Year 11 Geography

Paper 1 Global

Geographical Issues

Exam Revision Booklet

Contents Page Topic Page

Number

Exam Command Words

How to structure your answers

Tectonics Checklist

Tectonics Key Words

Tectonics Revision Material

Tectonics Practice Questions

Tropical Cyclones Learning Checklist

Tropical Cyclones Key Words

Tropical Cyclones Revision Material

Tropical Cyclones Practice Questions

Climate Change Checklist

Climate Change Key Words

Climate Change Revision Material

Climate Change Practice Questions

Development Dynamics Checklist

Development Dynamics Key Words

Development Dynamics Revision Material

Development Dynamics Practice Questions

Challenges of an Urbanising World Checklist

Challenges of an Urbanising World Key Words

Challenges of an Urbanising World Revision Material

Challenges of an Urbanising World Practice Questions

Exam Command Words Command

Word

Marks Meaning Example Question Sentence Starters/ Hints

Identify/

Name/

State

1 Find/give a simple

statement

Identify the landform in

the photo

I can see….

An example is…

Define 1 Give the meaning Define the term fertility

rate

This means….

The term ? means….

Calculate 1 or 2 Work out Calculate the mean age of

a group of people

Show your working out

Label 1 or 2 Print the name of/

Write on a map or

diagram

Label 2 features of the

river in Figure 2

Use correct Geographical terminology

Draw 2 or 3 Sketch/ Draw a

line

Draw a line to complete

the graph in Figure 3

Always draw in pencil

Compare 3 Find the

similarities and

differences

Compare the rate of

population growth in 2

cities

This figure shows…

As you can see…

One similarity/ one difference that

is evident

Describe 2 or 3 What is it like/

Trends on graphs

Describe the trends shown

in Figure 1.

Describe the increase in

population

Use PQE: Pattern Quantity Exceptions Use GCSE General Comment Specific Example or Exceptions

Explain 2, 3

or 4

Give reasons why

it happens

Explain the formation of a

meander

PEE paragraphs This is because…..

Suggest 2,3 or

4

Give a well-

reasoned guess to

explain

Suggest reasons why

flooding has become more

frequent along this river

One possible reason…

It may be that…

In some cases we might…

Assess 8 Weigh up which is

most/least

important

Assess the need for

coastal management along

a stretch of coastline you

studied

On one hand…

Some may suggest that…

The most important reason could be…

Evidence suggests…

Evaluate 8 Give a judgement:

which is most/

least effective

Evaluate the methods used

in collecting data in your

fieldwork

Although…

In certain situations…

Contributed to…

Overall…

Select &

Justify

12 Select and then

give evidence to

support

Select and justify the best

option for the future of

The reason for this…

Significant impacts…

However…

To conclude

Some may suggest

How to structure your answers 1 mark

Identify, State, Name, Define, Calculate, Label

Write a simple sentence or just a few words

2 marks

Calculate – You must show your workings out

Label – Label/annotate at least 2 main things

Draw – Draw a diagram and label/annotate at least 2 main parts

Describe – state 2 things

Explain – Point, Explain

Suggest – Point, Development

3 marks

Draw – Draw a diagram and label/annotate at least 3 main parts

Compare – At least one difference and one similarity plus another of your choice

Describe – state 3 things

Explain & Suggest – Point & 2 development or Point, Development, Point

4 marks

Explain & Suggest – Point & Development x 2

8 marks

4 marks for explanation & 4 marks for use of evidence

Explanation Use of evidence

Assess Requires you to explain which you think is

the most important aspect of something

in relation to others. Give 4 reasons for

your decision or opinion

E.g. Global responses to climate change

are more important than local response

because….

May require you to find evidence in a figure

and/or use your own knowledge to give

evidence for your decisions. Learn case

studies and named examples.

Evaluate Require you to explain how successful you

think something is or has been. Give 4

reasons for your decision.

E.g. India has been successful in managing

the environmental impacts of slims in

Mumbai because…

Require you to use your own knowledge of

the world to answer the question and

provide evidence. Learn case studies and

named examples.

Tectonics Checklist Learning Objective How do you

feel?

I understand the different layers of the earth and their

characteristics

I understand how the heat of the inner core drives convection

currents and moves plates

I understand the three main plate boundaries and their features.

