Mr. Bernard Boutiful and my direct line superintendent

Engr. Adams Osagie, who devoted his time and energy in seeing me through this report,

through realistic criticisms, comments and valuable suggestions

Special thanks go to my lovely brother and sister: Okhai, Ofure, Naomi and Aide whose

immense love to me makes this world worth living and their endless assistance and prayers

for my success.

To my friends and colleagues at Atlas and Global Nig Ltd, Aniefiok Ekpoh, Olaniyi Musbau

and Nosa Igbadon, thanks for making my stay at A & G Nig Ltd a memorable one.

Finally, I also express my appreciation to my course mates in person of Cosmas, Samuel,

Washington, Buchi, Joshua and my beloved Ugo for their moral support and

encouragement.

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PREFACE

This technical report is a reflection of the overall activities undertaken by the writer during

the period of the student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) with A & G Nig Ltd,

Benin City.

Accordingly, the report serves as a basis for assessment of the quality of training received

during the period.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: I NTRODUCTI ON

1.0 Aims and Objectives of SIWES------------------------------------------------- 81.1 Historical Background of the Organization --------------------------------- 9

1.2 Vision of A & G Nig Ltd --------------------------------------------------------- 91.3 Objectives of A & G Nig Ltd --------------------------------------------------- 91.4 Products and Services of A & G Nig Ltd ------------------------------------- 101.5 Challenges of A & G nig Ltd --------------------------------------------------- 10CHAPTER TWO: SUPERVI SORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUI SITI ON

(SCADA)

2.0 What is SCADA? ------------------------------------------------------------------11

2.1 What is Telemetry ----------------------------------------------------------------11

2.2 What is Data Acquisition --------------------------------------------------------11

2.3 Components of SCADA System ------------------------------------- -----------11

2.4 Typical System Configuration --------------------------------------------------- 14

2.5 Modes of Communication ------------------------------------------------------- 16

CHAPTER THREE: I NTEGRATED CONTROL AND SAFETY SYSTEM ( I CSS)

3.0 What is Distributed Control System (DCS) ----------------------------------------------- 17

3.1 Components of DCS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------17

3.2 Control Station ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

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3.3 DCS Process Flow Diagram (PFD) --------------------------------------------------------------19

3.4 Alarm Level Modification ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 20

3.5 HIS Command and Valve Representation --------------------------------------------------- 20

CHAPTER FOUR:

4.0 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

4.1 Recommendation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

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1.1 HI STORI CAL BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANI ZATI ON

(ATLAS AND GLOBAL NI G LTD)

Atlas and Global Nig Ltd is a subsidiary of Atlas and Global International. It was established

in 1820 as an Anglo-Belgium company to provide services for the Oil and Gas industry.

It was established in Nigeria in the early 1960's and incorporated as a Nigeria firm in 1976

due to the indigenization policy of the Federal Government. It has it national headquarters

in Lagos and subsidiary in Benin City.

At present, it has a work-force of over 500 staff with 70% being Nigeria, thanks to the

Nigeria Local Content Act.

1.2 VI SI ON OF ATLAS AND GLOBAL NI G LTD

The Vision of Atlas and Global Nig Ltd is to be the leading service provider in the oil and gas

industry in Nigeria in the area of Integrated Control and Safety System and SCADA link

technology.

To bring high innovations and technological advancement in the area of control and

automation for the Oil and Gas industry.

1.3 OBJECTI VES OF ATLAS AND GLOBAL NI G LTD

Atlas and Global Nig Ltd was set up to meet the yarning needs of the Oil and Gas industry

with for their industrial automation and cost management. Their objectives are:

To become the leading automation company for the Oil and Gas industry To bring automation to deep offshore facilities and enhance communication

between offshore and onshore facilities

To harmonize technology for the benefit of automation

To ensure safety and intelligence in control.

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1.4 DEPARTMRNTS I N ATLAS AND GLOBAL NI G LTD

There are basically two departments in Atlas & Global Nig Ltd. These are:

Integrated and Safety Systems (ICSS) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

1.5 CHALLENGES OF ATLAS AND GLOBAL NI G LTD I N NI GERI A

Atlas and Global Nig Ltd have its numerous challenges as other indigenized companies. Its

challenges are:

Inconsistency in government policies and programmes Poor terrain Cost of doing business Lack of incentives

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CHAPTER TW0

SUPERVI SORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUI SI TI ON ( SCADA)

2.0 What is SCADA?

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system refers to the combination of

telemetry and data acquisition. It consists of collecting information, transferring it back to a

central site, carrying out necessary analysis and control, and then displaying this data on a

number of operator screens. The SCADA system is used to monitor and control a plant or

equipment. Control may be automatic or can be initiated by operator commands.

2.1 What i s Telemetr y?

Telemetry is usually associated with SCADA systems. It is a technique used in transmitting

and receiving information or data over a medium. The information can be measurements,

such as voltage, speed or flow. These data are transmitted to another location through a

medium such as cable, telephone or radio. Information may come from multiple locations. A

way of addressing these different sites is incorporated in the system.