I also understand hotspots

I understand how different volcanoes are formed and how they

are different hazards

I understand how earthquakes and tsunamis form

I understand the primary and secondary effects of an earthquake

in a MEDC and a LEDC

I understand how earthquakes can be managed in a MEDC and a

LEDC including Short Term and Long Term responses and the 3Ps

Tectonics Key Words

Keyword Definition

Aftershocks

a less-powerful earthquake which follows a more-powerful earthquake – a result of the fault 'settling' into its new position

Aid short-term help – such as food, given in emergency, or long-term help – such as training in health care

Collision zones where two tectonic plates collide – forming

mountains fold mountains like the Himalayas

Conservative

plate boundary

where two tectonic plates are sliding alongside each

other, in the same or different directions

Continental

crust

the part of the Earth’s crust that makes up

land, on average 30-50 km thick

Convection

currents

Currents which transfer heat from one part of a

liquid or gas to another.

Convergent

plate boundary where two tectonic plates collide

Core the centre of Earth, believed to be solid inside

with a hot liquid outer core

Divergent plate

boundary

where two tectonic plates are moving away from each

other

Economic

impacts impacts on the wealth of an area

Epicentre the point on the ground directly above the focus

(centre) of an earthquake

Evacuate when people move from a place of danger to a safer

place

Focus the point of origin of an earthquake

Friction the force which resists the movement of one surface

over another

Geothermal heat from inside the Earth

Lava melted rock that erupts from a volcano

Lava flows

lava flows at different speeds, depending on what it

is made of. Lava flows are normally very slow and not

hazardous but, when mixed with water, lava can flow

very fast and be dangerous

Lithosphere the cool and brittle uppermost layer of the Earth. It includes the very top of the mantle and, above this, the crust

Magma melted rock below the Earth’s surface. When it

reaches the surface it is called lava

Magnitude of an earthquake (how much the ground shakes), an

expression of the total energy released

Oceanic

crust

the part of the Earth’s crust which is under the

oceans, usually 6-8 km thick

Plate where tectonic plates meet. There are three kinds

boundaries of boundary a) divergent – when two plates move

apart b) convergent – when two plates collide c)

conservative – when two plates slide past one

another

Predict saying that something will happen in the future. A

scientific prediction is based on statistical evidence

Primary effects the direct impacts of event, usually occurring

instantly

Probability the chance of an event happening

Pyroclasts fragments of volcanic material that is thrown out

during explosive eruptions

Relief effort help given by organisations or countries to help

those facing an emergency

Richter scale a scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes

Secondary

effects

the indirect impacts of an event, usually occurring in

the hours, weeks, months or years after the event

Seismometer a machine for recording and measuring an earthquake

using the Richter scale

Social impacts the impacts of an event upon people

Stratovolcano type of volcano characterised by steep sides, also

known as a composite cone

Subduction

describes oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a

convergent plate boundary. As the crust subducts, it

melts back into the mantle

Tectonic

hazards natural events caused by movement of the Earth’s plates that affect people and property

Tectonic plate

the Earth’s surface is broken into large pieces, like a

cracked eggshell. The pieces are called tectonic

plates, or just plates

Volcanic

Explosivity

Index (VEI)

measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 1 to 8

Tectonics Revision Material

Tectonics Practice Questions

1. Explain why radioactive is important to tectonics (2 marks)

2. Explain how volcanoes form over hotspots. Use an annotated diagram in

your answer (4 marks)

3. Define the term ‘tsunami’ (1 mark)

4. Explain how a tsunami is caused. Use a diagram in your answer. (4 marks)

5. Explain the secondary impacts of a named earthquake event that you have

studied. (4 marks)

6. Explain the primary impacts of a named volcanic event in a developing

country you have studied (4 marks)

7. Describe one preparation that could be made by people living close to a

dormant volcano in case of eruption (2 marks)

8. Explain how convection currents contribute to plate movement (3 marks)

9. Explain two ways some earthquakes cause more damage and loss of life

than others. (2 marks)

10. State two secondary impacts often caused by volcanic eruptions (2

marks)

11. Define the term ‘short term relief’ (1 mark)

12. Describe how continental crust is different from oceanic crust. (2

marks)

13. Explain how volcanoes form away from plate boundaries (3 marks)

14. Describe the characteristics of shield volcanoes and composite

volcanoes (3 marks)

15. Explain how earthwuakes are caused at convergent plate boundaries

(3 marks)

16. Suggest why the effects of a tectonic hazard may be greater in an

urban location than a rural one. (2 marks)

17. Scientists monitor gases and ground vibrations in tectonically active

areas. Explain how this helps them to predict tectonic hazards (2 marks)

18. ‘Preparation reduces the impact of tectonic hazards.’ Assess this

statement using examples of hazards in countries of contrasting levels of

development. (8 marks)

Tropical Cyclones Checklist Learning Objective

How do you

feel?

I understand where tropical cyclones are distributed in the

world and how they form

I understand how the global circulation of atmosphere leads to

tropical cyclones and why they intensify/dissipate

I understand the physical hazards that tropical cyclones can

lead to and their impact on people

I understand why some countries are more vulnerable to the

impacts of tropical cyclones than others

I understand how countries prepare for and respond to

tropical cyclones

I understand how the effectiveness of preparation and

response varies between a MEDC and a LEDC

Tropical Cyclones Key Words Keywords Definition

Aid short-term help – such as food, given in emergency, or long-term help – such as training in health care

Coriolis force a strong force created by the Earth's rotation. It

can cause storms, including hurricanes

Cumulonimbus

clouds

tall clouds created by the condensation of water

vapour

Economic

impacts impacts on the wealth of an area

Eye of the

storm

the centre of a storm, consisting of calm, descending

dense air

Hurricane the term given to a tropical cyclones in the USA and Caribbean

Predict saying that something will happen in the future. A

scientific prediction is based on statistical evidence

Primary effects the direct impacts of event, usually occurring

instantly

Probability the chance of an event happening

Relief effort help given by organisations or countries to help

those facing an emergency

Risk zone areas assessed upon the likelihood of hazardous

events happening, such as storm surges

Saffir-Simpson

hurricane scale

a scale that classifies hurricanes into five different

categories according to their wind strength

Secondary the indirect impacts of an event, usually occurring in

effects the hours, weeks, months or years after the event

Social impacts the impacts of an event upon people

Storm surge a rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and strong winds

Tropical cyclone

an area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral

around a calm central point called the eye of the

storm – winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy

Typhoon term given to a tropical cyclone in the western North

Pacific

Tropical Cyclones Revision Material

Tropical Cyclones Practice Questions 1. ‘Developed countries provide much better protection against tropical

cyclones than developing or emerging countries.’ Assess this statement

with reference to named examples. (8 marks)

2. Explain how tropical cyclones form. (3 marks)

3. Explain one reason why some tropical storms intensify into cyclones (2

marks)

4. Explain the physical hazards associated with tropical cyclones. (3 marks)

5. Explain one reason why tropical cyclones present a particular danger to

low-lying coastlines (3 marks)

6. Describe the human impact cyclones can have (2 marks)

7. Suggest why some countries are more vulnerable than others to the

impact of tropical cyclones (2 marks)

8. Using a named example, describe one method used to prepare for future

cyclones (2 marks)

9. Explain why the impact of tropical cyclones is greater in some places (3

marks)

10. State two features of tropical cyclones (2 marks)

11. State the main physical characteristic of the hurricane that is measured

to give its category rating. (1 mark)

12. State two physical hazards of tropical cyclones (2 marks)

13. Explain one longer term impact on people that may results from a

tropical cyclone (2 marks)

14. Describe two impacts that tropical cyclones can have on the

environment (4 marks)

Climate Change Learning Checklist Learning Objective How do you

feel?

I understand the global atmospheric circulation and how cells and

ocean currents redistribute heat energy

I understand how global atmospheric circulation causes areas of

high pressure (arid) and low pressure (rain!)

I understand the main natural causes of climate change

I understand the main evidence for natural climate change and

how it shows a changing climate over time

I understand how human activity causes an enhanced greenhouse

effect and the evidence that supports this

I understand the major impacts of global warming on people

I understand that there are different predictions about

temperature and sea level change and I understand why.