2.2 What is Data Acquisit ion?

Data acquisition refers to the method used to access and control information or data from

the equipment being controlled and monitored. The data accessed are then forwarded onto

a telemetry system ready for transfer to the different sites. They can be analogue and digital

information gathered by sensors, such as flowmeter, ammeter, etc. It can also be data to

control equipment such as actuators, relays, valves, motors, etc.

2.3 Components of SCADA System

A SCADA system is composed of the following:

1. Field Instrumentation

2. Remote Stations

3. Communications Network

4. Central Monitoring Station

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FIG 2.1 COMPONENTS OF A SCADA SYSTEM

1. FIELD INSTRUMENTATION:

This refers to the devices that are connected to the equipment or machines being controlled

and monitored by the SCADA system. These are sensors for monitoring certain parameters;

and actuators for controlling certain modules of the system. These instruments convert

physical parameters (i.e., fluid flow, velocity, fluid level, etc.) to electrical signals (i.e.,

voltage or current) readable by the Remote Station equipment. Outputs can either be in

analogue (continuous range) or in digital (discrete values). Some of the industry standard

analogue outputs of these sensors are 0 to 5 volts, 0 to 10 volts, 4 to 20 mA and 0 to 20 mA.

The voltage outputs are used when the sensors are installed near the controllers (RTU or

PLC). The current outputs are used when the sensors are located far from the controllers.

Digital outputs are used to differentiate the discrete status of the equipment. Usually, is

used to mean EQUIPMENT ON and for EQUIPMENT OFF status. This may also mean

for FULL or for EMPTY.

Actuators are used to turn on or turn off certain equipment. Likewise, digital and analogue

inputs are used for control. For example, digital inputs can be used to turn on and off

modules on equipment. While analogue inputs are used to control the speed of a motor or

the position of a motorized valve.

2. REMOTE STATIONS

Field instrumentation connected to the plant or equipment being monitored and controlled

are interfaced to the Remote Station to allow process manipulation at a remote site. It is

also used to gather data from the equipment and transfer them to the central SCADA

system. The Remote Station may either be an RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) or a PLC

(Programmable Logic Controller). It may also be a single board or modular unit.

RTU versus PLC

The RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is a ruggedized computer with very good radio interfacing.

It is used in situations where communications are more difficult. One disadvantage of the

RTU is its poor programmability. However, modern RTUs are now offering good

programmability comparable to PLCs. The PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is a small

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industrial computer usually found in factories. Its main use is to replace the relay logic of a

plant or process. Today, the PLC is being used in SCADA systems to do its very good

programmability. Earlier PLCs have no serial communication ports for interfacing to radio

for transferring of data. Nowadays, PLC's have extensive communication features and a

wide support for popular radio units being used for SCADA system. In the near future we are

seeing the merging of the RTUs and the PLCs. Micrologic is offering an inexpensive RTU for

SCADA system wherein the PLC may be an overkill solution. It is a microcontroller-based

RTU and can be interfaced to radio modems for transmitting of data to the CMS.

Single Board versus Modular Unit

The Remote Station is usually available in two types, namely, the single board and the

modular unit. The single board provides a fixed number of input/output (I/O) interfaces. It is

cheaper, but does not offer easy expandability to a more sophisticated system. The modular

type is an expandable remote station and more expensive than the single board unit.

Usually a back plane is used to connect the modules. Any I/O or communication modules

needed for future expansion may be easily plugged in on the backplane.

3. COMMUNICATION NETWORK:

The Communication Network refers to the communication equipment needed to transfer

data to and from different sites. The medium used can either be cable, telephone or radio.

The use of cable is usually implemented in a factory. This is not practical for systems

covering large geographical areas because of the high cost of the cables, conduits and the

extensive labour in installing them.

The use of telephone lines (i.e., leased or dial-up) is a cheaper solution for systems with

large coverage. The leased line is used for systems requiring on-line connection with the

remote stations. This is expensive since one telephone line will be needed per site. Besides

leased lines are more expensive than ordinary telephone line. Dial-up lines can be used on

systems requiring updates at regular intervals (e.g., hourly updates). Here ordinary

telephone lines can be used. The host can dial a particular number of a remote site to get

the readings and send commands. Remote sites are usually not accessible by telephone

lines. The use of radio offers an economical solution. Radio modems are used to connect the

remote sites to the host. An on-line operation can also be implemented on the radio

system. For locations wherein a direct radio link cannot be established, a radio repeater isused to link these sites.

4. CENTRAL MONITORING STATION (CMS):

The Central Monitoring Station (CMS) is the master unit of the SCADA system. It is in charge

of collecting information gathered by the remote stations and of generating necessary

action for any event detected. The CMS can have a single computer configuration or it can

be networked to workstations to allow sharing of information from the SCADA system.

A Man-Machine Interface (MMI) program will be running on the CMS computer. A mimic

diagram of the whole plant or process can be displayed onscreen for easier identification

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with the real system. Each I/O point of the remote units can be displayed with

corresponding graphical representation and the present I/O reading. The flow reading can

be displayed on a graphical representation of a flowmeter. A reservoir can be displayed with

the corresponding fluid contents depending on the actual tank level.

Set-up parameters such as trip values, limits, etc. are entered on this program anddownloaded to the corresponding remote units for updating of their operating parameters.

The MMI program can also create a separate window for alarms. The alarm window can

display the alarm tag name, description, value, trip point value, time, date and other

pertinent information. All alarms will be saved on a separate file for later review.

A trending of required points can be programmed on the system. Trending graphs can be

viewed or printed at a later time. Generation of management reports can also be scheduled

on for a specific time of day, on a periodic basis, upon operator request, or event initiated

alarms.

Access to the program is permitted only to qualified operators. Each user is given a

password and a privilege level to access only particular areas of the program.. All actions

taken by the users are logged on a file for later review.

FIG 2.2 A TYPICAL MAN MACHINE INTERFACE (MMI) SCREEN

2.4 TYPI CAL SYSTEM CONFI GURATI ON

There are two typical network configurations for the wireless telemetry radio-based SCADAsystems. They are the point-to-point and the point-to-multipoint configurations.

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Point-to-Point Configuration

The Point-to-Point configuration is the simplest set-up for a telemetry system. Here data is

exchanged between two stations. One station can be set up as the master and the other as

the slave. An example is a set-up of two RTUs: one for a reservoir or tank and the other for a

water pump at a different location. Whenever the tank is nearly empty, the RTU at the tankwill send an EMPTY command to the other RTU. Upon receiving this command, the RTU at

the water pump will start pumping water to the tank. When the tank is full, the tanks RTU

will send a FULL command to the pumps RTU to stop the motor.

FIG 2.3 POINT TO-POINT CONFIGURATION

Point-to-Multipoint Configuration

The Point-to-Multipoint configuration is where one device is designated as the master unit

to several slave units. The master is usually the main host and is located at the control room.

While the slaves are the remote units at the remote sites. Each slave is assigned a unique

address or identification number.

FIG 2.4 POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT CONFIGURATION

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CHAPTER THREE

I NTEGRATED CONTROL AND SAFETY SYSTEMS ( I CSS)

3.0 What is Dist ribu ted Cont rol System DCS?

The Distributed Control System is a system which contains the intelligence to run the

process in which resides in the control hardware in the process area. The Distributed

Control System contains both the process and safety system. The Integrated Control and

Safety System is like the DCS only that it differentiates the Safety system from the Control

System.

Its main function is to control and monitor the plant process automatically, and manually as

the case may be.

3.1 Component s of t he DCS

The components of the DCS are:

1. Information and Command Station (ICS): It is a man-machine interface used mainly

for operation and monitoring of a plant. It can also be provided with engineering

functions and can communicate with a supervisory computer.

2. PC-Based Information and Command Station (PICS): A human interface for

integrated production control system. It is designed to execute engineering,operation, and monitoring functions using a personal computer instead of the ICS.

3. Human Interface Station (HIS): It is mainly used for operating and operating plant

functions.

4. Field Control Station (FCS): Provides control of the plant functions through

instrument in its database. Process information is placed in the VLnet (YOKOGAWA)

for monitoring or control by an ICS/HIS.

5. VLnet (Vnet): The communication highway that links components for control and

monitoring functions. New instruments are downloaded to the FCS from the

HIS/PICS via the VLnet/Vnet.

6. Bus Converter (BCV): Used to connect one system to another.

7. Communication Gateway (ACG): Used to connect one work station with another

operating system

8. Ethernet (E-net): It links two or more ICS together.

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FIG 3.1 Constitutions of the DCS

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3.2 Cont rol Stati on

The control station is the main hub of the plant. It is where the DCS resides. It is

where the central control and monitoring of the plant remotely takes place.

FIG 3.2 Control Station

Field

ESDPCSPCS

Control room

Technical room

F&GF&G

PushButtonsAlarms

Marshallingcabinets

ON/OFF ValvesSensors Deluge/CO2

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3.3 DCS Process Flow Diagr am PFD:

FIG 3.3 DCS PFD

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3.4 Alarm Level Codificat ion:

FIG 3.4 Alarm Level Codifications

3.5 Human I nt erface System Comm ands and Valve Representat ion

FIG 3.5 HIS Commands and Valve Representation

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSI ON

I have undergone the mandatory six weeks Industrial Training under the watchful eyes of

competent and well trained Technicians and Engineers. The aims and objectives of StudentsIndustrial Work Experiences Scheme (SIWES) were met and I can say that my consistent

participation has broadened my knowledge and strengthened me towards the challenges

that I am likely to face in the oil industry or other related ventures. While it lasted, SIWES

bridged the gap between theory learned in class room and practical in the industry. It has

given me a better and broader understanding of my chosen career. Infact, it broadened my

view about realities of life outside the classroom. It was understood that the individuals

technical-know-how amounts to nothing if one do not have practical experience.

4.1 RECOMMENDATION

In order to increase the effect of implementation of SIWES program, I wish to recommend

that;

Companies should support and show interest in the students that are undergoingIndustrial Training (IT) in their companies by way of ensuring a comfortable mode of

transportation and a good take home pay.

The School should sign a memorandum of understanding with reputableorganizations so students can use them as a channel to obtain IT placement with

relative ease.

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