Climate Change Key Words Keyword Definition

Atmosphere the layer of gases above the Earth’s surface

Climatologist a scientist who is an expert in climate and climate change

Enhanced greenhouse

effect

the increased effectiveness of the greenhouse effect,

believed to be the cause of recent global warming

Ferrel cell part of the global circulation model, where Earth’s atmosphere consists of descending cool, dry air

Global circulation

model

a theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a

series of three cells each side of the Equator

Greenhouse effect

The way that gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun. Like

the glass in a greenhouse – they let heat in, but prevent most of it

from escaping

Greenhouse gas gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat around

the Earth, leading to global warming

Gulf stream a warm ocean current that begins in the Gulf of Mexico and is

blown northeast across the North Atlantic

Hadley cell

the largest section of the global circulation model, found

above the tropics and caused by the heating and cooling of

Earth’s atmosphere

Ice cores columns of ice that are extracted from ice sheets and used to reconstruct temperature patterns

Interglacial a long period of warmer conditions between glacials

Inter-tropical

Convergence Zone

(ITCZ)

a narrow zone of low pressure near the Equator where

northern and southern air masses converge

Milankovitch cycles

The three long-term cycles in the Earth’s orbit around the

sun. Milankovitch’s theory is that glacials happen when the

three cycles match up in a certain way

North Atlantic drift a warm ocean current that branches off from the Gulf

Stream into the North Atlantic Ocean

Ocean currents permanent or semi-permanent large-scale horizontal

movements of the ocean waters

Polar cell sections of the Earth’s atmosphere found above the North

and South Poles, consisting of descending cold, dry air

Polar desert areas in Antarctica and the Arctic ice sheet that have dry

and cold climate conditions

Solar insolation the Sun’s energy

Thermal expansion As a result of heating, expansion occurs. When sea water

warms up, it expands

Trade winds easterly winds that blow from high to low pressure, towards

the Equator

Tree rings

The growth of a tree can be seen in its rings, each

representing a year’s growth. Scientists use these to examine

past climate conditions

Tropics regions either side of the Equator where the Sun moves directly

overhead from its farthest point in the North and the South

Climate Change Revision Material

Climate Change Practice Questions 1. Explain two natural causes of past climate change (4 marks)

2. Explain two types of human activity that are thought to contribute to the

enhanced greenhouse effect (4 marks)

3. Explain how atmospheric circulation distributes heat energy from the

equator to the poles (4 marks)

4. ‘Past climate change helps scientists to predict how climate will change in

the future.’ Assess this statement (8 marks)

Development Dynamics Learning

Checklist Learning Objective

How do you

feel?

I understand the contrasting ways to define development and how

to measure development.

I understand how countries at different levels of development

have difference in their demographic data.

I understand the causes and consequences of global inequalities:

social, historical, economic and political.

I understand how Rostow’s modernisation theory and Frank’s

dependency theory explain why countries develop over time.

I understand that characteristics of top-down and bottom up

strategies in terms of their scale, aims, funding and technology.

I understand the advantages and disadvantages of different

approaches to development.(NGO, IGO, TNC)

I understand the site, situation and connectivity of the megacity

and its significance, in a national, regional and global context.

I understand the broad political, social, cultural and environmental

context of a city example in its region and globally.

I understand that key economic trend in globalisation since 1990.

I understand the role of globalisation and government policy in the

development of India.

I understand how rapid economic change has contributed to

demographic change, caused urbanisation and created different

regions.

I understand how the positive and negative impacts of development

and globalisation

I understand the impacts of economic development and

globalisation on the environment.

I understand how rapid economic development has changed the

geopolitical influence and relationships with the EU and USA

I understand the conflicting views of the costs and benefits of

changing international relations and the role of foreign investment

(TNC’s) in the economic development.

Development Dynamics Key Words Keyword Definition

Biogas

a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as manure or sewage, in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a biofuel

Bottom-up development

experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations

Cash crops crops sold for cash, directly from farmers to be exported and traded on global markets

Colonisation when another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power

Commodities items of value that can be traded for money

Containerization the transport of goods using container ships

Core region areas within a country that are important economic hubs, with high levels of employment and technological innovation

Cycle of poverty a set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless intervention is made

Demographic data all data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate etc.

Dependency ratio

the proportion of people below (aged 0-14) and above (over 65) normal working age. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent

Development indicators measures of how a country is improving

Economic liberalisation

when a country's economy is given the freedom of a 'market economy', consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand

Emerging countries a country with high-to-medium human development, and recent

economic growth

Emerging economies countries that have recently industrialised and are progressing towards an increased role in the world economy

Fertility rate average number of births per woman

Footloose term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high-quality communication links

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

unrestricted flows of capital (money) from one country to another

Frank’s dependency theory

theory developed by economist André Frank that describes development using two types of global region (core and periphery)

Global north a group of wealthy countries found mainly in the Northern

hemisphere

Global south a group of less wealthy countries found mainly in the Southern hemisphere

Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) the total value of *goods and *services produced by a country in one year

Globalisation increased connections between countries

High Income

Countries (HICs) countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors

Human Development Index (HDI) a standard means of measuring human development

Industrialisation where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend on manufacturing industries instead

Infant mortality number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday

Infrastructure

the basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposal, schools, hospitals, telephones and communication services

Inter-Governmental

Organisations (IGOs) governments and agencies working together

Intermediate technology

uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems

Irrigation is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place

Knowledge economy an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill

Level of development

means a country's wealth (measured by its GDP), and its social and political progress (e.g. its education, health care or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely

Maternal mortality number of mothers per 100 000 who die in childbirth

Life expectancy average number of years a person can expect to live

Low Income Countries (LICs)

countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector

e.g. farming

Middle Income Countries (MICs)

countries dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing), which often have large reserves of raw materials which has encouraged investment and growth e.g. Brazil and Chile

Multiplier effect

when people or businesses move to an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people

New economy economy based on the sale of services, rather than manufactured products

Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs)

the name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia (the ‘Asian Tigers’)

Non-governmental

organisations (NGOs) NGOs work to make life better, especially for the poor. Oxfam, the Red Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs

Outsourcing using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g. call centres

Population structure the number of each sex in each age group (e.g. 10-14), usually displayed in a population pyramid diagram

Primary products raw materials

Rostow’s theory theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries

Quaternary sector employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work

Secondary products manufactured goods

Secondary sector employment based in manufacturing

Subsistence farming where farmers grow food to feed their families, rather than to sell

Tariff additional cost added to the price of traded goods

Terms of trade means the value of a country's exports relative to that of its imports

Tertiary sector employment based on services

Top-down development

when decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies

Trans National Companies (TNCs) those which operate across more than one country

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

a global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries easier

Development Dynamics Revision

Material

Development Dynamics Practice

Questions 1. Explain some of the problems of only using economic measures of

development (4 marks)

2. Explain why GDP per capita is a better indicator of development than just

GDP (2 marks)

3. Identify two problems with Rostow’s modernisation theory (2 marks)

4. Explain why the dependency theory assumes that ‘developing’ countries

will never become developed countries (4 marks)

5. Explain one way that governments contribute to globalisation (2 marks)

6. Explain the disadvantages of TNC investment in developing or emerging

countries (4 marks)

7. Define GDP per capita (1 mark)

8. State two differences between the population structures in developed

and developing or emerging countries (2 marks)

9. Describe how Rostow’s theory can be used to help understand economic

growth over time (3 marks)

10. Suggest why Frank’s dependency theory may not apply to some

countries today (3 marks)

11. State two characteristics of top-down development (2 marks)

12. Explain the positive impacts globalisation has had on different

groups of people (4 marks)

13. Many TNCs have located their operations in emerging countries.

Suggest how people in emerging countries can benefit from TNCs (3

marks)

14. Explain one feature of the political context of the emerging country

you have studied (3 marks)

15. Describe how the natural environment and culture of your emerging

country case study has influences its economic development (3 marks)

16. Explain the impact of globalisation on the environment of emerging

countries (3 marks)

17. Referring to a named example, describe how levels of development

vary within a country (2 marks)

18. For a named emerging country, assess to what extent globalisation

had had a positive impact on the quality of life for the people living there

(8 marks)

Challenges of an Urbanising World

Checklist Learning Objective How do

you feel?

I understand past and current trends in urbanisation and how it

varies between global regions.

I understand the global pattern of megacities and how in many

countries urban areas have disproportionate economic and

political influence.

I understand how economic change and migration contributes to

the growth/ decline of cities in the developing/ emerging

developed countries.

I understand why urban economies are different in the

developing, emerging and developed countries.

I understand how urban population numbers, distribution and

spatial; growth change over time.

I understand the characteristics of different urban land uses

and the factors that influence land-use type.

I understand the significance of site, situation and connectivity

of the megacity in a national, regional and global context.

I understand the megacity’s structure in terms of its functions

and building age.

I understand reasons for past and present trends in population

growth for the megacity.

I understand how population growth has affected the pattern of

spatial growth and changing urban functions and land use.

I understand the opportunities for people living in the megacity.

I understand the challenges for people living in megacities

caused by rapid population growth.

I understand the pattern of residential areas of extreme wealth

and contrasting slums and squatter settlements.

I understand the advantages and disadvantages of city-wide

government strategies for making the megacity more sustainable.

I understand the advantages and disadvantages of community

and NGO-les bottom-up strategies for making a megacity more

sustainable.

Challenges of an Urbanising World

Keywords Keyword Definition

Accessibility the ease of access to a place

Bottom-up development

experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations

Brownfield sites former industrial areas that have been developed before

Central Business District (CBD)

the heart of an urban area, often containing a high percentage of shops and offices

Chawl low quality multi-storey building

Conurbation a continuous urban or built-up area, formed by merging towns or cities

Counter-urbanisation when people leave towns and cities to live in the countryside

Deindustrialisation decreased activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment

Ethnic enclave communities with a similar origin

Formal economy means one which is official, meets legal standards for accounts, taxes, and workers’ pay and conditions

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year

Hyper-urbanisation rapid growth of urban areas

Informal economy

An unofficial economy, where no records are kept. People in the informal economy have no contracts or employment rights

Informal housing unplanned settlements such as squatter shacks

Internal migration movement of people within the same country

International migration the movement of people from one country to another

Knowledge economy an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill

Megacity

A many centred, multi-city urban area of more than 10 million people. A megacity is sometimes formed from several cities merging together

Metropolitan area urban settlement

Million city a city with a population above one million

Natural increase The birth rate minus the death rate for a place. It is normally given as a % of the total population

Net growth the number left after subtracting those leaving from those arriving

Regeneration re-developing former industrial areas or housing to improve them

Residential areas where people live

Re-urbanisation when people who used to live in the city and then moved out to the country or to a suburb, move back to live in the city

Rural-urban fringe the surrounding urban areas of a urban centre

Rural-urban migration the movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work

Sanitation the provision of hygienic living conditions, such as clean drinking water and safe disposal of sewage

Spatial 'relating to space' e.g. the spatial growth of a city means how much extra space it takes up as it grows

Sustainable development

defined by the Brundtland Commission as that which 'meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'

Top-down development when decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies

Urban built-up areas

Urbanisation a rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas, compared to rural areas

World city trade and invest globally e.g. London and New York

Challenges of an Urbanising World

Revision Material

Challenges of an Urbanising World

Practice Questions

1. State one advantage of informal employment in cities in developing

countries (1 mark)

2. For a named megacity, identify two advantages of top down strategies (2

marks)

3. For a named megacity, identify two disadvantages of top down strategies

(2 marks)

4. For a named megacity, identify two advantages of bottom up strategies (2

marks)

5. For a named megacity, identify two disadvantages of bottom up strategies

(2 marks)

6. Define the term urbanisation (1 mark)

7. Define the term megacity (1 mark)

8. Define the term urban primacy (1 mark)

9. Explain one problem associated with a developing world megacity (2 marks)

10. Define the term informal employment (1 mark)

11. Explain one problem for people working in the informal economy (3 marks)

12. Compare the economic activities in developed countries with those in

developing or emerging countries (3 marks)

13. Describe the location of Mumbai (3 marks)

14. Explain one reason why the location of Mumbai has been important

for its growth (2 marks)

15. Referring to a megacity you have studied, explain how it has changed

as a result of recent growth (3 marks)

16. Referring to a megacity you have studied, explain one social problem

facing people living there (2 marks)

17. Explain one reason why there are inequalities in how people are

housed in megacities (3 marks)

18. For a named megacity, evaluate the attempts made to improve the

quality of life for people living there (8 marks)

19. Give two push factors that encourage people to move from rural

areas to cities (2 marks)